"S. Cirig founded Porth Cirig for the benefit of the souls of sailors, and as a port for them"; but in another passage in the same work 1 the place is associated with Ceri ab Caid, who is said to have lived there and to have been called Ceri Hir Lyngwyn, because he had numerous fleets at sea." In the Taxatio of 1254 it appears as Portiri (for Portciri), and in that of 1291 as Porthkirey, forms which do not favour the Curig dedication.

In the parish of Llanilid (Glamorganshire), is a well called Ffynnon Geri, and the parish wake, Gwyl Geri, was formerly held about Midsummer. S. Curig's Chapel once stood at Langstone, near Llanmartin, Monmouthshire, and there was formerly a pilgrimage chapel, called Capel Curig, in the parish of Newport, Pembrokeshire. 2 It is very probable that the parish church itself (now S. Mary's) was once dedicated to him. The great annual fair there is called Ffair Gurig. Ffôs y Mynach (or Myneich), near S. David's, was at one time also called, according to Fenton,3 Ffôs Gyrig (his dyke). In the parish

of Llangian, Carnarvonshire, was formerly a well called Ffynnon Fyw (the Living Well), now dried up, celebrated for the cure of rheumatism. It was supposed to be dedicated to S. Cyr, the martyr, whose chapel stood close by.

Owing to the popularity of SS. Cyriacus and Julitta among the Normans it is not possible to assert that all the churches dedicated to SS. Cyriacus and Julitta, or to them severally, have supplanted foundations of Curig. Some may have been entirely new and be Norman foundations, but in purely Welsh districts the Curig churches are undoubtedly to be attributed to S. Curig and not to Cyriacus, and the Ilid churches certainly in Brecknockshire, Glamorganshire, and north-east Cornwall to Ilud, the daughter of Brychan, and not to Julitta of Tarsus. We cannot be assured that the Kirik or Guevroc of Brittany is identical with the Curig of Wales, but it is most probable that they are the same, as the Breton Life makes Kirik come to Armorica from Wales.

Possibly, as already said, we may trace the course pursued by Curig on his way to Brittany, by foundations in Devon and Cornwall. There is a Newton S. Cyres near Exeter, now regarded as dedicated to S. Cyriacus. Coryton on the Lyd is apparently Curigtown. The church is now esteemed to be under the patronage of S. Andrew. Near it is a Holy Well. At Eglos Kerry, near Launceston, he has Browne Willis, Llandaff, 1719, append. p. 2, gives the church as dedicated to S. Curig, with festival June 16.

1 P. 7.

2 George Owen, Description of Pembrokeshire, i, p. 509. In the Valor of 1535, iv, p. 374, the oblations in Capella Sancti Ciriaci at Langstone are entered

as 20s.

3 Pembrokeshire, 1811, p. 131.

not been displaced. Calstock Church is dedicated to SS. Cyriacus and Julitta, and Luxulyan, which seems to be a corruption of Lan Sulian, is now held to be under the invocation of SS. Cyriacus and Julitta, but was possibly a foundation of S. Sulian or Sulien.

In Brittany he is patron of Perros Guirec in Côtes du Nord; of Launeufret (that bears the name of Meubred ?) in Finistère, formerly also of Locquirec in the same department, where Curig had his monastery and was buried; and of Cléguérec in Morbihan. He has supplanted S. Geraint at S. Géran near Pontivy. He has chapels

at Goulven, in Léon, and Ploubezre near Lannion in Côtes du Nord, and at Ploumanach in Perros Guirec. Chapels as well at Plounérin and Trédrez, in Côtes du Nord. He is invoked for the cure of abscesses and strumous swellings, just as formerly Curig in Wales was thought to be efficacious in these diseases. At Ploumanach is his statue in stone, of the thirteenth century, representing him in sacerdotal vestments with a crozier in one hand, an open book in the other. At Perros Guirec he is mitred and holds a crozier with one hand, and is giving benediction with the other.

On account of his having in Wales been fused with S. Cyriacus, his day is June 16, that attributed in the Roman Martyrology to SS. Cyriacus and Julitta; but his day in Brittany is February 17, the day on which he died. Breviary of Léon, 1736, Breviary of Quimper, 1835, and Albert le Grand.

Although the statues of the Saint in Brittany give him without a distinguishing symbol, it would be suitable to represent him as a bishop carrying a bundle of bulrushes.

S. CWYAN, Martyr

AMONG the Iolo MSS.1 genealogies occurs the following :-"S. Cwyan, whose côr or choir' was Llangwyan, in Glamorgan, where he was slain by pagan Saxons." The place meant is Llanguian, in the parish of Llanblethian, but there do not appear to be any ecclesiastical remains there now. The parish of Llanblethian, comprising the manors of Llanblethian and Llanguian, were confirmed by charter in 1180 to Tewkesbury Abbey, the chapel of the latter manor being mentioned as the chapel of S. James of "Landcoman "-later Llancovian and Llanguian. The ruins of its castle are still plainly marked just to the east of Stalling Down.2 See the next article.

1 P. 109.

2 Green, Churches of Llandaff, Aberdare, 1907, pp. 35, 61. Read "Landcouian" for "Landcoman."

S. CWYFEN, Confessor

CWYFEN, or Cwyfan, was the son of Brwyneu Hên and was descended from Caradog Freichfras. His mother was Camell or Cainell, of Bod Angharad, a township of the parish of Llanfwrog, in the commote of Coleion, Denbighshire. He is the patron of three churches-Llangwyfan, in Anglesey (subject to Trefdraeth), Llangwyfan, in Denbighshire, and Tydweiliog, in Carnarvonshire. The Anglesey old Eglwys Gwyfan, as it is generally called locally, is situated on a small

rocky island, formerly a promontory, called Ynys Gwyfan, in Carnarvon Bay, and is connected with the mainland by a causeway of about 200 yards, which is often covered by the tide. The islet, which now measures about a quarter of an acre, is being gradually worn away by the sea. When the church was inaccessible, especially in winter, the services were held in a room at Plâs Cwyfan, but it was

1 Hafod MS. 16 (but text corrupt); Cardiff MS. 25, p. 36; Myv. Arch., P. 420; Iolo MSS., p. 123.

2 In the terrier of this church, dated 1793, a part of the glebe is called Erw Telpin Gwyfan."

replaced in 1871 by a more convenient church. There are here Afon Gwyfan and Porth Gwyfan.

"

Dyserth Church, in Flintshire, is sometimes said to be dedicated to S. Cwyfan.1 Edward Lhuyd, in his so-called Itinerary, 1699, wrote under the parish-“ Their Saint Gwyvan; and Wakes yo next Sunday after ye 2a of June. Fynnon Gwyva ai vrythyllied wrth yr Eglwys (Cwyfan's Well and his Trout are near the Church). His Holy Well bubbled forth in a beautiful crystal spring among the rocks within a stone's throw eastwardly of the church, but the lead-mining operations at Talargoch have, since the beginning of last century, entirely drained away its waters. The church, however, is generally regarded, certainly to-day, as being dedicated to S. Brigid, in Welsh, S. Ffraid.2

The festival of S. Cwyfen, which occurs in a great number of the Welsh Calendars, is given on June 3. So also by Browne Willis. In the Calendar in the Prymer of 1633, and in a number of eighteenth century Welsh Almanacs, it is, however, on the 2nd; and in the Calendar in Jesus College MS. 7 on the 4th; but he must have been entered against these days by mistake. In the Calendars in the Iolo MSS. and the Prymer of 1546 his name is given as Cofen, which seems to identify for us the patron of Llangoven, Monmouthshire, who is otherwise unknown. This church-name appears also as Lancomen, Lanchouian, and Llangofien. The name is not to be confounded with that of the patron of S. Govan's Chapel, Pembrokeshire. One MS. quoted in the Myvyrian Archaiology gives a S. Cwyfyn ab Arthalun, of Glyn Achlach. By the last name is no doubt meant Glendalough, and the Saint is thus identified with S. Coemgen or Kevin, its abbot, whose festival is also June 3. Coemgen's father's name, however, was Coemlog, of the race of Laeghaire Lorc, monarch of Ireland; but his mother was Coenhella, or Caemell, daughter of Ceannfhionnan, son of Ceisi, of the same race. She must be the Camell or Cainell of the Welsh pedigrees.

6

S. CWYLLOG, see S. CYWYLLOG

S. CYBI, Abbot, Confessor

THERE are extant two Lives of S. Cybi or Cubi, both in Latin, and both in the same MS. Collection (Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv, of the

1 See Dr. J. G. Evans, Report on Welsh MSS., i, p. 914.

2 E.g., in Browne Willis, Bangor, p. 357. The remarkable stone, the Maen-ychwyfan, not far distant, most probably does not commemorate S. Cwyfen, as is often supposed. 3 Norwich Taxatio, 1254. Book of Llan Dâv, p. 284.

5 Dr. J. G. Evans, Report on Welsh MSS., i, p. 919.

6 P. 423.

early thirteenth century), in the British Museum. Both are apparently independent translations from one Welsh original.

The first has been printed by Rees in his Lives of the Cambro-British Saints (Llandovery, 1853, pp. 183-7), but very inaccurately. The errors have been indicated by Dr. Kuno Meyer, in Y Cymmrodor, xiii (1900), pp. 87–8. From this John of Tynemouth abridged his Life, which is printed in Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliæ. John of Tynemouth's original MS. is in Cotton MS. Tiberius E. i.

That the two Lives of S. Cybi are taken from a common Welsh original hardly admits of a doubt, for both narrate the same circumstances, in the same order, and differ only in the rendering into Latin.

Solomon or Selyf, the father of S. Cybi, was princeps militiæ, or chief military officer commanding the British. He was also a Cornish king. The title would be equivalent to Dux bellorum given to Arthur by Nennius,1 a title that seems to have replaced that of Comes litoris Saxonici given to a functionary during the last century of the Roman dominion in Britain. 2

The Lives give his pedigree differently from the Welsh genealogies. Solomon or Selyf, according to the latter, was "ab Geraint ab Erbin ab Cystennin Gorneu 3"; whereas the Lives make him a son of Erbin, son of Geraint, whom they represent as son of the fabulous Lud, the builder of London.

Chrestien de Troyes, in his Erec, the original of the Welsh tale of Geraint, makes Erec (Geraint) son of Lac (Lud or Lludd).

4

The mother of Cybi was Gwen, sister of Non, the mother of S. David. He was, accordingly, first cousin to that great Saint.

"Ortus autem fuit de regione Cornubiorum, inter duo flumina, Tamar et Limar " (Vita 1a). This is the principality of Gallewick, the Calwelone of Domesday, the extensive manor of Calliland or Kelliland. The Limar is now the Lynher.

At the age of seven Cybi went to school, and lived thenceforth, till he was twenty-seven years old, in Cornwall. Then he went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and after that visited S. Hilary of Poitiers, and remained with him fifty years, i.e. till he was aged seventy-seven,

1 Hist. Britonum, c. 56.

2 Zimmer, Nennius Vindicatus, Berlin, 1893, p. 285.

3 Peniarth MSS. 16, 45 (both thirteenth century), 12 (fourteenth century); Cambro-British Saints, 267, etc. The Iolo MSS. have a few particulars about Cybi not found in the Lives, but they are late, and must be taken for what they are worth. He is there said to have been a saint of Bangor Dunawd (on the Dee) and also of Côr Garmon (Llancarfan or Llantwit), and Bardsey (pp. 104, 117). On p. 139 he is designated “ Archbishop of Gwynedd.”

• She is sometimes by mistake called Tonwen (Myv. Arch., p. 421; Iolo MSS., P. 139).