resygned his crowne unto hym as his heyre, he than stale away pryvely and changed clothynge with a poore beggar. And therein made his prayer unto our lorde to guyde and directe hym wheder he wolde, forthwt came an aūgell in lykeness of a dove and ledde hym unto a solytary place where he lyved in grete holynes, after the same aūgell in ye same lykenes brought hym in to yrelond to visyte saynt Patryke, and from thens unto many places where ever he did grete myracles, and moche edifyed the fayth wherin he dyed full blessedly."

On May 16, in the Félire of Oengus he is entered as Cairnech the mighty"; and a gloss adds Cairnech of Tulén near Kells, and of the Britons of Cornwall was he."

On the same day, in the Martyrologies of Tallagh, O'Gorman and Donegal; also in the Drummond Calendar.

Under the name of S. Carnac, Cairnech had a chapel in Scotland, in the Haugh of Laithers, in the parish of Turriff, but this certainly pertains to a namesake and not to this Cairnech. He is, as already stated, in the fifteenth century Missal of Tréguier, on May 16, as Caranauc, but as Caradoc in the Vannes Missal of 1530, the Vannes Breviary of 1586, the Léon Breviary of 1516, and the Léon Missal of 1526.

The village feast at Crantock in Cornwall is on May 16. His Holy Well there is in the midst of the village. The church has been lately (1902) restored, and his legend has been represented in the nave windows and in the carving of the stalls.

According to the Vita in Rees, Ceredigion (now Cardiganshire) was Carannog's" sua propria regio." Ogof Granog, his cave, at Llangranog, to which he returned from Ireland, is in the rock above the church, about 200 yards from the village;1 and above the little harbour or creek below the village there is a rock, resembling a large chair, which is called Eisteddfa Granog. At Llangranog is also a Holy Well, Ffynnon Fair, later placed under the invocation of Our Lady, but almost certainly earlier named after S. Carannog, as close by it is Lletty Carannog, S. Carannog's lodging. This is an ancient cottage, the property of the Vicar for the time being, and was at one time the Vicarage. There was formerly a Capel Cranog in the parish of S. Dogmael's, Pembrokeshire, which is described as a pilgrimage chapel. 2 On the borders of the same county, at Egremont, a stone was discovered a few years ago with the name Carantacus on it.3

In art Carannog should be represented with a wood pigeon carrying a shaving at his side.

1 It is traditionally believed to be a cave of about three miles long, its other end appearing as a cave at Cwm Tydi to the north.

2 Owen, Pembrokeshire, i, p. 509.

3 Arch. Camb., 1889, pp. 306, 311.

In Brittany his statues show him with a child beside him, intended for his disciple Tenenan.

His death took place probably about the middle of the sixth century. Carannog must be clearly distinguished from another Saint also known as Cairnech, in Ireland, but who was one of a less amiable and pious character. See under S. CAIRNECH. Carannog is invoked in the tenth century Litany published by Mabillon as Carnache.1

Non, da. Cynyr of Caer Gawch.

S. Carannog. S. Tyssul. S. Pedyr. S. Tydiwg. S. Ceneu S. David.

and others.

S. CARANTOC, see S. CARANNOG.

S. CARON, see S. CIARAN.

SS. CARWED and CARWYD.

2

WE Couple these two names together because they have been supposed to represent one person. They are, however, quite distinct. Carwyd's claim to sainthood rests on one document only, which is printed in the Iolo MSS., and had been transcribed, and possibly compiled, in 1670. There Carwyd is said to have been son of Pabo Post Prydyn, and brother of SS. Dunawd and Sawyl Benuchel (or rather Benisel). They were saints or monks of Bangor on Dee. His name is not given as a son of Pabo in the Old-Welsh genealogies in Harleian MS. 3859, but a Kerwyd, which would be Cerwydd to-day, occurs in Bonedd Gwyr y Gogledd in Peniarth MS. 45 (late thirteenth

1 Revue Celtique, xi, p. 140.

2 P. 105.

century).1

be equated.

We have here again two forms which cannot philologically

There was a hermit, named Carwed, as we learn from two late sixteenth century MSS.,2 who lived in the time of Gwaithfoed, Brochwel Ysgythrog, and Ethelbert, King of Kent (died 616). Gwaithfoed, with a band of Welshmen, had gone on a plundering expedition into Gwent, and on his way home he encountered and killed thirteen highwaymen at Carneddau, near Bwlch y Clawdd Du; also Garwed (or Carwed), a murderous hermit, and the hermit's wife (who had assumed 'the guise of a nun '), as well as a pack of wolves on his way to Strata Florida." In the tradition found at Strata Florida by Dr. John David Rhys, Carwed is called Garwed, and appears as a cawr, or giant.3

Carwed was formerly a fairly common man's name. It occurs in Carwed Fynydd, the name of a township of the parish of Llannefydd, Denbighshire, as the father of Bach, and in the "Tuderius ap Karwet," mentioned in a Charter (12 Edward I) printed in Dugdale.1

S. CASWALLON LAWHIR, see S. CADWALLON LAWHIR

S. CATHAN, or CATHEN, Confessor

THIS Saint was a son of Cawrdaf ab Caradog Freichfras, and brother of S. Medrod. His mother is said to have been Peryfferen, daughter of Lleuddun Luyddog, of Dinas Eiddyn (Edinburgh). By her is meant Beren or Perfferen the mother of S. Beuno by Bugi. But this must be a mistake.

Cathen is the patron of Llangathen, in Carmarthenshire; and the commote of Catheiniog (in Cantref Mawr), anciently Cetheinauc and Cethinauc, in which the parish lies, may or may not have been called after him. There is a brook there also called Cathan. But the names might quite as probably be derived from Cathen, son of Cloten, a descendant of Aircol, son of Triphun, and King of Dyfed, mentioned

1 Skene, Four Ancient Books, ii, p. 455.

2 J. Gwenogvryn Evans, Report on Welsh MSS., ii, p. 350; i, p. 878.

3 Ibid., i, p. 724; cf. the Garwedd, a tributary of the Neath.

4 Monasticon, 1825, v, p. 674.

5 Iolo MSS., pp. 107, 123; Myv. Arch., p. 420.

in the Old-Welsh (tenth century) genealogies in Harleian MS. 3859, wherein we have also a Caten, son of Caurtam,1 which looks very like the original of the late pedigree given above. In the place-names of Deheubarth we have the Cathan, near Pant-y-ffynnon Station, Cwm Cathan, N.W. of Pencader Junction, and Cwm Cathen, near Trimsaran, Pembrey. Gwaen and Gwerglodd Gathan are mentioned in the Survey of the Lordship of Ruthin (1737).

Cathen's festival does not occur in any early Welsh calendar, but Rees gives it as May 17, on which day Catan or Cathan, a bishop in Bute during the sixth or seventh century, who had his cell at Kilcathan or Kilchattan, is also commemorated in the Scottish calendars. There was an Irish saint of the name, commemorated on February 1, and the two are generally confounded, but the pedigree of neither agrees with that of the Welsh saint.

In a Welsh ode the protection of Cathen is invoked for Henry VII.3

S. CATHMAIL, or CATWG, see S. CADOC.

S. CAW, King, Confessor.

CAW was the son of Geraint ab Erbin, prince of Devon and Cornwall. He is variously called Caw of Prydyn, that is Pictland, Lord of Cwm Cawlwyd 4 in Prydyn, and Caw of Twr Celyn in Anglesey.

There is a singular legend in the Life of S. Cadoc. One day whilst Cadoc was digging about his monastery in Scotland (Cambuslang, of which the church is dedicated to S. Cadoc) he "hit upon a collar bone of some ancient hero, of incredible size." It turned out to be Caw's, who made his appearance to Cadoc and his men as an immense giant," and, throwing himself at the saint's feet, earnestly besought him that he would not “ permit his miserable soul, hitherto suffering dreadful punishment in hell, to go there again." In reply to Cadoc's demands who he was and what his history, he said that he was called Cau, "with the surname Pritdin (Prydyn) or Caur (giant),”

1 Y Cymmrodor, ix, pp. 171, 175; Owen's Pembrokeshire, ii. pp. 224, 407. Welsh Saints, p. 280. 3 Iolo MSS., p. 314. His name occurs as Caw Cawllog or Cowllog in Iolo MSS., p. 142, and Myv. Arch., p. 421. There is a Cwm Cowlwyd or Cowlyd, well known for its lake, near Capel Curig. The Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd, one of the ancient creatures in the Tale of Culhwch and Olwen, belonged to it. Cwm Cawlyd is also the name of a hamlet in the parish of Llandeilo Fawr.

that he had been a king "beyond the mountain Bannauc," and that he and his robber-band were killed at this spot whilst on a plundering expedition. Since then they had been "tormented in the devouring flames of hell." Cadoc promised him his request, as well as longer life in this world, on his "performing due satisfaction for his sins”; and he there and then set to to help the saint's diggers.1 The resuscitation of a dead giant occurs in other legends, as in that of S. Patrick and that of S. Brendan.

The "mountain Bannawg" is believed by Skene to be the range called the Cathkin hills, in the parish of Carmunnock, which terminates in Renfrewshire, and the modern county of Renfrew was probably the seat of Caw. In the Life of Gildas by the Monk of Ruys Gildas is said to have been the son of Caunus, a most noble and Catholic

4

2

a district on the Clyde, to The Life by Caradog of

man," who bore rule in Arecluda,3 that is, which description that county answers. Llancarfan calls him Nau, no doubt a clerical error for Cau, and describes him as "King of Scotia, and the noblest of the Kings of the North."

There are several lists of Caw's children, which differ considerably in the number assigned to him. The Monk of Ruys says that he was the father of, besides Gildas, Cuillus (who succeeded his father to the throne), Mailocus, Egreas (Eugrad), Alleccus (Gallgo), and a daughter Peteona (Peithien). According to Caradog of Llancarfan he was the father of twenty-four sons, "victorious warriors," but he does not give their names, beyond saying that his eldest son was Hueil, to be identified with the Monk of Ruys' Cuillus.

There is a list of twenty-one children given in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen, nearly all of whom occur among Arthur's warriors. They are Angawd, Ardwyat, Kalcas, Kelin, Koch, Konnyn, Kynwas, Dirmyc, Ergyryat, Etmic, Gildas, Gwennabwy (daughter), Gwarthegyt, Gwyngat, Hueil, Iustic, Llwybyr, Mabsant, Meilic, Neb, and Ouan, some of which names are obviously the mere outcome of the fun and fancy of the story-teller. The only ones that are mentioned in any of the other Mabinogion tales are Gildas and Gwarthegyt.

1 Cambro-British Saints, pp. 56-8.

2 Skene, Four Ancient Books of Wales, i, pp. 173-4; Forbes, Kalendars of Scottish Saints, p. 293; Y Cymmrodor, xi, pp. 75, 81. The Bannawg is mentioned also in Gorchan Maelderw (Skene, ibid., ii, p. 101).

3 Ed. Hugh Williams, p. 322. We should probably read the name here as Caunus, that is, Caw. It occurs in the Cavo of the Llanfor stone (Merionethshire). His name appears also, through some confusion, as Cado (Mabinogion, Oxford ed., p. 123, Jesus Coll. MS. 20), and Cadw (Myv. Arch., p. 416; Cambro-British Saints, p. 268).

Ed. Hugh Williams, p. 394.