wages 40 cents per member per day. As result of organization there has been a general improvement in wages, hours of labor and working conditions of marble workers. Strike benefits, $15,000; donations to other unions, $8,000.

Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen:-Net number of new unions, 14; gain in membership, 1,900; won 9 strikes, thereby increasing wages $2 to $4 per week, and reducing hours 1 to 3 per day, benefiting 1,200 members; also secured a fifty-fourhour work week in one locality. Secured 81 agreements without strike by which the shorter workday was conceded to 2,300 members. As result of organization the minimum wages for butcher workmen have been raised from $12 to $15 per week and hours reduced from 12 and 14 to 10 per day. Death benefits, $2,600; strike benefits, $1,150; donations to other unions, $300.

Metal Polishers:-Gain in membership, 1,500; won 15 strikes; compromised, 6; thereby securing an increase of 25 cents per day for 3,018 members and reduced the length of workday one-half hour per day for 1,780 members. Secured 100 agreements benefiting 2,000 members without strike. Attempts were made to reduce wages in some localities. All were successfully resisted. As result of organization there has been a gradual increase in wages, gradual shortening of hours, better sanitary conditions, and better consideration of grievances by employers. Strike benefits, $19,000; death benefits, $5,000; unemployed benefits, $1,000; donations to other unions, $2,000.

Metal Workers, Sheet:-Net number of new unions, 29; gain in membership, 1,500; won 15 strikes; lost 3. Secured an increase in wages of 25 cents per day for 2,000 members. No attempt to reduce wages during year. Sheet metal workers employed on railroads secured many wage increases and reduction of hours without strike. The eight-hour day is general among those employed in the building industry and the forty-four-hour week is gradually becoming operative. Strike benefits, $15,000; death benefits, $1,050.

new

Mine Workers, United (coal):-Net number of new unions, 173; gain in membership, 112,336; cost of strikes, $1,200,800. Many improved working conditions secured and new wage contracts written through direct negotiations in conference with employers. Persistent efforts made with attendant successes to better the conditions in the unorganized communities in West Virginia and other states. Miners, Metalliferous:-Net number of unions, 14; won 6 strikes; compromised, 3; thereby increasing wages 25 cents to 50 cents per day for 8,850 members and reduced hours for 450 members. Secured an eight-hour law from the legislature of Ontario, Canada, whereby hours of labor were reduced for 5,000 men 1 and 2 hours per day. Four thousand men were benefited by the new eight-hour law passed by the Colorado state legislature affecting members employed in mines, mills and smelters of that state. Increased wages per month for all members affected, $286,852; increased wages per year, $3,442,230. Number of men benefited by increased wages, 34,869. Average increase per man per month, $8.23; 8,174 members benefited by reduction of hours. Total number of hours reduced per month, 248,625; total wages saved by reduction of hours at the rate of 371⁄2 cents per hour, $1,118,816. Strike

benefits, $150,188; death benefits, $34,631; sick benefits, $96,066; donations to other unions, $17,270.

Molders and Coremakers:-Strike benefits, $482,448; sick benefits, $172,792; death benefits, $67,391; unemployment benefits, $10,298, disability benefits, $11,075. General improvement in wages and trade conditions throughout the country.

Musicians:-Net number of new unions, 30; gain in membership, 3,000. All attempts to reduce wages successfully resisted. As result of organization there has been an average increase in wages of about 30 per cent and a corresponding decrease in the hours of labor. Donations to other unions, $5,000.

Painters: Net number of new unions, 53; gain in membership, 15,829. Since 1909, 1,005 local unions with a membership of 58,717 have had their wages raised from an average of $2.97 to $3.45 per day. Members of 520 local unions enjoy the eighthour day; members of 106 locals work nine hours per day. Death benefits, members and members' wives, $125,000; sick benefits, $6,400.

Papermakers:-Net number of new unions, 10; gain in membership, 1,200. Wages increased 20 cents per member per day in 5 mills as a result of strikes. Hours of labor were reduced from 12 to 8 per day in 5 mills as a result of strikes, 14 other mills adopted the eight-hour day. Wages, hours and other conditions of labor are steadily improving. Strike benefits, $8,000; death benefits, $1,400.

Patternmakers:-Net number of new unions, 3; gain in membership, 952; won 12 strikes and 5 lockouts; thereby gaining a reduction of hours of labor from 10 to 9 in some instances, and in others from 9 to 8 hours; benefiting 156 patternmakers. A large number of agreements were secured with employers without strike. Strike benefits, $13,050; death benefits, $3,675; sick benefits, $7,053; tool insurance, $2,843; unemployed benefits, $6,000.

Paving Cutters:-Net number of new unions, 9; gain in membership, 410; won 6 strikes, thereby securing an increase of wages of 60 cents per member per day, and hours of labor reduced from 9 to 8 after a stubborn resistance by some employers. Five agreements secured without strike. All attempts to reduce wages were successfully resisted. Strike benefits, $10,000; death benefits, $2,000.

Photo-Engravers:-2 new unions; gain in membership, 300; won 2 strikes benefiting 35 members. In every instance when new agreements have been negotiated an increase of wages has been obtained. Strike benefits, $24,154; death benefits, $2,500; sick benefits, $7,865.

Piano and Organ Workers:-Won 2 strikes and secured an increase of wages ranging from 2 to 25 per cent, as a result thereby benefiting 4,000 persons. Strikes were inaugurated in 3 instances against the stop-watch and speeding-up systems. All attempts to reduce wages were successfully resisted. Strike benefits, $5,000.

Plasterers: Gain in membership, 2,000. Secured the following results: Increased wages 20 cents per day in 4 cities; 40 cents per day in 10 cities; 50 cents per day in 15 cities; 66 cents per day in one city; 80 cents per day in one city; 85 cents per day in one city; 90 cents per day in 4 cities; $1 per day in 23 cities; $1.35 per day in one city; $1.45 per day in one city; $1.50 per day in one city; $1.60 per day in 5 cities. Number of members

benefited, 3,500. Members were involved in one lockout as a result of an "open shop" proposition. The dispute terminated with victory for the union. The eight-hour day prevails throughout the country in this trade and the Saturday half-holiday is general the year round. Strike benefits, $1,800;

death benefits, $40,000.

Plate Printers:-Secured 7 agreements without strike, and obtained 16 per cent increase in wages in bank note work in New York City and Ottawa, Canada; 20 per cent increase in the commercial shops of Pittsburg. Pennsylvania. No strikes through the jurisdiction. All wage negotiations settled peacefully. Death benefits, $1,300; sick benefits, $1,280.

Plumbers:-Net number of new unions, 33. Members of 50 unions earn between $3 and $3.50 per day; 216 unions between $5 and $6 per day; 42 unions $6 per day; 4 unions receive $7 per day, and 1 union $8 per day. Won 63 strikes, thereby gaining valuable advantages to the members. All plumbers work the eight-hour day. Members of 550 local unions enjoy the Saturday half-holiday during the entire year. Strike benefits, $45,950; sick benefits, $51,510; death benefits, $17,800.

Potters: Gain in membership, 287. Secured 5 per cent increase in wages for 1,200 members by direct negotiations with employers; 20 years of direct negotiations with employers in the pottery industries have been a guarantee of peace in this industry. Many improvements in shop conditions beneficial to the health of members. Death benefits, $5,675.

Powder Workers:-Two agreements negotiated without strike, thereby securing 10 per cent increase in wages and better working conditions for 55 members. This organization has been instrumental in reducing the workday from 12 to 8 hours and securing 33 per cent increase in wages.

Print Cutters:-Won 1 strike benefiting 450 members and increasing wages 33 cents per day per member. This organization has been instrumental in raising wages to $22 per week of 55 hours, as against $12 per week of 60 hours, which prevailed before organization was established. Strike benefits, $64,000; death benefits, $800; donations to other unions, $200.

Printing Pressmen:-Net number of new unions, 7; gain in membership, 1,800. Secured new agreements with employers in 66 cities through direct negotiations and voluntary arbitration thereby obtaining improved working conditions for members and increased wages. Death benefits, $14,800.

Pulp and Sulphite Workers:-Net number of new unions, 6; won 3 strikes benefiting 200 members. Secured 6 agreements without strike. This organization has been instrumental in reducing the hours of labor 50 per cent for 100 men and 5 per cent for 2,000 men. Strike benefits, $15,000; unemployed benefits, $500. Donations to other unions, $2,400.

Quarry Workers:-Four new unions. Gain in membership, 600; won 2 strikes benefiting 600 men and increasing their wages from 25 to 30 cents per day; 2 strikes pending for reduction in hours of labor. Secured 12 new agreements with employers and obtained time and a half for overtime and safety provisions for prevention of accidents; 1,055 men were benefited; 750 of whom received an 8 per cent increase and 55 received 25 cents per day increase. Strike benefits, $6,470; death benefits, $1,350.

Railroad Telegraphers:-43 wage-scales were revised and 4 new wage-scales established on as many different railroads in the United States; 7 wage-scales were revised on railroads in Canadaall carrying from 5 to 24 per cent increase in wages. Working conditions were very materially improved on other railroad systems including the reduction of hours of service to 8, 9, 10, and 11 hours per day according to the varying conditions in the several localities. Wages of members increased during the year to an aggregate of two million dollars per annum. Death benefits, $93,450; no reduction in wages during year and no strikes.

Railroad Carmen:-Net number of new unions, 34; gain in membership, 2,800. Secured revision of old agreements and wrote new agreements with fifty railroad systems and terminal associations by means of direct negotiation or through voluntary arbitration. Improved working conditions, increased wages, and reduction of hours resulted. Strike benefits, $31,064.

Railway Employes (street cars):-Net number of new unions, 36; gain in membership, 9,000; won 11 strikes, benefiting 3,610 members and securing increases in wages ranging from one-half cent to 4 cents per hour. Secured 76 new agreements through direct negotiations with employers without strike. All attempts to reduce wages successfully resisted. Hours of labor have been reduced; a great majority of street-car men now work 9 hours per day on a great many street railway systems. In many places before organization street-car men worked from 12 to 18 hours per day; the average being 14 hours, and for as low as 8 cents per hour. Since organization in a number of cities the hours have been reduced to 10, 9, and 8, and the wages increased from a minimum of 23 cents per hour up to 45 cents per hour. Time and a half up to double time paid for overtime. The total aggregate increase of wages for street-car men for the year 1913 amounted to $5,066,070. Paid out in death and disability benefits, $208,150; strike benefits, $23,696.

Roofers: Three new unions; won 2 strikes benefiting 150 members and increasing wages from 25 to 50 cents per day, and reducing hours of labor from 9 and 10 hours to 8 hours per day. Secured 4 new agreements without strike. Saturday half-holiday secured in some instances without strike. All attempts to reduce wages successfully resisted. Roofers are now receiving from 50 cents to 933 cents per hour for an eight-hour day. Before organization wages ranged from 271⁄2 to 50 cents per day for a 9, 10, and 11 hour day. Strike benefits, $1,235; death benefits, $2,500. Donations to other unions, $200.

Shingle Weavers:-New unions, 21; gain in membership, 3,500; several small strikes won. Number of members benefited, 300, by securing 25 cents a day increase in wages. Strike benefits, $10,000; sick benefits, $70. Donations to other unions, $500. Slate and Tile Roofers:-Gain in membership, 30; won 2 strikes, benefiting 100 members. Secured 3 agreements without strike, gaining thereby a 10 per cent increase in wages. Death benefits, $1,100.

Spinners: All attempts to reduce wages were successfully resisted when shorter workday laws went into effect. In New York state hours were reduced from 60 to 54 per week, and wages advanced 10 per cent. In Rhode Island hours were reduced from 60 to 54 per week, with a 5 per cent advance in

wages. One strike settled, gaining 25 cents per day increase in wages for 30 members. Strike benefits, $100. Unemployed benefits, $13,000.

Stage Employes:-New unions organized, 88; gain in membership, 1,000. Fifty per cent increase in wages secured for 100 men through strike. No attempts made to reduce wages during the year.

Stereotypers aad Electrotypers:-Gain in membership, 300; wages increased 50 cents per day per member, and hours of labor reduced 1 hour per day as a result of successful strike benefiting 31 members. Secured 37 new agreements without strike, thereby increasing wages $1 to $3 per week for 2,250 members. Strike benefits, $9,150; death benefits, $3.100.

Stone Cutters: Four new unions. Gain in memhership, 1,500; won 3 strikes benefiting 200 members by securing Saturday half-holiday. Secured 12 new agreements without strike, and obtained increased wages and improved working conditions. No reduction in wages permitted during 1913. Strike benefits, $3,000; death benefits, $9,125; sick Jenefits, $3,000; donations to other unions, $400.

Stove Mounters: Secured 22 agreements through direct negotiation with employers or through voluntary arbitration, thereby securing 5 per cent increase in wages with each agreement and reducing hours of labor from 10 to 9 in several cities. No attempts to reduce wages during the past year. This organization has been instrumental in reducing hours, increasing piecework prices and daywork rate of pay and greatly improving workshop conditions. Death benefits, $1,400; donations to other unions, $500.

Switchmen, Railroad:-Gain in membership, 1,092. Secured improved working conditions and increased wages on several railroads without strike. Death benefits, $181,125.

Tailors:-Net number of new unions, 5; won 20 strikes. Secured 52 agreements by direct negotiation with employers, or through voluntary arbitration, thereby gaining an increase in prices for work, shorter hours, and better working shop conditions. Strike benefits, $38,225. Sick benefits, $23,090; death benefits, $12,441.

Teamsters: Net number of new unions, 22; gain in membership, 4,785. During the year 1913 the teamsters secured 247 agreements by direct negotiation with employers, or through voluntary arbitration, resulting in an average increase of 10 per cent in wages for over 60 per cent of the membership. Won 21 strikes benefiting 10,500 members, and resulting in an increase in wages of 30 cents per member per day. Strike benefits, $57,000.

Textile Workers:-Gain in membership for year, 4,000; won 3 strikes and as result hours of labor were reduced 3 per week in the state of Connecticut, and 2 per week in Rhode Island and New Hampshire. A large number of agreements were secured without strike by local unions in the silk mills in Pennsylvania, with textile mills in Tennessee, resulting in an increase of 10 per cent in wages and use of the union label. Since the latter agreement was made the Tennessee union has grown from 500 members to 1,160. The textile workers have been instrumental, through their organization, in reducing hours, raising wages, and improving the sanitary conditions of all textile mills. Strike benefits, $17,000; death benefits, $2,200.

Tile Layers:-Net number of new unions, 11;

gain in membership, 326. Secured 12 agreements with employers without strike. Won 2 strikes benefiting 115 members by increasing the wages of tile layers 35 cents per day, and helpers, 25 cents per day.

Tobacco Workers:-Renewed all expiring agreements with employers and secured improved conditions and increased wages without strikes or serious contentions. Negotiations continued to arrange further agreements with bright prospects of securing additional benefits for members involved. During 1913 the tobacco workers obtained an increase in wages ranging from 5 to 10 per cent. In some localities, hours were reduced from 55 to 54 per week; others from 54 to 52 per week, and in some localities an eight-hour day was obtained. There were no strikes during the year. All disputes were settled peacefully through conferences, mediation, and arbitration. The demand for the union label on tobacco increased 7 per cent over any previous period. Sick benefits, $5,833; death benefits, $1,150.

Travelers' Goods and Leather Novelty Workers:Net number of new unions, 4; gain in membership, 200. Secured one agreement without strike, by which 35 members were benefited by obtaining reduced hours and slight increases in wages. Won 1 strike benefiting 46 members, who secured a 10 per cent increase in wages and hours reduced from 10 to 9 per day. Death benefits, $150; sick benefits, $300; donations to other unions, $65.

Tunnel and Subway Constructors:-Number of new unions, 2; gain in membership, 200. Secured 10 agreements with employers without strike. Won 10 strikes, benefiting 400 members, securing thereby an increase of $1 per day in wages and a reduction of 2 hours per day. This organization has been instrumental in increasing the wages of rockmen 75 cents per day and reduced the hours of their labor 2 per day, also establishing a Saturday payday. Strike benefits, $500; death benefits, $3,600; unemployed benefits, $580; donations to other unions, $200.

Typographical Union-(Fiscal year ending May 31, 1913): Net number of new unions, 18; gain in membership, 2,900; won 8 strikes, benefiting 114 members. New agreements made or old ones renewed with employing printers in 158 cities, agreements running for periods of from 1 to 5 years as follows:

82 contracts for one year 1 contract for 18 months 10 contracts for 2 years 41 contracts for 3 years 12 contracts for 4 years 12 contracts for 5 years.

All these agreements provide increases in wages ranging from 50 cents to $4 per week. In most of the agreements extending beyond one year the increases are on a graduated basis and will be added periodically as the terms of the agreement progress. These agreements have also produced very material benefits in the matter of reducing hours of labor and adjusting other trade and office matters. Practically all of the local agreements of the Typographical Union provide for arbitration. An arbitration agreement exists with the American Newspaper Publishers' Association which has been in successful operation for over ten years. As a result of

the successful continuation of "collective bargains," or "trade agreements" made with employing printers, strikes seldom occur in the jurisdiction of the International Typographical Union. For the fiscal year ending May 31, 1913, members of the Typographical Union earned $3,565,584 more than the preceding year. The average earnings per member for the fiscal year 1913 were $1,023, or $31 more than for the previous year. The International Typographical Union maintains a home for incapacitated and superannuated members. In connection with the home is a tuberculosis sanitarium. Due to the shorter workday, improved ventilation and sanitation in printing offices and other remedial measures put into effect by the International Typographical Union the mortality of printers has decreased. In the year 1900 the average age at death was 41.25; in the year 1913, the average age at death was 49.24, thus showing that almost 8 years have been added to the life of working printers through the beneficial work of the organization. The International Typographical Union has established a commission on technical education for the benefit of its members, the course of which consists of thirty-eight lessons and is conducted by correspondence. At present there are more than 3,500 members taking this course. Death benefits, $234,458; strike benefits, $6,303; old-age pensions, $242,650; cost of maintenance and building improvements for the Printers' Home, $96,175.

Upholsterers:-Net number of new unions, 8. Secured 15 agreements without strike obtaining thereby material benefits for the members equalling a 17 per cent gain in wages for many and reduction in the hours of labor for 2,000 members. Won 3 strikes, benefiting 625 members. Cost of strikes, $10,230.

Economic Gains of Unaffiliated Organizations Bricklayers and Masons' International Union:Net number of new unions, 15; gain in membership, 3,300. Bricklayers and masons have enjoyed the eight-hour day for many years. They have also put in force a Saturday half-holiday the year around in many cities. Bricklayers demand and obtain a high wage rate ranging from 45 cents per hour in Atlanta, Georgia, to 87 cents and $1 per hour in San Francisco, California, and St. Louis, Missouri, the general average ranging between 60 and 75 cents per hour. The average increase throughout the year for bricklayers equalled about 2 per cent. The Bricklayers' Union has reached such a strong vantage point that very few strikes occur. Employers are only too pleased to confer with their officials and arrange collective bargains. Death benefits paid during 1913, $242,867. Since the death benefit feature was instituted with the international union in July, 1910, and up to November 30, 1913, a sum total of $610,256 has been paid as funeral benefits to the members.

Order of Railway Conductors, and Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen:-These two large influential organizations of railroad men made a special movement for higher wages on forty-two of the large eastern railroads early in the year. Failing to reach a satisfactory adjustment by means of direct negotiations through conferences between railroad officials and representatives of the two organizations the wage question was submitted to a special board of

arbitration in which the Federal Government participated. A settlement was reached by which 100,000 railroad conductors and trainmen obtained an aggregate increase in wages amounting to over $10,000,000 per annum of a normal working season. Coupled with the peaceful adjustment of the wage issue were several essential and beneficial reforms in working conditions for the conductors and trainBoth of these organizations conduct Insur-! ance Departments for their members from which they pay several million dollars per year as death and disability benefits.

men.

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and Brotherhood of Firemen and Enginemen:-These two powerful and influential organizations made a working agreement among themselves as to methods of handling issues arising between railroad corporations and their organizations. Both organizations have been eminently successful during the year 1913 in maintaining their splendid strategic position for protection to their members. No report is at hand covering the benefits paid by the engineers, but the firemen and enginemen report that during the year they have paid $1,037,750 as beneficiary claims; $106,045 as benevolent claims; $5,342, share of expense for maintenance of Brotherhood Home. The total assets of this organization at the close of the year were $2,969,092, being an increase during the year of $361,314.

Summary

It is gratifying to submit the facts in this report. showing the success of the trade union movement in America during the year. To the rank and file is due great credit for their constantly growing loyalty to the movement and to their persistency in pressing their demands for improved conditions upon employers and upon all society. The officers and active workers in our movement have shown greater efficiency than ever before. There is a constant effort to obtain a greater reward to the workers for the service they perform to society, to increase wages, to reduce the hours of labor, to improve conditions of employment and surroundings of the home, to improve the opportunities for education so that the workers themselves can handle not only their affairs, but the affairs of the municipalities, the state, the nation. Gratification and admiration are aroused by the facts revealed from commencement to end of this report, which prove that the workers have been insistent upon legislative and economic methods of conserving the health, the safety, the comfort, and the general welfare not only of the organized workers, but of all the workers organized or unorganized and for promoting the general welfare of all the people.

The trade unions of America reached their highest development during the year 1913. They made themselves felt in city councils, county boards, county court-houses, state legislatures, state courts, the national Congress, the federal courts, and in every sphere where human activity and human betterment can be obtained for the workers through legislative or judicial means, but they used those great agencies as supplemental agencies in the wonderful work they have accomplished themselves through their economic organizationthe trade unions. They have made their influence felt