and S. Hilary ordained him bishop. This is, of course, an anachronism, as S. Hilary died in 368. Nor does it help us if we suppose that a mistake has been made between Hilary of Arles and his namesake of Poitiers, for the former died in 449. It is not possible to put Cybi so early, when his grandfather Geraint fell at Llongborth. The date of that battle is not at all certain. Mr. Rees sets it as occurring in 522, but we cannot be sure of that date. It is possible enough that Elian Geimiad, Cybi's kinsman, has been confused with S. Hilary here, as elsewhere.1 It is not possible for us to accept the statement that the Saint was as many as fifty years on the Continent. Whilst abroad, Cybi made the acquaintance of Endeus, afterwards of Aran, and in the Life of the latter occurs a story of a dispute between Endeus, Cybi, and Ailbe of Emly, a holy contest as to which of the three was the most humble, which was referred to the Pope Hilary for decision, and was settled miraculously by the apparition of snow-white doves which gave the palm to Endeus.2 Hilary was Pope 461-8. But this Hilary is again too early. Moreover, in the same Life, Cybi is said to have been at Rome when there was a vacancy in the papacy; and as, when the election of a successor to the see was in progress, a dove descended and rested on Cybi, he was chosen by acclaim, but refused the honour, and in his place Hilary was elected. It is true that in the Life of Enda the name is given as Pupeus, but P and C are often permuted, as Ciaran becomes Piran, and Conoc becomes Pinock. There was, however, a Saint Papan of Santry in Dublin, and this may be the man meant, but it is more probable that Pupeus stands for Cybi, as at a later period this latter visited and was on intimate terms with Enda. On his return to Cornwall, Cybi probably made his two important foundations of Duloe and Tregony. Duloe is remarkable as having adjoining it Morval, a foundation of his mother S. Gwen, and Pelynt, one of his aunt S. Non. If, as we may suspect, Lansalos (Lan Selyf) was a foundation of S. Selyf, then his father's church was also near by. Tregony was formerly an important place, on a tidal estuary, and a port, but the river has now been silted up. Adjoining it is Grampound, where again his aunt Non has a church, and as a remarkable 1 In his Essay, Rees has pointed out that Elian is repeatedly confused with Hilary. The epithet Ceimiad (the Pilgrim) has been read Cannaid (bright), and made to correspond with the Latin Hilarius. When the translation was made from the Welsh original of the Life of Cybi, the translators, when they came on the name, rendered it Hilarius, and jumped to the conclusion that the Saint of Poitiers was meant. Essay on the Welsh Saints, p. 267. Acta SS. Boll., Mart. III (March 21), pp. 267–74. coincidence, an inscribed stone, built into the tower at S. Cuby's Church, bears the name of Nonita. Of this more presently. How long Cybi remained in Cornwall we do not know. The Life informs us that the natives desired to elevate him to the throne, but that he refused the honour.1 We know so little of the history of Cornwall at this period, that we can do little more than offer a conjecture that his father Solomon was dead, and had been succeeded first by Cataw or Cado, and then by the turbulent Constantine, whom Gildas assailed in his tract, A.D. 540. There may have been discontent among the Cornish, and a conspiracy to displace Constantine, and make Cybi the head of the revolt. Immediately after this abortive attempt to raise Cybi to the throne, the Saint left his native land for Wales. It is easy to read between the lines of the narrative, and see that this was due to the failure of the rising. He would be obliged to fly for his life. Cybi took with him ten disciples, of whom four are named, Maelog, Llibio, Peulan, and Cyngar.2 Cyngar was, in fact, his uncle, the founder of Congresbury, which he had abandoned, probably on account of invasions of pirates in the Bristol Channel. He was now an aged man. Consobrinus. ejus Kengar erat senex.' "3 On leaving Cornwall, Cybi went to Morganwg, in which, previously, Cyngar had founded the monastery of Llandough, by Cardiff. But Cybi was not well received by King Etelic or Edelig. With this agrees to some extent what is said in the Life of S. Cyngar (which see), where it is stated that Cyngar, after leaving Congresbury went into Morganwg, but was badly treated by the Kings Paul Penychen and Peibio. Edelig was the regulus of the district, son of Glywys and brother of Gwynllyw Filwr. The region over which he ruled was called after him Edeligion, in south-west Monmouthshire between the Usk and the Rumney, and was in ancient Morganwg.4 Finally Edelig surrendered to Cybi two sites for churches, Llangibby and Landauer Guir. The latter is probably Tredunnoc (S. Andrew),. and both are on the Usk, in Edeligion. Cybi does not seem to have remained long in Morganwg. He went to S. David's, where he tarried three days, and thence crossed into 1 Cambro-British Saints, p. 183. Qua tempestate postulatus admodum ut et super gentem Cornubiorum regnaret." Vita 2da, f. 94. " 2 "Maelauc, Libiau, Peulan, Kengair," Vita Ima; Meliauc, Libiau, Paulin, Kengar," Vita 2da. 3 Cambro-British Saints, p. 184. 4 Vita S. Cadoci in ibid., p. 22. Edeligion was afterwards known as a commote in the cantred of Gwynllywg (Red Book Bruts, Oxford, p. 412; cf. Book of Llan Dâv, pp. 247, 273). On Dr. Owen Pughe's map it is marked as Dylogion.. Ireland, and made no delay till he reached the island of Aruin or Aran Mór, where he met his former acquaintance, Enda. Enda had obtained a grant of the island from Aengus MacNadfraich, King of Munster, whose first wife had been Dairini, daughter of Conall derg, and sister of Enda. But she was now dead, and Aengus had married Eithne Uathac. Probably at her instigation Aengus had refused the island to Enda, and the latter had recourse to Ailbe, who used his influence with the king, and got him at last to surrender the island to Enda. Aengus died in 489, and Aran can hardly have been occupied by Enda before 486. He is supposed to have died. in 540. Cybi still had with him his disciples; and the account in the Life is to some extent confirmed by what we hear of S. Enda, that he had a disciple Llibio, who is the Libiau of the Vita.1 In Aran S. Cybi remained four years. There he built a church. His uncle Cyngar was with him, but was so decrepit with age that he could not eat solid food. Consequently Cybi bought a cow with its calf, to supply milk for the use of the old man. Maelog, the disciple of Cybi, cultivated a patch of land near the cell of another monk, named Fintan the Priest (Crubthir = Cruimther).2 This led to angry altercation, as Fintan considered this to be an encroachment. S. Enda was called in to adjudicate between them; but the grievance rankled in Fintan's mind. The calf, moreover, strayed, and got into the meadow of the priest, who thereupon impounded it, and tied it to a shrub.3 The calf managed to tear up the shrub and ran back to its mother. Moreover, Maelog dug ground close to the door of Fintan's cell.4 He called on Fintan was furious, and betook himself to prayer. God to drive or blot Cybi out of the island: "Deprecatus est Dominum ut fugaret vel deleret Sanctum Kebium de insula Aruin, quia Deus amavit eum." An angel was sent to Cybi to advise him to go. Doubtless the angel was a peace-loving monk who saw that the quarrel would grow more rancorous so long as these two angry Saints were near each other 1 The Irish authorities make Llibio a brother of S. Enda. Acta SS. Hib., P. 712. 2 This is the Goidelic form of presbyter, It occurs in mediæval Welsh as prifder. 349-50. through the popular Latin prebiter. Sir J. Rhys, Welsh Philology, pp. 3 According to the Vita, it was a big tree. 4" Maelauc ad ostium cubiculi Crubthir Cambro-British Saints, p. 184. But there are none such in Aran. |