ments made the principal diversion of the thirteenth and fourteenth century. Munster says, it was Henry the Fowler, duke of Saxony, and afterwards emperor, who died in 936, that first introduced them; but it appears, from the Chronicle of Tours, that the first patron of this famous sport, at least in France, was one Geoffry, lord of Preuilli, about A. D. 1066. Instances of them occur among the English in the reign of king Stephen, about A. D. 1140: but they were not much in use till the time of Richard I., about 1149; after which period these diversions were performed with extraordinary magnificence in the Tilt-yard near St. James's, Smithfield, &c. At last, however, they were found to be productive of bad effects, and the occasions of several fatal misfortunes; as in the instance of Henry II. of France, and of the tilt exhibited at Chalons, which, from the numbers killed on both sides, was called the little war of Chalons. These and other inconveniences resulting from these pastimes, first led the popes and finally the princes of Europe to discourage and suppress them. TOURNAY, a large old town of the Netherlands, on the frontier of French Flanders, and chief place of a district in the province of Hainault. It was the Civitas Navitorum of the Romans. Inhabitants 22,000.

TOURNEFORT (Joseph Pitton de), a famous French botanist, born at Aix in Provence in 1636. He quitted the study of theology for that of natural history, and his fame as a botanist procured him in 1683 the employment of botanic professor in the king's garden: by the king's order, he travelled into Spain, Portugal, Holland, and England, where he made prodigious collections of plants. In 1700, in obedience to another order, he travelled over the isles of the Archipelago, upon the coasts of the Black Sea, in Bithynia, Pontus, Cappadocia, Armenia, and Georgia; on his return he was made professor of physic in the College Royal, and died in 1708. He wrote Elements of

Botany, both in French and Latin; A Voyage into the Levant, &c.

TOURNEFORTIA, a genus of plants, in the class pentandria, and order of monogynia; ranking in the natural method under the forty-first order, asperifolia.

TOURNIQUET, n. s. Fr. tourniquet. A bandage used in amputations.

If the orifice does not readily appear, loosen the tourniquet, and the effusion of blood will direct you to it. Sharp.

The TOURNIQUET is an instrument formed with screws for compressing any part of the body with rollers, &c., for the stopping of hemorrhages. See SURGERY.

TOURS, a considerable town of France, the capital of the department of the Indre and Loire. It is situated in a delightful plain, on the south or left bank of the Loire, a little above the spot where that river is joined by the Cher. The city is of an oblong form, and parallel to the course of the Loire: part of the houses are low but another part very different, having been rebuilt in a beautiful manner, and partly by aid from government, after a fire that took place in the early part of the reign of Louis

XVI. This part includes the Rue Neuve, or Rue Royale, a street of great elegance: the houses in it are built of stone, and on a uniform plan, which in a continental town is rare. This street is in a line with the bridge over the Loire, 1400 feet in length, and forty-five in breadth. It consists of fourteen arches, each of seventyfive feet in width, and ranked among the finest bridges in Europe. At some distance, but in the same line, the bridge over the Cher; and as the great walk called the Mail extends in a line with the bridges and the Rue Neuve, nothing can be finer than the entrance into Tours, from the north or south. The approach is by long avenues bordered with trees, and the length of the whole avenues, street, and bridges, full five miles. The hotel de ville and the theatre are good provincial buildings; the other public structures are the residence of the archbishop, the hotel de l'intendance, the Jesuits' College, the Benedictine abbey. Here are also a race course, a botanical garden, and museum. The principal manufacture is silk, introduced here earlier than in any other town of France, by workmen brought from Italy in the fifteenth century. Their number increased in the course of the sixteenth to 20,000; but the competition of Lyons, situated in a climate more favorable to the silkworm, was not to be withstood, and the persons employed on the silk manufacture in Tours and its neighbourhood does not now exceed a third of the number mentioned. The other manufactures of the place are woollens and leather: some wine and brandy are made in the neighbourhood; but altogether the trade of the town, notwithstanding the vicinity of two navigable rivers, is inconsiderable. Tours is seventy miles east of Angus, and 145 S. S. W. of Paris.

TOUSE, v. a. Of the same origin as taw, tease, tose. To pull; tear; drag: whence touser, or towzer, the name of a mastiff.

Having off shaked them and escaped their hands,
As a bear whom angry curs have taused,

Becomes more fell, and all that him withstands
Treads down and overthrows.
Spenser.

Take him hence; to the' rack with him: we'll

touze you joint by joint, but we will know his purShakspeare.

pose.

She tosses, tumbles, strikes, turns, louses, spuras, and sprauls, Casting with furious limbs her holders to the walls. Drayton.

To touze such things as flutter, To honest Bounce is bread and butter. Swift. TOW, n. s. Sax. top. Flax or hemp beaten and combed into a filamentous substance.

Tow twisted round the handle of an instrument Sharp. makes it easier to be held.

Tow, v. a. Sax. teon, teohan, to lead; Belg. toghen. To draw by a rope, particularly through the water.

Thou knewest too well
My heart was to thy rudder tied by the' string,
And thou shouldst tow me after.

Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra. The seamen towed, and I shoved, till we arrived. Swift.

TOW'ARD, prep. & adv. Tow'ARDS, Tow'ARDLINESS, n, s. Tow'ARDLY, adv. TOW'ARDNESS, n. s.

Sax. ropand. In a direction to; near

to; with tendency to; near towardli

ness and toward

ness both mean docility: towardly, docile; compliant.

He set his face toward the wilderness.

Numbers xxiv. 1. We brought them to as great peace between themselves as love towards us for having made the peace. Sidney.

What might be toward, that this sweaty haste Doth make the night joint labourer with the day. Shakspeare. The beauty and towardliness of these children moved their brethren to envy.

Raleigh's History of the World. Some young towardly noblemen or gentlemen were usually sent as assistants or attendants.

I am towards nine years older since I left you. Swift. TOWCESTER, an ancient market-town of Northamptonshire, situated on the Watling Street Road, sixty miles N. N. W. of London, eight miles and a half south-west of Northampton, and ten miles and a half north from Buckingham, to which last town a new turnpike road through Whittlebury forest was made in 1824. Towcester was formerly a Roman station, and many Roman coins continue to be found there in the gardens and fields. It lies on the banks of the river Tove, which runs into the Ouse near Stony Stratford. The market is held on Tuesday. Fairs May 12th, and October 29th.

TOW'EL, n. s. Fr. touaille; Ital. touaglio. A cloth on which the hands are wiped.

They with their fine soft grassy towels stand, To wipe away the drops and moisture from the hand. Drayton.

The' attendants water for their hands supply, And, having washed, with silken towels dry. Dryden's Eneid. His arm must be kept up with a napkin or towel. Wiseman. TOWER, n. s. & v. n. Į Sax. top; Fr. tour; TOW'ERY, adj. Ital. torre; Lat. turris. A high building; a building raised above the main edifice; fortress; high head-dress; high flight to tower is to fly or soar high: towery, furnished with towers.

Let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may
reach unto heaven.
Genesis xi. 4.
Psalms.

A strong tower from the enemy.
On the other side an high rock towered still.

My lord protector's hawks do tower so well. Lay trains of amorous intrigues In towers, and curls, and perriwigs.

Hudibras.

Towering his height, and ample was his breast. Dryden.

All those sublime thoughts which tower above the clouds, and reach as high as heaven itself, take their rise not one jot beyond those ideas which sense or reflection have offered for the contemplation of the mind. Locke.

Rise, crowned with lights, imperial Salem, rise! Exalt thy towery head, and lift thy eyes!

Pope's Messiah. TOWERS (Joseph), LL. D., an English dissenting divine, born in Southwark, in 1737, and bred a printer, under Coadbey; after which he commenced bookseller in London; but soon after engaged in the ministry among the Presbyterian Dissenters; and in 1764 became pastor of a congregation in Highgate. In 1778 he was chosen one of the ministers of Newington Green, along with the celebrated Dr. Price. In 1779 he received his degree from Edinburgh. He published, 1. British Biography, in 7 vols. 8vo.; 2. Observations on Hume's History of England; 3. The Life and Reign of Frederick III. of Prussia, in 2 vols. 8vo.; 4. A Vindication of He also assisted Dr. Kippis in the Biographia Locke; 5. Several Sermons and Political Tracts. Britannica. He died in 1799.

TOWN, n. s. Sax. tun, tinan, shut; Belg. TOWN'CLERK, tuyn. Any walled collection TOWN HOUSE,of houses; any place where a TOWN'SHIP, market is held; the inhabitants TOWNS MAN, of a town; the capital: the TOWN'TALK. 'compounds correspond. She let them down by a cord; for her house was upon the town wall. Into whatsoever city or town ye enter, enquire who in it is worthy, and there abide. Matt. x. 11. The townclerk appeased the people. Acts xix. 35. Speak the speech trippingly on the tongue, but if you mouth it, as many of our players do, I had as lieve the town crier had spoke the lines.

Joshua ii. 15.

Shakspeare. Hamlet. I am but a poor petitioner of our whole township. Shakspeare.

Id.

Here come the townsmen on procession, Before your highness to present the man. In the time of king Henry the sixth, in a fight between the earls of Ormond and Desmond, almost all the townsmen of Kilkenny were slain.

Davies on Ireland. To the clear spring cold Artæa went ; To which the whole towne for their water sent.

I left him at the gate firm to your interest,
T' admit the townsmen at their first appearance.

Dryden. If you tell the secret, in twelve hours it shall be towntalk. L'Estrange.

throatwort, a genus of plants in the class pentandria, and order of monogynia; ranking in the natural mathod under the twenty-ninth order, campanaceæ.

TRACHINIA, a country of Thessaly, in Phthiotis. Trachis was the capital.

or common weever.

TRACHINUS, in ichthyology, the weever, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of jugulares. There is but one species, viz. T. draco, It grows to the length of twelve inches, but is commonly found much less; the irides are yellow; the under jaw is longer than the upper, and slopes very much towards the belly; the teeth are small; the back is straight, the sides are flat, the belly is prominent, the lateral line straight: the covers of the gills are armed with a very strong spine: the first dorsal fin consists of five very strong spines, which, as well as the intervening membranes, are tinged with black; this fin, when quiescent, is lodged in a small hollow: the second consists of several soft rays, commences just at the end of the first, and continues almost to the tail: the pectoral fins are broad and angular; the ventral fins small; the vent is placed remarkably forward, very near the throat: the anal fin extends to a small distance from the tail, is a little hollowed in the middle, but not so much as to be called forked the sides are marked lengthwise with two or three dirty yellow lines, and transversely by numbers of small ones; the belly silvery. The wounds inflicted by its spines are exceedingly painful, attended with a violent burning and most pungent shooting, and sometimes with an inflammation that will extend from the arm to the shoulder. The remedy used by some fishermen is the sea sand, with which they rub the place affected for a considerable time. At Scarborough, stale urine warmed is used with success. An instance is mentioned of a person who was reduced to great danger by a wound from this fish, and who was cured by the application of sweet oil, and taking opium and Venice treacle. This fish buries itself in the sands, leaving only its nose out, and if trodden on immediately strikes with great force. Notwithstanding this noxious property of the spines, it is exceedingly good meat.

TRACK, n. s. & v. a. I Old Fr. trac; Ital. TRACKLESS, adj. S traccia. Mark left upon the way by the foot or otherwise; trace; road to trace; follow by the footsteps: trackless, untrodden; unmarked by roads or footsteps.

As shepherd's cur that in dark evening's shade Hath tracked forth some savage beastis treade.

Spenser. With track oblique sidelong he works his way.

Milton.

TRACTRIX, in geometry, a curve line; called also CATENARIA which see. TRADE, n. s., v. n. & v. a. TRA'DED, adj. TRADE'FUL, TRA'DER, n. s. TRADES FOLK, TRADESMAN. TRADE WIND.

-commerce ; ex

change of goods for other goods, or for money; em

ployment, manual or mercantile; custom; habit : to trade is to traffic; deal commercially; act mercenarily; have a tradewind: sell or exchange commercially: tradewind, the monsoon, a periodical tropical wind: traded is accustomed ; practised tradeful, commercial: a trader and

:

tradesman, one who is employed in trade: the former, however, is applied to merchants, not the latter tradesfolk, people employed in trade. They were thy merchants: they traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in thy market. Ezekiel, xxvii. 13.

He commanded these servants to be called, to know how much every man had gained by trading. Luke, xix. 15.

Appoint to every one that is not able to live of his freehold a certain trade of life; the which trade Spenser on Ireland.

he shall be bound to follow.

Ye tradeful merchants, that with weary toil Do seek most precious things to make your gain, And both the Indies of their treasure spoil, What needeth you to seek so far in vain? Spenser. Pilgrims are going to Canterbury with rich offerings, and traders riding to London with fat purses. Shakspeare. Henry IV.

I'll mountebank their loves, and come home beloved

Of all the trades in Rome.

Id, Coriolanus.

I'll live by the awl, I meddle with no tradesmen's

Order a trade thither and thence so as some few merchants and tradesmen, under colour of furnishing the colony with necessaries, may not grind them. Id.

They on the trading flood ply toward the pole. Milton. Comfortable is the trade-wind to the equatorial parts, without which life would be both short and grievous. Cheyne. The emperor Pertinax applied himself in his youth o a gainful trade; his father, judging him fit for a better employment, had a mind to turn his education another way; the son was obstinate in pursuing so profitable a trade, a sort of merchandise of wood. Arbuthnot on Coins. His were the projects of perpetuum mobiles, and of increasing the trade-wind by vast plantations of

reeds.

Arbuthnot.

M. Jourdon would not be thought a tradesman, but ordered some silk to be measured out to his partner's friends: now I give up my shop.

Prior.

Boastful and rough, your first son is a squire ; The next a tradesman, meek, and much a liar. Pope's Epigrams. That day traders sum up the accounts of the week. Swift. Domesticks in a gentleman's family have more opportunities of improving their minds than the ordinary tradesmen.

Id.

By his advice victuallers and tradesfolk would soon get all the money of the kingdom into their hands.

Id. Penitens was a busy notable tradesman, very prosperous in his dealings, but died in the thirty-fifth year of his age. Law.

TRADESCANT (John), an ingenious naturalist, said to have been a native of Flanders, who established the first museum in this country, at South Lambeth, about the end of the reign of Elizabeth. It was sold to Elias Ashmole, and deposited at Oxford.

TRADESCANT (John), the son and grandson of the preceding, were also eminent botanists, antiquaries, and collectors of antiquities, plants, fossils, &c., but no particular memoir is preserved of any of the three, except what is recorded on their monument in Lambeth churchyard.

TRADESCANTIA, in botany, Virginian spider-wort, a genus of plants, in the class hexandria, and in the order of monogynia; ranking in the natural method under the sixth order,

ensatæ.

TRADE-WINDS, certain regular winds at sea, blowing either continually the same way, or alternately this way and that; thus called from their use in navigation, and the Indian commerce. See WIND.

TRADITION, n. s. TRADITIONAL, adj. TRADITIONALLY, adv. TRADITIONARY, adj. TRA'DITIVE.

French tradition; Latin traditio. The act or practice of delivering accounts from mouth to mouth;

unwritten communication from age to age; any thing so communicated: traditional and traditionary mean delivered by tradition: traditive, transmissible in that way: the adverb corresponding with traditional, which is also (improperly) used for observant of traditions.

To learn it we have tradition; namely, that so we believe, because both we from our predecessors, and they from theirs, have so received. Hooker. God forbid

We should infringe the holy privilege
Of sanctuary!

-You are too senseless obstinate, my lord;
Too ceremonious and traditional.

Shakspeare. Richard II. It is well known to have been a general tradition amongst these nations, that the world was made, and had a beginning.

They the truth

With superstitions and traditions taint, Left only in those written records pure.

Wilkins.

Millon.

Whence may we have the infallible traditional sense of Scripture, if not from the heads of their church? Tillotson.

Oral tradition is more uncertain, especially if we may take that to be the traditionary sense of texts of

scripture.

Id.

Suppose we on things traditive divide, And both appeal to scripture to decide. Dryden's Hind and Panther Suppose the same traditionary strain Of rigid manners in the house remain, Inveterate truth, an old plain Sabine's heart. Id.

There is another channel wherein this doctrine is clergy of Asia. traditionally derived from St. John, namely, from the Burnet's Theory of the Earth. The fame of our Saviour, which in so few years had gone through the whole earth, was confirmed and perpetuated by such records as would preserve the traditionary account of him to after ages. Addison on the Christian Religion.

It crosseth the proverb, and Rome might well be built in a day, if that were true which is traditionally related by Strabo, that the great cities Anchiale and Tarsus were built by Sardanapalus both in one day. Brown's Vulgar Errours.