Kessarogyon or Cæsarians, and to restore to them their rightful crown and sovereignty." There is a number of predictive poems relating to him in the thirteenth century MS., the Book of Taliessin.1

Truly he will come

With his host and his ships,

His scaring shields,

And charging lances.

And after a valiant shout,

His will shall be done!"

He has his Welsh analogues in Arthur and Owen Lawgoch.

S. CADWALADR, Abbot, Confessor

A DISCIPLE of S. Cadoc who accompanied him to Armorica, where he founded a daughter house to Llancarfan on an islet in the Sea of Belz. When Cadoc had well established this house he placed over it Cadwaladr as its head.2

Cadoc had constructed a causeway between the mainland and the island, but this went to pieces after he left. According to the legend, it was miraculously repaired by angels, and made stronger than before. This means no more than that Cadwaladr set his monks to work to reconstruct it.3

One church in Brittany is supposed to regard him as patron, S. Segal near Châteaulin, where is his statue. He is there commemorated on the Sunday nearest to October 18.

S. CADWALLON LAWHIR

ONE pedigree in the Iolo MSS. includes Cadwallon, or Caswallon, Lawhir (the Long-handed) among the Welsh Saints, and states, Caswallon Lawhir, the son of Einion Yrth ab Cunedda Wledig, founded a church for God in the place where he obtained a victory over his enemies, and called it Llan y Gwyddyl (the church of the

1 Skene, Four Ancient Books of Wales, i, pp. 436-46. The Iolo MSS., p. 125, state that it will take place when his bones are brought from Rome; cf. the Epitome in Cambro-British Saints, p. 283.

2 Vita S. Cadoci, Cambro-British Saints, p. 68.

3 Ibid., p. 69.

4 P. 123.

His mother's name was Prawst.

Goidels). It is in Anglesey, and is now called Cerrig y Gwyddyl.” 1 Caswallon is reported to have slain Serigi the Goidel with his own hand, and thus to have given the death-blow to the Goidelic occupation of North Wales and completed the Cuneddan conquest. Welsh tradition persistently credits him with having crushed the Goidels.” He died, as it is believed, in 517, and was succeeded by his son, the celebrated Maelgwn Gwynedd. The true form of his name was Cadwallon Lawhir.3 He was a munificent patron of SS. Cybi, Seiriol, and Elian, but especially of S. Elian; and the remains of his palace, Llys Caswallon, near Llaneilian, may still be seen.

Llan or Capel y Gwyddyl (also called Eglwys y Bedd), erected over the spot where Serigi fell, stands close to the present parish church of Holyhead. Tradition has it that Serigi's remains were removed hence by the Goidels and re-interred in Dublin.

As there is in reality no authority for including Caswallon among the Welsh Saints, we will not pursue his history further.

S. CADWR, Bishop, Confessor

4

He is mentioned as a Saint in one passage only, and he is therein said to have been a son of Ednyfed ab Macsen Wledig, and bishop in 'the Isle of Britain." He resided at Caerleon on Usk. His father was King of Gwent, as was also his brother Dyfnwal Hên.

S. CADWY, see S. Cado

S. CAEMEN, or CYMMUN, Abbot, Confessor

EGLWYS CYMMUN, or Eglwys Gymmun, in Carmarthenshire, probably takes its name from an Irish Saint, Caemen or Coemen, the brother of S. Cuacha, Ciwa or Kewe, and of S. Athracta, and half1 This place is near Malldraeth, in S. Anglesey (see Lewis Morris, Celtic Remains, s.v. Serigi).

2 Iolo MSS., pp. 78-82; Triads in Myv. Arch., pp. 391, 397.

3 See the old Welsh genealogies of Harl. MS. 3859, the Bonedd in Peniarth MS. 45, and the Red Book Bruts, p. 200. He received the epithet "Longhanded " because he could "reach a stone from the ground to kill a crow without bending his back"; see Gweithiau Iolo Goch, ed. Ashton, p. 669.

* Iolo MSS., p. 138.

brother of S. Coemgen or Kevin of Glendalough. His nephew, S. Dagan, had a chapel at Llanwnda in Pembrokeshire. The pedigree seems to be this :

Caemen is mentioned in the Calendar of Œngus, and is there spoken of as the brother of S. Coemgen.1 He had been a disciple of S. Mochoemog or Pulcherius, abbot of Enach-Truim or Anatrim, and to him Pulcherius surrendered the abbacy. He had also been a pupil of S. Columba of Tir-da-glas, along with S. Fintan."

In the Life of S. Pulcherius is this story. The saint went to Anatrim and began to build a cell there. Then a man came up and forbade his proceeding with the work. Pulcherius replied that he would go on unless his hand were forcibly stayed. Then the man held his arms to stop him. Pulcherius inquired his name, and he replied that it was Bronach, the sad one." Sad, indeed, shalt thou be," said Pulcherius, "for you and your family will be expelled this country. But here I shall remain, till a man of God named Coeman comes here, to him I shall resign the place, and this shall be the place of his resurrection." 3

The day on which S. Caemen, or Coemen, is commemorated in the Martyrology of Oengus, in that of O'Gorman, in those of Drummond and Donegal is November 3.

S. Pulcherius died 490-8; Columba of Tir-da-glas in 548; his brother or half-brother S. Coemgen in 617; his fellow disciple, S. Fintan, in 634. We may, accordingly, place the date of the death of S. Caemen in the first half of the seventh century.

In a MS. in the British Museum, temp. Edward III, the church is called "Ecclesia de Sancto Cumano.” 4 In the Valor of 1535 it is

1 Félire of Oengus, ed. Whitley Stokes, p. clxviii.

2 Acta SS. Hibern., Cod. Salam., col. 290.

3 Colgan, Acta SS. Hibern., p. 590.

4 Arch. Camb., 1907, p. 261.

given as "Eglus Kemen."

An inscribed stone there has on it

Cunigni," but that would only yield Cynin in Welsh. See under S. CYNIN. The name, however, occurs on one of the two early inscribed stones at Llandilo, in Pembrokeshire, which reads "Coimagni Fili Caveti."

S. CAENOG

REES, in his Essay on the Welsh Saints,1 gives the church of Clocaenog, Denbighshire, as dedicated to a S. Caenog, but no saint of the name occurs in the saintly pedigrees. In the Myvyrian alphabetical catalogue 2 Clocaenog is entered under Arianwen, daughter of Brychan and wife of Iorwerth Hirflawdd, King of Powys. She is there said to be the mother of Caenog Mawr. This is not correct. In the pedigrees in Mostyn MS. 117 (late thirteenth century) Caenog is made to be the son of S. Tegonwy ab Teon, and father of Corf. He was therefore brother, not son, of Iorwerth Hirflawdd, and also brother of SS. Llywelyn, of Welshpool, and Mabon. Iorwerth was father of Idnerth. Browne Willis 3 gives Clocaenog as dedicated to a S. Vodhyd, with August 27 as festival. In the Iolo MSS. calendar Feddwid is entered against that day, but who the saint was we know not. The initial letter of the name, if Welsh, would be either B or M. Sometimes the church is stated to be dedicated to S. Trillo. This seems to be a mistake, to be referred to the Trylokaynoc for Clocaenog in the parish list in Peniarth MS. 147 (latter part of sixteenth century), and the Trillo Caenog of the Myvyrian list. The name appears to mean the Clawdd, or earthwork, of Caenog. Caenog occurs also in the farm name Caenog and in Esgyn Gaenog, in the parish of Gwyddelwern, and in the township of the name in the parish of Manafon.

S. CAFFO, Martyr

CAFFO was a son of Caw and brother of Gildas. He seems to have attached himself to S. Cybi. He probably was with him in Ireland when he visited Enda in Aran, where Cybi remained four years. We 3 Survey of Bangor, pp. 278, 327. 4 P. 742.

1 P. 333.

VOL. II.

2 P. 417.

E

do not, however, hear him mentioned till Cybi came to Anglesey. Then the legend tells how Cybi, being without fire, sent his disciple Caffo to fetch fire from a smith, and how the pupil returned bearing red-hot charcoal in the lap of his habit. This is an anecdote that recurs over and over again in the lives of the Celtic Saints.

After this ensued a rupture between Cybi and his disciple. There are two Lives of S. Cybi in Cotton MS. Vesp. A. xiv. The first says: "And S. Cybi said to his disciple Caffo, Depart from me, for we two cannot get on together. And he went to the town called at this day Merthyr Caffo, and there the Rosuir1 shepherds killed Caffo. Therefore the blessed Cybi cursed the shepherds of Rosuir and their mistress," perhaps the wife of Maelgwn. Merthyr Caffo is now Llangaffo, which occurs as its name in the Norwich Taxatio of 1254. This comes in awkwardly, interrupting a story of how Maelgwn consented to make over land to Cybi.2

The second Life omits the passage relative to Caffo. Now it is significant that it was on the meeting of Cybi with Maelgwn that Cybi was forced to dismiss Caffo from his attendance, and that shortly after some of Maelgwn's people should fall on and kill Caffo. When we know that Caffo was the brother of Gildas the whole is explained.

Caffo was first cousin to Cybi, and very probably the estrangement between him and the saint was due to the publication of Gildas's intemperate epistle, in which Maelgwn was made an object for invective of the most insulting character. We can well understand that the king was ill-pleased to have the cousin of his reviler settle on his lands, and that he consented to tolerate his presence only on condition that he should dismiss the brother of Gildas. We see also

a reason for the murder of Caffo. The shepherds took up the quarrel, and slew Caffo in revenge for the abuse poured on their king.

Near Llangaffo, now a chapel under Llangeinwen, was his holy well, called Crochan or Ffynnon Gaffo, "at which it was customary to offer young cocks to the saint to prevent children from crying (or being peevish). The family derived no benefit by the offering unless the priest ate the sacrifice.” 3 It was called Crochan, or Cauldron, from the bubbling of its water. The well has now disappeared, but the farm near it is still called Crochan Caffo. There

1 I.e., Rhosfyr, now Newborough.

2 Cambro-British Saints, pp. 186–7.

3 Myv. Arch., p. 420; Angharad Llwyd, History of Anglesey, p. 269; Y Traethodydd, 1862, pp. 314-5.