sion at the first instant of its recognition, afterwards the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities (for a brief space of time) being clogged with the previous emanations, new odorous particles have difficulty in reaching the terminal nerve filaments imbedded in the mucous membrane. There is some little art in treating a drug so that its odor will be brought out most distinctly. If the drug is such that it can be readily powdered, then by rubbing a small portion briskly between the palms of the hands, so as to rupture the oil glands or resin cells, etc., and partly volatilize their contents, then by bringing the closed hands to the nose the odor will be most distinctly perceived. In the case of a hard drug, a little powder can be scraped off with a knife and treated in this manner.

Thinking that it might be of some value in the recognition of drugs, or at least give us truer ideas of their odors (as even the Pharmacopoeia contains some incorrect statements concerning them), I have endeavored to work out a classification of drugs based on their odors. There are difficulties in making such a classification, as, on account of the personal element involved, no two investigators will probably agree to all of the conclusions reached; besides, it is exceedingly difficult to describe odors in words. In quite a number of cases a drug will be found to have almost equal affinities for two or more classes.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS BASED ON THEIR ODORS.

DIVISION I. DRUGS HAVING AN AGREEABLE ODOR.

Class A.-Drugs with an Aromatic Odor. (Odors which are spicy or strong, and generally agreeable.)

(1) Those with a Simple Aromatic Odor.

(a) Odor Strong and Characteristic.

(b) Odor Less Strong and not Characteristic.

. Jour. Pharm

(2) Those with an Aromatic Mint-like Odor. (The mint odor predominating.)

Buchu, Peppermint, Spearmint, Horsemint, Pennyroyal.

(3) Those with an Aromatic Camphoraceous Odor. (The aroma has a suggestion of camphor in it.)

Calamus, Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Santonica, Serpentaria.

(4) Those with an Aromatic Spicy Odor. (The spicy odor predominates.)

Cloves, Ginger, Cubebs, Matico, Pepper, Pimenta.

(5) Those with an Aromatic and Fragrant Odor. (Odors which are strong, spicy and agreeable.)

(6) Those with a Bitter Almond Odor. (Odor developed by moistening or bruising.)

Class B.-Drugs with a Fragrant Odor. (Odors which are sweet

Class C.--Drugs with a Balsamic Odor. (Odors which are aromatic and resinous.)

(1) Those with a Simple Balsamic Odor.

Eriodictyon,

Grindelia,

Guaiacum Wood (when heated).

Myrrh,

(2) Those with a Balsamic and Fragrant Odor. (Odors which are balsamic and agreeable.)

Benzoin,

Bals. Tolu (Vanilla-like),

(3) Drugs with a Balsamic and Terebinthinate Odor.

creased by heating.)

Burgundy Pitch,

Canada Pitch,

Canada Turpentine,

(Odor in

. Jour. Pharm

DIVISION II. DRUGS WITH DISAGREEABLE ODORS.

Class A.-Drugs with Narcotic Odors.. (Odor heavy and somewhat

Class B.-Drugs with Alliaceous Odors. (Sulphuretted odors resem

Asafetida,

Garlic,

bling garlic.)

Sinapis Alba and Nigra (when moistened).

Class C-Drugs with Valerianaceous Odors. (Odor produced on keeping, by oxidation of the volatile oil.)

Civet,

Oxgall,

Musk,

Pepsin (should be slight),
Sumbul,

Pancreatin (faint, peculiar),

Conium (mouse-like when triturated with potassa).

Class E-Drugs having Disagreeable Characteristic Odors.

(1) Odors which are Strong.

Hydrastis,

Strophanthus,

Scoparius (when bruised),

Scammony (cheese-like), Sambucus,

Ipecac (nauseous when powdered), Stramonium Seed (when bruised).

THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL PHLOEM IN GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS, AIT.'

BY CAROLINE B. THOMPSON, B.S.

The following is the result of observations made during the winter of 1897-98, in the Botanical Laboratories of the Biological Department of the University of Pennsylvania. The material used consisted of specimens of varying age, preserved in alcohol, which had been collected by Professor Macfarlane, while on a trip to Wilmington, N. C., and of seedlings grown in the greenhouses of the department from seeds collected by him. An abstract of the observations upon the stem was read at the meeting of the " Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology," held at Ithaca, N. Y., in December, 1897.

GENERAL LITERATURE.

In the early years of the present century much confusion existed in regard to the terms for the softer elements of a vascular bundle. These were variously called bast fibres, bast cells, latticed cells, sieve fibres, etc. Hartig, in 1837, was the first to correctly describe such elements as sieve tubes, and to regard them as the essential constituents of the phloem. Several years later, Hartig's observations were confirmed by von Mohl, Nägeli and Hanstein. The investigation of plants with internal phloem, or phloem on the inner margin of the wood, was begun by Hartig in 1854, and continued by others. The orders Cucurbitaceæ, Asclepiadaceæ and Apocynaceae were among the first to be studied. In 1875 de Bary originated the term "bicollateral bundle," a name that has been objected to by many of the later workers. From that time onward the number of investigators and the detail with which the work has been carried out have steadily increased. The most important contributions to the litera

"Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania," Vol. I, No. 1.