around them and in the perspective of their history, who have a sense of human kinship and an object in life beyond themselves.

This is the result of a proper education. Such an education is fundamental to success and long life in a democracy. It must be made available to all the people who can profit from it, and no accidents of birth or wealth or distance from school or varied talents or objectives should be permitted to stand in the way.

Democracy's Enemy No. 7. The man who does not believe in public education, and will not make a sacrifice to see that every child has his chance.

Duty to Democracy No. 7. See to it that every child has an educational opportunity adequate to equip him to be a good citizen.

XXIV

A BILL OF DUTIES

"Duty then is the sublimest word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less."

-ROBERT E. LEE

Democracy puts much stress on Rights. We say that we are endowed with unalienable rights. We refer to the Bill of Rights. Locke spoke of natural rights. The motto on the Iowa seal is, "Our liberties we prize; and our rights we will maintain."

But one of the surest symptoms of disease within a democracy is attention to rights rather than duties; expectation of service from a government rather than service to it; always asking, "What can I get?" rather than "What can I give?"

We have listed certain enemies of democracy and certain corresponding duties. These enemies and duties have been organized around the major objectives that democracy in a peculiar way has desired to attain. But there are other enemies and corresponding duties that we shall list and comment upon briefly.

Democracy is based upon the theory that the safest place to put the authority is in the people, not in a

king or dictator, and that the best way to follow the will of the people is to let the majority decide. This decision can be made directly or by chosen representatives.

This theory carries with it two implications of highest importance. First, nothing must impede the people in the free expression of their will. This means that the people must find out what the real issues are; that issues must be put squarely to them and must not be beclouded, concealed, or confused; and that all citizens must not only have the right to vote, but recognize it as their bounden duty to vote. If all do not vote, and if all do not know what they are voting about, a minority may rule.

Democracy's Enemy No. 8. The candidate for office who conceals the real issue; who buys votes; who urges that part of the population be deprived of the right to vote.

Duty to Democracy No. 8. Always inform yourself of the issues of an election, study them, and always vote.

Connected directly with the theory that the people rule and that a majority decide, is the duty of the minority to accede to the will of the majority and to obey the laws that they may not themselves have approved. As Mr. Willkie testified before the Senate Committee,

I struggled as hard as I could to beat Franklin Roosevelt and I tried to keep from pulling any of my punches. He was elected President. He is my President now.

The unwillingness of the minority to bow to the will of the majority, which is only saying in another way, the lack of respect for law, has, except for military conquest, been the most common cause of the downfall of democracies throughout the world. The minority stepped in and took control in France on two occasions, in Italy when the Fascists marched, in Spain when Franco revolted, and many times in various of the Latin-American republics. Obedience to law is fundamental to a successful democracy and when this obedience begins to falter, democracy begins to totter.

Democracy's Enemy No. 9. The person who refuses to accede to the will of the majority; any person who takes the law into his own hands; any person who wilfully refuses to obey a law.

Duty to Democracy No. 9. Sacrifice your desires and judgment to the will of the majority and wait for the next election rather than try to take the law into your own hands.

There are three other duties to democracy of which

the average citizen approves; but he has the temptation

not to assume them himself, but rather to put them off

on the rest of the population; these are the duty to study, to pay taxes, and to render military service.

To know and understand is most important in a democracy. Without it decisions made by ballot will be based upon trust, prejudice, or ignorance. This makes no difference in a despotism. It is most important in a democracy. There can be little doubt that the excesses in government and revolution by a minority in former democracies had part of their cause in the lack of information among the people.

Now education, too often, is considered something that would be valuable to the other fellow. I know that in one Western state the farmers in the legislature would vote to support the economics work in the University, while the bankers and businessmen would vote to construct a hog pavilion at the Agricultural College. The citizen in a democracy has the duty not only of providing educational opportunities for his children and for all the other citizens in his community; but he also has the obligation to study and learn for himself.

Democracy's Enemy No. 10. The ignorant voter.

Duty to Democracy No. 10. Study and learn about all questions related to politics and government, not omitting local and state governments.

The same notion of letting the other fellow do it has been the American attitude toward taxes. We have al