settled for a while in the promontory of Lleyn,1 but afterwards moved into Anglesey, where he founded a "Bangor " at Caer Gybi. 2 In Anglesey Cyngar is esteemed a founder, at Llangefni, but at his advanced age he cannot have done more than settle into a cell. He does not seem to have remained long there. Whether he had to leave owing to the unpleasantness caused by the publication of the letter of Gildas, his nephew, with its attack on Maelgwn, or whether it was due to mere restlessness, we do not know, but he is said to have started on pilgrimage for Jerusalem. According to the Vita he died at Jerusalem, and the body was brought back to Congresbury. But the Breton tradition, that he died at S. Congard, in Morbihan, on his way to Jerusalem, is more likely to be true. Cyngar is patron of the parish of Hope, in Flintshire, which was formerly called in Welsh Llangyngar and Plwyf Cyngar. Edward Lluyd in his Itinerary, 1699, wrote under the parish—“ Their Wakes are on Gwyl Gyngar, viz. the Sunday after the 11th of November" (correctly the 7th); and he adds, "Ffynnon Gyngar [is] within a field of ye Chuch." Owing, no doubt, to a similarity of names, the patron of this parish is often said to be a S. Cynfarch. The Iolo MSS.3 state that Cynfarch ab Meirchion Gul "founded a church in Maelor, called Llangynfarch, which was destroyed by the pagan English at the time. of the Battle of Perllan Bangor," in 613. By it is intended the church of Hope, but its real patron is Cyngar 4; and there is no authority whatever for regarding Cynfarch ab Meirchion as a Welsh Saint. Under the name of Dochau he is patron of the two Glamorganshire Churches now called Llandough, but called formerly by the Welsh Llandocha Fawr (near Cardiff) and Llandocha Fach (near Cowbridge). The old name of the former appears from the Iolo MSS. documents to have been Llangenys, a name which seems to be otherwise unknown. There is a S. Gennis on the north-east coast of Cornwall. The following occurs among the "Sayings of the Wise ": 5 In 711 King Ina re-established Cyngar's Abbey in Somersetshire, but dedicated it to the Holy Trinity. A British see of Congresbury, transferred in 767 or later to Wells, by Daniel, the last British bishop, is mentioned on doubtful evidence. 1 Ynys Gyngar, below Portmadoc, and not far from Llangybi, is named after him. 2 See Arch. Camb., 1849, pp. 261-3. 3 P. 127. + Cyngar is given as its patron in two parish lists of the sixteenth century; Dr. J. G. Evans, Report on Welsh MSS., i, p. 915. 5 Iolo MSS., p. 252. Cyngar is the patron of Badgworth, in Somersetshire. In Cornwall S. Cyngar or Docwin's only foundation was at S. Kewe. In Bishop Stafford's Register the name is Sanctus Doquinus (1400), but also Landeho and Lan-dehoc (1412). In Domesday it is Lan-ehoc. In Bishop Bronescombe's Register (1259) it is Landeho. In Bishop Grandisson's time it had become Lannowe. In Prynne's Records (iii, p. 718) the dedication is given as to Sancto Landoco. Nicolas Roscarrock, in his MS. Lives of the Saints, gives some interesting traditions relative to S. Docwin's residence in S. Kewe parish. He was known there as S. Dawe, and the popular opinion was that he was a brother of S. Kewe. He was a vertuous preist and eremit, and lived in an ermitage in the parish of S. Kewe, in a place where I remember there stood a chappell still bearing his name. And they holde by tradition there that he was brother of S. Kewe, who coming to his cell to visit him, he would not receive her until such times as he sawe a wild Boare miraculously obaye her. After which time hee conversed with her, who proved of such rare vertue and holiness as she was after her death reputed a Sainte, and the Church of the parish is dedicated to her. This S. Dawe is esteamed a Saint in Wales, where they kept a feast in his memorie the very same day which they were accustomed to doe in Cornwall, to witt, the 15th February. But they call him Dochotwyr or Dogotwy." The story as told at S. Kewe at the present day is that a great boar troubled the neighbourhood, and S. Kewe vowed to build a church if the beast were slain. Five neighbouring parishes united to hunt it, and it was brought to bay and killed. Docwin lived at Lanowe, a farm about a mile from S. Kewe Church. In the stained glass of the windows is a black beast, actually the arms of the Cavall family of Trehaverick, Argent, a calf passant, sable (otherwise gules). And this is supposed to represent the black boar. The story is curious as a faint reminiscence of the Hunting of the Twrch Trwyth. The festival of Cyngar is November 7, which occurs in over a dozen Welsh Calendars from the late fifteenth century down. Browne Willis1 gives that date as the Wake-day at Hope, but March 7 at Llangefni, evidently through a mistake in the month. The Parish feast at S. Kewe is on July 25. S. Cyngar had also a Chapel and Holy Well dedicated to him in Lanivet, where he was venerated as Ingunger, Saint Gungar or Gonger. At S. Congard, in Morbihan, the feast is on May 12. A curious feature there is that at the Pardon women get taken with a convulsive affection, and bark like dogs. S. CYNGEN, Prince, Confessor CYNGEN, Prince of Powys, to which he succeeded on the death of Saintship entirely to two late "His church is in Shrewsbury." his father Cadell, owes his title to documents printed in the Iolo MSS. 1 'He gave property and land to Bangor Fawr in Maelor; it was the foundation of the family of Cadell Deyrnllwg." The Cognatio de Brychan of Cott. Vesp. A. xiv gives him as the son of Kenwaur Cadcathuc and the husband of Tudglid, daughter of Brychan, by whom he was the father of Cadell, Brochwel Ysgythrog, Ieuaf, Mawn, and Sannan. The old line of the kings of Powys ended with Cyngen ab Cadell, who according to the Annales Cambria, died at Rome in 854, and the kingdom passed, through his sister, to Rhodri Mawr, King of Gwynedd. Their family is described as of Cegidfa, that is, Guilsfield, near Welshpool, and the encampment there of Gaer Fawr was probably their chief seat. It was the last Cyngen who set up the Pillar of Eliseg at Valle Crucis to the memory of his great-grandfather Eliseg. The name Cyngen occurs as Cunocenni on the inscribed stone at Trallong, near Brecon; in Old Welsh it is Concen and Cincen. S. CYNHAFAL, Confessor CYNHAFAL was the son of S. Elgud ab Cadfarch ab Caradog Freichfras. There is some uncertainty as to the correct form of his mother's name, but it seems to have been Tubrawst, "descended from the Tuthlwyniaid." The only church dedicated to him is Llangynhafal, in the Vale of Clwyd. His Holy Well is in a field about a quarter of a mile from the church, close to Plâs Dolben. It is a large bath, arched over, with steps going down into it, and is in a good, clean condition. It was formerly famous for the cure of warts, which was "partly done by pricking them with a pin, and throwing it into the well." 3 Pp. 102, 120, 129. 2 Mye. Arch., p. 421; Iolo MSS., pp. 123, 145. Tubrawst or tuthlwynaid (Peniarth MS. 74). Cynhafal is an uncommon Welsh name. There was a Cynhafal ab Argad, who figures in the Gododin and the Triads. The name is an adjective, meaning similar, like. We have the second element in Guor-haual (Book of Llan Dáv), and the Breton Wiu-hamal. The folk-etymologist will have it that the name Llangynhafal stands for Llan can' afal, that is The Church of the Hundred Apples," it being said that, at some remote period, the benefice was procured by a present of 100 apples to the bishop, in each of which was enclosed a golden guinea! 3 Arch. Camb., 1846, p. 54. October 5, as his festival, occurs in most of the medieval Welsh Calendars. There is a cywydd addressed to S. Cynhafal by Gruffydd ab Ieuan ab Llywelyn Fychan, of Llannerch, a Denbighshire bard of the early sixteenth century, in which he attributes the death of Benlli Gawr to the miraculous power of the Saint. The substance of the poem is this.1 The bard was suffering from acute pains in his leg, and he prays for relief to Cynhafal, whose merits, he says, possessed the peculiar property of removing rheumatic affections. The Saint is reminded of his miracles in the flesh, how he tortured the "hoary giant," Benlli Gawr, till he became like a " frantic lion," filling his body with agony and wild fire, which drove him to seek relief in the cooling waters of the Alun; and how that river refused to allay his agony, and became dry three times, and the giant's bones were burnt upon its banks at Hesp Alun (the Dried-up Alun). He then refers to the efficacy of the Saint's well in the removal of various bodily ailments by drinking its water and by bathing in it; and, lastly, implores him to cure his rheumatism, and finally admit him to Paradise. Moel Fenlli, which is called after Benlli Gawr, is near Llangynhafal. It forms a high conical hill in the Clwydian range, and has on its summit a strong earthwork. The caer is fortified with a fosse and double agger on all sides, except the east, where there are two fossæ, and the agger is quadrupled. Excavations made show that it has been occupied at different times and by different people, from the Stone Age. Near its centre there is a never-failing crystal spring.2 Nennius's story of this "wicked and tyrannical king" differs from that contained in the cywydd. He states that S. Germanus came with his companions to the gate of his "city" (urbs, with no name or situation) desiring to convert him to Christianity. Benlli positively refused to grant him an audience, even if they remained there for a whole year. Thereupon "fire fell from heaven, and consumed the citadel during the night, and all the men that were with the tyrant ; they were never seen more.' Now that Benlli had met his doom, Germanus made Cadell Deyrnllwg, the king's swineherd, who had extended hospitality to the Saint and had become a convert, king of Powys in his place. Nennius thus makes Benlli king of Powys. 1 Several copies of it occur in MSS. 2 Cambrian Journal, 1854, PP. 209–220; W. Wynne Ffoulkes, Castra Clwydiana, London, 1850. There is a small holding midway up its ascent called Llys Fenlli. Ynys Enlli, Bardsey Island, is also in all probability called after him. * San-Marte's ed. of Nennius, §§ 32, 33. According to the "Stanzas of the Graves," in the twelfth century Black Book of Carmarthen,1 the grave of Beli ab Benlli Gawr is in "Maes Mawr," on the mountain between Iâl and Ystrad Alun,” where he fell in battle, and “ two upright stones were placed one at each end of the grave." 2 Sir John Rhys is disposed to regard Benlli Gawr as one of the dark divinities of the Celtic pantheon.3 Both legends attribute Benlli's death to burning, but differ in the details. Nennius says that it took place in his citadel; the medieval bard that it was on the banks of the Alun at a spot where the river is called Hesp Alun (in the parish of Cilcain), that is, where it disappears into the limestone rock, which it does thrice in its course. Germanus is connected with this neighbourhood. At Llanarmon in Yale is his church, and at Maes Garmon, near Mold, is the reputed scene of the Alleluia Victory. S. CYNHAIARN, Confessor CYNHAIARN, or Cynhaern, was a son of Hygarfael ab Cyndrwyn, of Caereinion in Powys, and brother of SS. Aelhaiarn and Llwchaiarn.a See under S. AELHAIARN. He is the patron of Ynys Gynhaiarn, in the promontory of Lleyn, like Llanaelhaiarn, his brother's foundation. His festival is not known. S. CYNHEIDDON, Virgin CYNHEIDDON was one of the virgin daughters of Brychan Brycheiniog. She is mentioned thus in the Vespasian or earlier version of the Cognatio, "Keneython in y mynid cheuor in Kedweli." The entry affords a good instance of the manner in which Brychan's children have been multiplied by the scribes, as well as of the process by which texts 1 Ed. Dr. J. G. Evans, 1906, p. 69. 2 Carnhuanawc, Hanes Cymru, Crickhowell, 1842, p. 35. 3 Arthurian Legend, P. 354. Peniarth MSS. 16 and 45; Hafod MS. 16; British Saints, p. 267; Iolo MSS., p. 104. spellings, formed rather a common element in Rhys, Welsh Philology, PP. 418-9. Myv. Arch., pp. 421-2; Cambro- See |