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ADC equal to one another, EF is parallel to BC. There- Boox I. fore the straight line EAF is drawn through the given point27.1. A parallel to the given straight line BC. Which was to be done..

PROP. XXXII. THEOR.

Ir a side of any triangle be produced, the exterior angle is equal to the two interior and opposite angles; and the three interior angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles.

Let ABC be a triangle, and let one of its sides BC be produced to D; the exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC, and the three interior angles of the triangle, viz. ABC, BCA, CAB, are together equal to two right angles.

Through the point C draw CE parallela to the straight line AB; and because AB is parallel to CE, and AC meets them, the alternate angles BAC, ACE, are B equal. Again, because

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AB is parallel to CE, and BD falls upon them, the exterior angle ECD is equal to the interior and opposite angle ABC; but the angle ACE was shown to be equal to the angle BAC; therefore the whole exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior and opposite angles CAB, ABC; to these equals add the angle ACB, and the angles ACD, ACB are equal to the three angles CBA, BAC, ACB; but the angles ACD, ACB are equale to two right angles: 13. 1. therefore also the angles CBA, BAC, ACB, are equal to two right angles. Wherefore if a side of a triangle, &c. Q. E. D.

COR. 1. All the interior angles of any rectilineal figure, together with four right angles, are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides.

For any rectilineal figure ABCDE, can be divided into as many triangles as the figure has sides, by drawing straight lines from a point F within the figure to

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BOOK I. each of its angles. And, by the preceding proposition, all the angles of these triangles are equal to twice as many right angles as there are triangles, that is, as there are sides of the figure: and the same angles are equal to the angles of the figure, together with the angles at the point F, which 2 Cor. is the common vertex of the triangles: that is, together with four right angles. Therefore all the angles of the figure, together with four right angles, are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides.

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Cor. 2. All the exterior angles of any rectilineal figure are together equal to four right angles.

Because every interior angle

ABC, with its adjacent exte15. 1. rior ABD, is equal to two right angles; therefore all the interior together with all the exterior angles of the figure, are equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides D of the figure; that is, by the

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foregoing corollary, they are equal to all the interior angles of the figure, together with four right angles; therefore all the exterior angles are equal to four right angles.

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THE straight lines which join the extremities of
two equal and parallel straight lines towards the
same parts, are also themselves equal and parallel.

Let AB, CD be equal and
parallel straight lines, and join- A
ed towards the same parts by
the straight lines AC, BD; AC,
BD are also equal and parallel.
Join BC; and because AB
is parallel to CD, and BC
meets them, the alternate an-

B

* 29. 1. gles ABC, BCD are equala; and because AB is equal to CD, and BC common to the two triangles ABC, DCB, the two sides AB, BC, are equal to the two DC, CB; and the angle ABC is equal to the angle BCD; therefore the base 4. 1. AC is equal to the base BD, and the triangle ABC to the triangle BCD, and the other angles to the other anglesb, each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; there

fore the angle ACB is equal to the angle CBD; and be- Book I. cause the straight line BC meets the two straight lines AC, BD, and makes the alternate angles ACB, CBD equal to one another, AC is parallel to BD; and it was shown to e 27. 1. be equal to it. Therefore, straight lines, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXXIV. THEOR.

THE opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are equal to one another, and the diameter bisects them, that is, divides them into two equal parts.

N. B. A parallelogram is a four-sided figure, of which the opposite sides are parallel; and the diameter is the straight line joining two of its opposite angles.

Let ACDB be a parallelogram, of which BC is a diameter; the opposite sides and angles of the figure are equal to one another; and the diameter BC bisects it.

Because AB is parallel to A CD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ABC, BCD are equal to one another; and because AC is parallel to BD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ACB, CBD, are

a 29. 1.

equal to one another; wherefore the two triangles ABC, CBD have two angles ABC, BCA in one, equal to two angles BCD, CBD in the other, each to each, and one side BC common to the two triangles, which is adjacent to their equal angles; therefore their other sides shall be equal, each to each, and the third angle of the one to the third angle of the other", viz. the side AB to the side CD, and 26. 1. AC to BD, and the angle BAC equal to the angle BDC: And because the angle ABC is equal to the angle BCD, and the angle CBD to the angle ACB, the whole angle ABD is equal to the whole angle ACD: And the angle BAC has been shown to be equal to the angle BDC; therefore the opposite sides and angles of parallelograms are equal to one another; also, their diameter bisects them; for AB being equal to CD, and BC common, the two AB, BC are equal to the two DC, CB, each to each; and the angle ABC is equal to the angle BCD; therefore the triangle

BOOK I. ABC is equal to the triangle BCD, and the diameter BC divides the parallelogram ACDB into two equal parts. 4. 1. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXXV. THEOR.

See N. PARALLELOGRAMS upon the same base, and between the same parallels, are equal to one another.

See the 2d

Let the parallelograms ABCD, EBCF be upon the same and 3d fi- base BC, and between the same parallels AF, BC; the parallelogram ABCD shall be equal to the parallelogram EBCF.

gures.

b

Ax.

If the sides AD, DF of the pa- A rallelograms ABCD, DBCF, opposite to the base BC, be terminated in the same point D; it is plain that each of the parallelo34. 1. grams is doublea of the triangle B BDC; and they are therefore equal to one another.

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But, if the sides AD, EF, opposite to the base BC of the parallelograms ABCD, EBCF, be not terminated in the same point; then, because ABCD is a parallelogram, AD is equala to BC; for the same reason EF is equal to BC; 1 Ax. wherefore AD is equal to EF; and DE is common; 2 or 3 therefore the whole, or the remainder, AE is equale to the whole, or the remainder DF; AB also is equal to DC; and the two EA, AB are therefore equal to

DE

FA E DF

B

C

B

the two FD, DC, each to each; and the exterior angle 29. 1. FDC is equal to the interior EAB, therefore the base EB 4. 1. is equal to the base FC, and the triangle EAB equale to the triangle FDC. Take the triangle FDC from the tra pezium ABCF, and from the same trapezium take the trif3 Ax. angle EAB: the remainders therefore are equalf, that is, the parallelogram ABCD is equal to the parallelogram EBCF. Therefore parallelograms upon the same base, &c. Q. E.D.

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PARALLELOGRAMS upon equal bases, and between the same parallels, are equal to one another.

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BOOK I.

33. 1.

because BC is equal to FG, and FG toa EH, BC is equal. 34. 1. to EH; and they are parallels, and joined towards the same parts by the straight lines BE, CH. But straight lines which join equal and parallel straight lines towards the same parts, are themselves equal and parallel; therefore EB, CH, are both equal and parallel, and EBCH is a parallelogram; and it is equal to ABCD, because it is upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels BČ, AD: For the like reason, the parallelogram EFGH is equal to the same EBCH: Therefore also the parallelogram ABCD is equal to EFGH. Wherefore parallelograms, &c. Q. E.D.

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35. 1.

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TRIANGLES upon the same base, and between the same parallels, are equal to one another.

Let the triangles ABC, DBC, be upon the same base BC, and between the same

parallels AD, BC: The triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DBC.

Produce AD both ways

through B draw BE pa

to the points E, F, and

rallel to CA; and through

E

B

F

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31. 1.

C draw CF parallel to BD; therefore each of the figures EBCA, DBCF is a parallelogram; and EBCA is equalb 35. 1. to DBCF, because they are upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels BC, EF; and the triangle ABC is the half of the parallelogram, EBCA, because the

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