The cited amendment of the Massachusetts law fixes fifty-six hours as the weekly maximum for the employment of women and children after January 1, 1910, instead of fifty-eight, as under the former law.

A considerable change was made in the laws of New York on the subject of employment by an amendment of section 93 of the labor law, the change consisting in the enumeration of an extensive and detailed list of employments in which children under 16 should neither be employed nor permitted to work. The law of this State relating to employment in mercantile establishments was also amended by inserting the words "or permitted to work" after the prohibition of employment.

The Ohio statute is amended by adding business offices, telegraph and telephone offices, restaurants, bakeries, hotels, and apartment houses to the places of employment in which children under 14 may not work; employment as messenger or delivery boy is also prohibited. Hours of labor are fixed at eight per day and forty-eight per week, instead of ten per day and fifty-five per week as in the former law; and night work is prohibited between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m., instead of between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Designated dangerous employments are prohibited, and the chief inspector of factories is authorized to appoint eight salaried female visitors charged with the duty of inspection and the enforcement of child labor and sanitation laws. Hours of labor of women and children are changed by the Rhode Island statute cited from fifty-eight to fifty-six per week.

The Wisconsin statute inserts a blanket provision," or at any gainful occupation, directly or indirectly," after its list of occupations requiring permits. Only farming is exempted, instead of also "other outdoor occupations not dangerous to life or limb." In prohibiting performances in public, as in circuses and theaters, the words “for pay" are stricken out, and children from outside the State are subjected to the same rules as are resident children. The exception as to the employment of children "in cases where it is necessary to save perishable goods from serious damage," is also eliminated.

Laws addressed to single occupations or classes of employment were enacted in a number of States. Laws governing employment in mines were passed by the legislatures of Oklahoma (p. 527, 1907-8), Pennsylvania (No. 210, 1909), and Washington (chap. 117, 1909). The Oklahoma statute prohibits the employment of boys under 16, and of all females, in underground workings; while that of Washington raises the minimum age of employment of boys below ground from 14 to 16 years, and above ground, from 12 to 14 years. The Pennsylvania statute limits the hours of labor for children under 16 to ten per day and fifty-eight per week, night work being prohibited after 9 p. m. and before 6 a. m. An age and schooling certificate for boys between 14 and 16 years of age is required, to

be issued by the school authorities and to certify ability to read and write the English language intelligently. The enforcement of this act is intrusted to the chief of the department of mines.

Street trades are regulated by a law of Wisconsin (secs. 1728p, ff, 1909) which fixes the minimum age of news boys at 10 years and of girls at 16 years. Girls under 16 are forbidden to work as bootblacks or at any other street trade, or in the distribution of handbills, circulars, or other articles upon the street or from house to house. Boys under 12 may not act as bootblacks or work at any other street trade, or sell or offer any goods or merchandise or distribute circulars or other articles except newspapers, magazines, and periodicals. For employment as newsboys, children under 14 are required to secure a permit and a badge issued by the state factory inspector or an assistant, or by the county or municipal judge or judge of a juvenile court. Boys under 14 are not permitted to work as newsboys after 10 o'clock in the evening or before 6 in the morning, or at other street trades between the hours of 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. nor during the hours when the public schools of the city are in session. Boys between 14 and 16 years of age who comply with the legal requirements as to school attendance and are physically and mentally able so to do may be authorized to distribute newspapers between the hours of 4 and 6 in the morning. This law is applicable only to cities of the first class and is to be enforced by police officers, state factory inspectors, and attendance officers of the school. Permits and badges are valid only for a single year, and may be withdrawn for cause.

Other laws of restricted application are a statute of Missouri (p. 864, 1909), applicable to bakeries and confectionery shops only, which prohibits the employment of children under 16 years of age between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m.; one of Pennsylvania (No. 34, 1909), providing heavy penalties for knowingly sending any minor as a messenger to a place of immoral resort; and an Oregon statute (chap. 54, 1909), fixing the age limit for operators of either freight or passengers elevators at 18 years as a minimum.

Another law that will be noted here without classification is one of Texas (chap. 59, 1909), which makes parents who hire out their children and live in idleness on their wages guilty of vagrancy.

Laws prescribing compulsory school attendance, and expressly affecting employment, were passed in Arkansas (Nos. 234 and 347, 1909), the first general in form, but excepting a number of counties; the second specifically applying to nine counties. The general law directs school attendance for one-half the term for children from 8 to 16 years of age, and from 16 to 20, unless actively, regularly, and lawfully employed. No employment is allowed during school hours between the ages of 8 and 16, without a certificate that the law requiring attendance as above has been complied with. Attendance

officers are charged with enforcement of the law. The second law is of practically the same effect, except that the superior age limit is 14 years. A Maine statute (chap. 238, 1909) amends the education law of that State by providing that truant officers may, under the direction of the school authorities, visit manufacturing and other business establishments during school hours to discover whether children under 15 years of age are employed therein in violation of the law. Persons in charge are required to submit for inspection all registers and certificates required to be kept on file in such establishments. A Missouri statute (p. 847, 1909) extends the term of compulsory attendance from one-half to three-fourths of the school term, and authorizes the appointment of attendance officers in towns having a population as small as 1,000, instead of 3,000 as before. In Nevada (chap. 130, 1909) children from 8 to 16 years of age must attend during the whole of the school term unless employed at labor necessary for the support of themselves or of dependent parents. Knowingly employing a child unlawfully absent from school is a misdemeanor. The New Jersey statute (chap. 144, 1909) applies to children between the ages of 7 and 17, unless a child above 15 has completed a grammar course and is regularly and lawfully employed in some useful occupation. If not so employed, such child must attend a high school or manual-training school, though children above 14 may work if their earnings are necessary for the support of themselves or others. A number of laws were enacted in Tennessee applicable to different counties, thirteen being provided for in all. These laws are quite similar in their general features, so that one (chap. 163, 1909) may be taken as illustrative of the class. This law requires attendance between the ages of 8 and 16 for a period of sixteen weeks, unless the child is excused. To be excused the child must be proficient in the required course, or must study in private, or in some other than a public school. If the child's labor is necessary as a means of support, the poor commissioner of the county may make a money allowance equal to the child's wages in order that he may attend school. Attendance must begin with the opening of the term, and it is unlawful to employ a child within the age limits designated who has not completed the required term of attendance. The Washington statute (chap. 97, 1909) applies to children between the ages of 8 and 15, and calls for attendance during the full term of the school. Children under 15 may not be employed without a certificate excusing them from school attendance. Attendance officers may enter mills, stores, etc., in search of evidence of violation of this law. The Connecticut statute (chap. 123, 1909), aiming at results rather than methods, prescribes a standard of attainment to be reached before employment is permitted, i. e., ability to read and write simple sentences in English, or in some other language, and to perform

arithmetical operations to and including fractions. This State has, however, a compulsory attendance law.

The hours of labor of women are regulated by a statute of Illinois (p. 212, 1909), the maximum period of employment being ten hours per day. This law applies to mechanical establishments, factories, and laundries. A Minnesota statute (chap. 499, 1909) prescribes a fifty-eight-hour week for women employed in stores, shops, and factories. Sixty minutes are to be allowed at noon for dinner, and if work extends more than one hour after 6 p. m., twenty minutes shall be allowed for lunch. A Missouri statute (p. 616, 1909) applies to employment in manufacturing and mercantile establishments, laundries, and restaurants in cities of more than 5,000 population. Women may not be employed in these before 5 a. m. or after 10 p. m. nor more than fifty-four hours per week. The statute of Oregon was amended (chap. 138, 1909) by prohibiting the employment of women more than sixty hours per week, this restriction applying to telephone, telegraph, and express or transportation offices, in addition to manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments, laundries, hotels, and restaurants to which the restriction of a former law applied. The proviso of the old law allowing females employed in retail stores to work twelve hours per day during the week preceding Christmas is stricken out.

Other statutes affecting the employment of women are one of North Carolina (chap. 857, 1909) requiring seats to be provided for and their use permitted to female employees in stores, shops, offices, and manufacturing establishments; and one of Missouri (p. 442, 1909) relative to the employment of females in barrooms. This act amends a former law by striking out the proviso that excepted from its prohibitions the employment of the wife, mother, daughter, or sister of the owner of a place where liquor is sold.

LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.

Labor organizations are distinguished from other associations and corporations by the laws of California (chap. 362, 1909) and of Montana (chap. 97, 1903), which exempt labor organizations from the provisions of the antitrust laws of these States. In California the exemption is effected by declaring that labor is not a commodity within the meaning of the act, while the law of Montana specifically exempts agreements for lessening the hours of labor or increasing the wages. The Federal Congress also (sec. 38, chap. 6, 1st sess., 1909) exempted labor organizations from the payment of the excise tax levied on corporations.

Imposition on labor unions by the unauthorized use of badges, cards, etc., is made a misdemeanor by laws of California (chaps. 331

and 392, 1909), Rhode Island (chap. 439, 1909), Texas (chap. 79, 1909), and Virginia (chap. 54, 1908).

Laws protecting the trade-marks of trade unions were amended in Arkansas (No. 131, 1909), Ohio (p. 482, 1908), Vermont (No. 121, 1908), and Wisconsin (secs. 1747a, ff., 1909). The law of Washington (secs. 424 and 425, chap. 249, 1909) makes it a gross misdemeanor to give, offer, or promise a bribe to a representative of a labor organization or for such representative to ask or receive, directly or indirectly, any bribe in connection with his duties and powers as such representative. Discrimination against employees on account of membership in labor organizations or restraining workingmen from joining the same are prohibited in Oklahoma (p. 513, 1907-8) and in South Carolina (No. 4, 1909). Laws of this last class are generally held to be valid. (Adair v. U. S., 208 U. S. 161, 28 Sup. Ct. 277; People v. Maraus, 185 N. Y. 257, 77 N. E. 1073, etc.)

Two States enacted this year a novel law looking toward the matter of collective insurance of members of labor organizations and of workmen. These laws (Maine, chap. 207, 1909, and New Jersey, chap. 191, 1909) permit insurance companies to make special rates to members of labor organizations, the premium to be paid to their secretary or other officer; and to the employees of a single employer, whose premiums may be paid through the employer.

The legislature of Michigan provided for the incorporation of associations of railway conductors and engineers, the object of which is to pay indemnity to members in case of discharge or retirement, the funds to be collected on the assessment or cooperative plan (No. 125, 1909). In the same State an earlier law providing for the incorporation of associations of mine employees was repealed (No. 128, 1909).

WAGES.

The rate of wages of employees on public works was considered by the legislatures of Maryland (p. 613, 1908) and of Oklahoma (p. 635, 1909), the statutes of these States requiring current rates of wages to be paid laborers on public works, the law of the former State applying to the city of Baltimore only. A law that may be considered in this connection is one passed by the Congress of the United States (chap. 299, 1908-9), authorizing the Public Printer to pay linotype and monotype operators not more than 60 cents per hour for their services; Sunday labor of workmen not receiving annual salaries may be paid 50 per cent advance on the regular rates.

The medium of payment is considered in laws of Arizona (chap. 103, 1909), Louisiana (No. 228, 1908), Oklahoma (p. 637, 1909), and Porto Rico (p. 171, 1908), these laws relating to the payment of wages in scrip and to the redemption of store orders. They provide