are classed with shopmen; yet it is important to note that the details of the injuries to these men clearly indicate that they work a considerable part of their time in yards and on sidings, where they are exposed to a greater or less degree to the hazards of moving trains and cars, in addition to the accidents common to all shop employees of this class.

It has not been possible to differentiate machinists and their helpers in shops, in yards, and in roundhouses. Machinists in roundhouses are subject to practically the same accident liability, as far as can be judged from observation, as machinists employed in car shops. Sometimes the quarters may be a little more cramped in the roundhouses than in the well-equipped shops, and the mechanical facilities may be less satisfactory in the former than in the latter, but just how far these possible differences affect the injury rate of machinists of the two classes it is impossible to say from the facts available. Machinists may also do some work in yards and on sidings, when, as in the roundhouse, the repairs necessary are of a comparatively trivial nature.

The following table is a summary of the injuries to railroad shop employees, as far as they were returned under titles which permit of their proper classification, for the period 1888 to 1907:

RAILROAD SHOPMEN FATALLY AND NONFATALLY INJURED IN ACCIDENTS IN NEW JERSEY, BY OCCUPATIONS, 1888 TO 1907.

[Data compiled from the annual reports of the railroads of New Jersey to the state comptroller.]

During the period 1888 to 1907, there were 723 railroad employees injured in New Jersey and reported under specific occupation titles, which made possible their classification in this group of shopmen. Of the total, 33, or 4.6 per cent, were fatally injured and 690, or 95.4 per cent, were nonfatally injured. More than one-half of the fatal accidents and about one-fourth of the nonfatal accidents in this group were to car repairers and car builders. As previously pointed out, this relatively large number of injuries to car repairers and car

builders is, in part at least, due to the fact that their work is frequently done outside of shops, where the danger of serious or fatal injury is much greater than in shops. As far as it is possible to judge, car repairers and car builders in shops are not more exposed to accidental injury than are other shopmen. Referring to the table on page 186 the fatal accident rates per 1,000 employees for the specified occupations of this group were as follows: Machinists and helpers, 0.12; blacksmiths and helpers, 0.51; car builders and repairers, 0.86; and other shopmen, 0.35. The number of fatal accidents was small, however, and it was impossible to separate the car repairers in yards from the car repairers in shops.

CAR REPAIRERS.

In the following table are given the causes of accidents to persons injured in the repairing of railroad cars in New Jersey during the period 1888 to 1907. All persons reported as car repairers are included in the table. It is quite probable that in a considerable number of cases the definite occupation was not reported for this class of men, and when such injured persons were returned simply as employees, or under some other indefinite title, it has been impossible to include them in this table. Car builders, too, were excluded from the table, but the details of 21 accidents to car builders (2 fatal and 19 nonfatal) are given in the appendix, page 303. The accidents to which the following table relates numbered 169, of which 16, or 9.5 per cent, were fatal and 153, or 90.5 per cent, were nonfatal.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS TO CAR REPAIRERS FATALLY AND NONFATALLY INJURED IN NEW JERSEY, 1888 TO 1907.

[Data compiled from the annual reports of the railroads of New Jersey to the state comptroller.]

Of the 169 car repairers reported as injured, 27, or 16 per cent, were injured by handling tools or machinery; 14, or 8.3 per cent, were struck by cars; 10, or 5.9 per cent, were caught between cars; and 9, or 5.3 per cent, were injured by falling from engines or cars. It is of special interest to note that 12 were caught underneath cars, 4 of these being killed. Falling objects caused 30 injuries, all but 1 being nonfatal. As near as can be determined from these data about onefourth of all the injuries to this group of railway employees resulted from train accidents. Of the 16 fatal accidents, however, fully threefourths may be charged to the movement of trains or cars. These facts clearly show that car repairers in New Jersey do their work largely in yards and on sidings, where they are exposed to the hazards of railway traffic.

In the next table the 153 nonfatal injuries received by this class of railway employees during the period 1888 to 1907 are classified by the nature and extent of the injuries received:

NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONFATAL INJURIES TO CAR REPAIRERS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS IN NEW JERSEY, 1888 TO 1907.

[Data compiled from the annual reports of the railroads of New Jersey to the state comptroller.]

SUMMARY OF NONFATAL INJURIES TO CAR REPAIRERS, BY NATURE OF THE

The statistics show that a considerable proportion of the injuries. (15 per cent) were serious enough to be reported as part or parts crushed, part or parts fractured, or loss of part or parts. Of the parts crushed, however, 9 of the 11 cases were hands or fingers. All of the 10 fractures, with the exception of 1 which was a finger, were serious or bad fractures. Of the 2 parts lost 1 was an eye and 1 an

Some of the 93 cases of bruises, cuts, sprains, etc., were severe and entailed considerable loss of time, and possibly in some instances resulted in permanent disability.

MACHINISTS AND THEIR HELPERS.

Machinists and their helpers, as has already been shown, during the period 1888 to 1907 suffered a total of 155 injuries, of which 6, or 3.9 per cent, were fatal, and 149, or 96.1 per cent, were nonfatal.

In the following table the causes of the accidents, the fatal and nonfatal accidents being shown separately, are given. The table is arranged in a manner similar to that for car repairers and is selfexplanatory.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS TO MACHINISTS AND THEIR HELPERS FATALLY AND NONFATALLY INJURED IN NEW JERSEY, 1888 TO 1907.

[Data compiled from the annual reports of the railroads of New Jersey to the state comptroller.]

The nature and extent of the injuries in the 149 cases of nonfatal accidents during the period 1888 to 1907 may be seen in the next table:

NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONFATAL INJURIES TO MACHINISTS AND THEIR HELPERS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS IN NEW JERSEY, 1888 TO 1907.

[Data compiled from the annual reports of the railroads of New Jersey to the state comptroller.]

a Not separately reported. SUMMARY OF NONFATAL INJURIES TO MACHINISTS AND THEIR HELPERS, BY

Including 6 injuries not classified and 2 internal injuries.

NATURE OF THE INJURY.

Fully 18 per cent of the 155 railroad machinists reported injured in New Jersey during the period 1888 to 1907 were injured by train accidents. Ten, or 6.5 per cent of the total, were struck by engines, cars, or trains, 2 being fatally injured. The handling of tools and machines was naturally the most important single cause of injury to this group of railway employees.

Of the 149 nonfatal injuries certainly more than one-fifth and probably more than one-fourth were severe if not serious. Of the more serious injuries, 2 were fractures of the skull, 2 of the nose, 1