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Book V. Let CK be a part of CD, and GL the same part of GH and let AB be the same multiple of CK, that EF is of GL; Therefore, by Prop. C, of 5th Book, AB is to CK, as EF to GL: And CD, GH, are equimultiples of CK, GL, the second and fourth; wherefore, by Cor. Prop. 4. Book 5. AB is to CD, as EF to GH.

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And if four magnitudes be proportionals according to the 5th def. of Book 5. they are also proportionals according to the 20th def. of Book 7.

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First, if A be to B, as C to D; then if A be any multiple or part of B, C is the same multiple or part of D, by Prop. D. of B. 5.

Next, if AB be to CD, as EF to GH: then if AB contains any parts of CD, EF contains the same parts of GH: For let CK be a part of CD, and GL the same part of GH, and let AB be a multiple of CK: EF is the same multiple of GL: Take M the same multiple of GL that AB is of CK; therefore, by Prop. C. of B. 5. AB is to CK, as M to GL: and CD, GH, are equimultiples of CK, GL; wherefore, by Cor. Prop. 4. B. 5. AB is to CD, as M to GH. And, by the hypothesis, AB is to CD, as EF to GH; therefore M is equal to EF by Prop. 9. Book 5. and consequently EF is the same multiple of GL that AB is of CK.

PROP. D. B. V.

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THIS is not unfrequently used in the demonstration of other propositions, and is necessary in that of Prop. 9. B. 6. It seems Theon has left it out for the reasons mentioned in the notes at Prop. A.

PROP. VIII. B. V.

IN the demonstration of this, as it is now in the Greek, there are two cases (see the demonstration in Hervagius, or Dr. Gregory's edition,) of which the first is that in which AE is less than EB; and in this it necessarily follows, that HO the multiple of EB is greater than ZH the same multiple of AE, which last multiple, by the construction, is greater than A; whence also He must be greater than A: But in the second case, viz. that in which EB is less than AE, though ZH be greater than A, yet He may be less than the same A; so that there cannot be taken a multiple of A which is the first that is greater than K or HO, be

because A itself is greater than it: Upon this account, Book V. the author of this demonstration found it necessary to change one part of the construction that was made use of in the first case: But he has, without any necessity, changed also another part of it, viz. when, he orders to take N that multiple of A which is the first that is greater than ZH; for he

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of both cases, without any reason; for it serves to no purpose but to lengthen the demonstration. There is also a third case which is not mentioned in this demonstration, viz. that in which AE in the first, or EB in the second of the two other cases, is greater than D; and in this any equimultiples, as the doubles of AE, EB, are to be taken, as is done in this edition, where all the cases are at once demonstrated: And from this it is plain that Theon, or some other unskilful editor, has vitiated this proposition.

PROP. IX. B. V.

Of this there is given a more explicit demonstration than that which is now in the Elements.

PROP. X. B. V.

It was necessary to give another demonstration of this proposition, because that which is in the Greek and Latin, or other editions, is not legitimate: for the words greater, the same, or equal, lesser, have a quite different meaning when applied to magnitudes and ratios, as is plain from the 5th and 7th definitions of Book 5. By the help of these let us examine the demonstration of the 10th Prop. which proceeds thus: "Let A have to C a greater ratio than B to "C: I say that A is greater than B: for if it is not greater, "it is either equal or less. But A cannot be equal to B, "because then each of them would have the same ratio to "C; but they have not. Therefore A is not equal to B." The force of which reasoning is this: If A had to C the same ratio that B has to C, then if any equimultiples whatever of A and B be taken, and any multiple whatever

BOOK V. of C; if the multiple of A. be greater than the multiple of C, then, by the 5th def. of Book 5, the multiple of B is also greater than that of C; but, from the hypothesis, that A has a greater ratio to C, than B has to C, there must, by the 7th def. of Book 5. be certain equimultiples of A and B, and some multiple of C such, that the multiple of A is greater than the multiple of C, but the multiple of B is not greater than the same multiple of C: And this proposition directly contradicts the preceding; wherefore A is not equal to B. The demonstration of the 10th prop, goes on thus: "But neither is A less than B; because then A "would have a less ratio to C than B has to it: But it has

not a less ratio, therefore A is not less than B," &c. Here it is said, that " A would have a less ratio to C than "B has to C," or, which is the same thing, that B would have a greater ratio to C than A to C; that is, by 7th def Book 5, there must be some equimultiples of B and A, and some multiple of C, such that the multiple of B is greater than the multiple of C, but the multiple of A is not greater than it: And it ought to have been proved, that this can never happen if the ratio of A to C be greater than the ratio of B to C; that is, it should have been proved, that, in this case, the multiple of A is always greater than the multiple of C, whenever the multiple of B is greater than the multiple of C; for when this is demonstrated, it will be evident that B cannot have a greater ratio to C, than A has to C, or, which is the same thing, that A cannot have a less ratio to C than B has to C. But this is not at all proved in the 10th proposition: But if the 10th were once demonstrated, it would immediately follow from it, but cannot without it be easily demonstrated, as he that tries to do it will find. Wherefore the 10th proposition is not sufficiently demonstrated. And it seems that he who has given the demonstration of the 10th proposition as we now have it, instead of that which Eudoxus or Euclid had given, has been deceived in applying what is manifest, when understood of magnitudes, unto ratios, viz. that a magnitude cannot be both greater and less than another. That those things which are equal to the same are equal to one another, is a most evident axiom when understood of magnitudes; yet Euclid does not make use of it to infer, that those ratios, which are the same to the same ratio, are the same to one another; but explicitly demonstrates this in Prop. 11. of Book 5. The demonstration we have given of the 10th prop. is no doubt the same with that of Eudoxus or Euclid, as it

is immediately and directly derived from the definition of Book V.

a greater ratio, viz. the 7th of the 5th.

The above-mentioned proposition, viz. If A have to Ca greater ratio than B to C; and if of A and B there be taken certain equimultiples, and some multiple of C; then if the multiple of B be greater than the multiple of C, the multiple of A is also greater than the same, is thus demonstrated.

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Let D, E, be equimultiples of A, B, D and F a multiple of C, such, that E the multiple of B is greater than F; D the multiple of A is also greater than F.

Because A has a greater ratio to C, than B to C, A is greater than B, by the 10th Prop. B. 5, therefore D the multiple of A is greater than E the same multiple of B: And E is greater than F: much more therefore D is greater than F.

PROP. XIII. B. V.

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IN Commandine's, Briggs's, and Gregory's translations, at the beginning of this demonstration, it is said, "And the "multiple of C is greater than the multiple of D; but the "multiple of E is not greater than the multiple of F:" Which words are a literal translation from the Greek: But the sense evidently requires that it be read, "so that the multiple of C be greater than the multiple of D; but "the multiple of E be not greater than the multiple of F." And thus this place was restored to the true reading in the first editions of Commandine's Euclid, printed in 8vo. at Oxford: But in the later editions, at least in that of 1747, the error of the Greek text was kept in.

There is a corollary added to prop. 13, as it is necessary to the 20th and 21st prop. of this book, and is as useful as the proposition.

PROP. XIV. B. V.

THE two cases of this, which are not in the Greek, are added; the demonstration of them not being exactly the same with that of the first case.

PROP. XVII. B. V.

THE order of the words in a clause of this is changed to one more natural: As was also done in prop. 11.

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THE demonstration of this is none of Euclid's, nor is it legitimate; for it depends upon this hypothesis, that to any three magnitudes, two of which, at least, are of the same kind, there may be a fourth proportional: which, if not proved, the demonstration now in the text is of no force: But this is assumed without any proof; nor can it, as far as I am able to discern, be demonstrated by the propositions preceding this: so far is it from deserving to be reckoned an axiom, as Clavius, after other commentators, would have it, at the end of the definitions of the 5th book. Euclid does not demonstrate it, nor does he show how to find the fourth proportional, before the 12th prop. of the 6th book: And he never assumes any thing in the demonstration of a proposition, which he had not before demonstrated; at least, he assumes nothing the existence of which is not evidently possible; for a certain conclusion can never be deduced by the means of an uncertain proposition: Upon this account, we have given a legitimate demonstration of this proposition instead of that in the Greek and other editions, which very probably Theon, at least some other, has put in the place of Euclid's, because he thought it too prolix: And as the 17th prop. of which this 18th is the converse, is demonstrated by help of the first and second propositions of this book; so, in the demonstration now given of the 18th, the 5th prop. and both cases of the 6th are necessary, and these two propositions are the converses of the 1st and 2d. Now the 5th and 6th do not enter into the demonstration of any proposition in this book as we now have it: Nor can they be of use in any proposition of the Elements, except in this 18th, and this is a manifest proof, that Euclid made use of them in his demonstration of it, and that the demonstration now given, which is exactly the converse of that of the 17th, as it ought to be, differs nothing from that of Eudoxus or Euclid: For the 5th and 6th have undoubtedly been put into the 5th book for the sake of some propositions in it, as all the other propositions about equimultiples have been.

Hieronymus Saccherius, in his book named "Euclides " ab omni nævo vindicatus," printed at Milan, ann. 1733, in 4to, acknowledges this blemish in the demonstration of the 18th; and that he may remove it, and render the demonstration we now have of it legitimate, he endeavours to

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