Sidebilder
PDF
ePub

meditated upon Belgrade. The enterprize was entrusted to Laudohn, who, with that good fortune which seemed constantly to attend him, made himself master of the place in less than a month. The rest of the campaign was little else than a succession of the most important successes; and a circumstance that did not a little contribute to this was the system adopted by the Austrians and Russians, of suffering the Turkish troops to march out of the several places they garrisoned without molestation. Accordingly, while one detachment of general Laudohn's forces took possession of Czernitz in Walachia, another made itself master of Cladova in Servia. Bucharest, the capital of the former of these provinces, fell without opposition into the hands of prince Cobourg; while Akerman on the Black Sea was reduced by the Russians; and Bender surrendered to prince Potemkin, not without suspicion of sinister practices, on the 13th of November. In 1790 the emperor Joseph II. died, and his successor Leopold II. showed a desire for peace. After the reduction of Orsova, therefore, which happened on the 16th of April 1790, the war was carried on with languor on the part of Austria; and in June a conference was agreed upon at Reichenbach, at which the ministers of Prussia, Austria, England, and the United Provinces assisted, and at which also an envoy from Poland was occasionally present. After a negociation, which continued till the 17th of August, it was agreed that a peace should be concluded between the king of Ilungary and the Ottoman Porte; that the basis of this treaty should be a general surrender of all the conquests made by the former, retaining only Choczim as a security till the Porte should accede to the terms of the agreement, when it was also to be restored. Catherine was thus deprived of an ally, but still she continued the war. On the 22d of December 1790 the fortress of Ismail was taken by storm by general Suwarrow; and it is said that the siege and the capture did not cost the Russians fewer than 10,000 men. The most shocking part of the transaction is, that the garrison (whose bravery merited, and would have received from a generous foe the highest honors) were massacred in cold blood by the merciless Russians, to the amount of, by their own account, upwards of 30,000 men; and the place was given up to the unrestrained fury of the brutal soldiery. After this bloody scene, the Russians went into winter quarters; the vizier retired towards Constantinople, and on his return fell a sacrifice to the sanguinary policy which has long disgraced the Ottoman counsels.

The campaign of 1791 opened on the part of Russia with the taking of Maczin, on the 4th of April, by prince Gallitzin; and in a subsequent victory on the 12th by the same general, in the neighbourhood of Brailow, the Turks lost not fewer than 4000 men and upwards of 100 officers, besides many pieces of cannon. On the 14th the Russian arms experienced a check, by which they lost about 700 men, and were obliged to relinquish the intention of besieging Brailow. After reinforcing this place, the vizier proceeded to the banks of the Danube near Silistris; and, by a bridge which he threw across the river, his

This

advanced posts were enabled to make incursions on the opposite side. The ability of the vizier and the valor of the Turks were however exerted in vain against the discipline and experience of European armies. In June 15,000 Turks were defeated by a party of cavalry under general Kutusow. On the 3rd of July the fortress of Anape was taken by general Gudowitch, and the garrison, of 6000 men, made prisoners. event was followed, on the 9th of the same month, by a signal victory which prince Repnin obtained near Maczin over a body of 70,000, the flower of the Turkish army. The Ottomans left upwards of 4000 dead upon the field of battle, and lost their entire camp equipage, colors, and thirty pieces of cannou. The Russians are said to have lost only 150 men killed, and between 200 and 300 wounded. At last peace was restored between the Porte and Russia, principally through the mediation of Great Britain and the northern powers. Catherine II. confined her views at length to the possession of Oczakow, with the district extending from the Bog to the Neister, and even then providing for the free navigation of the latter river. These terms, considering the il success of the war, cannot be accounted very disadvantageous to the Porte, who has lost a fortress more useful for the purpose of annoying Russia than for defending their own territories; but certainly of considerable importance to Russia, which by this cession, has secured the peaceable enjoyment of the Crimea, the inhabitants of which are certainly highly indebted to the late empress, for the measures she adopted for their improvement and civilisation, by the establishment of schools, academies, &c. See TARTARY.

Nothing very important either to Turkey or the world has occurred in the history of this empire since the peace with Russia which we have mentioned. The Porte has been alternately at war with Great Britain and with France; but in neither contest has she acquired either honor or territory. The Turks declared war against the Russians on the 30th of December, 1806, urged thereto by French intrigue; and our famous Fox administration attempted what they probably meant as a diversion in favor of the Russians. After Buonaparte compelled the feeble emperor Alexander to ratify the treaty of Tilsit, he encouraged for his own purposes the war between Russia and Turkey; in which however nothing decisive on either side occurred, and which was happily ended before the tyrant's grand attack on Russia.

The only remarkable fact therefore with respect to Turkey which we have still to record is the revolution which placed Mustapha IV. on the Ottoman throne. In the spring of the year 1807 a spirit of revolt appeared among the janizaries in the grand vizier's camp, and in garrison at the Dardanelles. On the 25th of May the troops in garrison in the various castles of the Dardanelles, accounted for their insubordination by objecting to the European uniform, the new tactics, &c. Hali Aga, commandant of Madischiabarna on the Asiatic shore, was put to death. Indsche Bey, commandant of the entrance of the Black Sea, escaped the

same fate only by flight. The Reis effendi coming at that time to inspect that post, the janizaries accused him as one of the patrons of the nizam geded. He attempted to escape; but he and his attendants were all sacrificed. He was particularly disliked, as he had promised to raise the pay of the janizaries on condition of their submitting to the new discipline, and this promise was never performed. Other circumstances contributed to excite and increase their rage, and they determined with vigor and foresight to overthrow all their enemies. The sultan Selim for a time determined to defend himself, and troops and ammunition, &c., were brought to the seraglio. Soon after, the Mufti, the Seimen basche, &c., joined the revolted janizaries. A formal council was held, in which it was proposed to request the grand seignior to abolish the new discipline, &c. Selim thought he should be able to stop the insurrection, by sending the heads of Mahmad, Tersana Emin, Haggai Ibrahim, &c., to the Emeldan, where the janizaries were in force. In this, however, he was disappointed. The janizaries were more enraged than ever. They admired and lamented Mahmad effendi, and demanded the head of the Reis effendi, then in the grand vizier's camp. The janizaries searched every where for those ministers who had countenanced and promoted the adoption of the European discipline, and fourteen of them they found and massacred. At this time Selim sent a letter in his own hand, abolishing for ever, and execrating the nizam geded; but this the revolted troops would not now accept. The deposition of the grand seignior was determined on. Mustapha IV. born 7th of September, 1799, eldest son of sultan Achmet IV. set aside in 1789, was called to the throne. The solemn invitation to Mustapha to ascend the throne was made on the 29th of May. The ceremony of investing him with the sabre of the Prophet took place on the 3d of June. According to the ancient and approved custom of this barbarous empire, Selim, the deprived sultan, was put to death by his own nephews, that he might not disturb the tranquillity of the new sovereign Mustapha IV.; at whose feet it is said he threw himself, and kissed the border of his garment, after which he submitted to his fate with the feelings of a true Mussulman.

With the wars of the French revolution the Turks cautiously avoided interfering, until forced to take up arms by the invasion of Egypt in 1798. This contest was closed by the aid of Britain, and the power of the Turks has not since been seriously threatened, except that Russia, 1. Stimulated by Buonaparte, attacked them in 1809, and continued the war until 1812, when it ended by the cession to Russia of Bessarabia

TUR'KOIS, n. s. Fr. turquoise, from turkey. A blue stone, formerly numbered among precious stones, but discovered to be a bone impregnated with cupreous particles.

Those bony bodies found among copper ores are tinged with green or blue: the turcois stone, as it is commonly stiled by lapidaries, is part of a bone so tinged. Woodward.

and of part of Moldavia. 2. An invasion of Turkey has taken place by the troops of the emperor Nicholas of Russia, in which he has by no means succeeded (see the article RUSSIA), and in which indeed the Turks have made a far better stand against the enemy than was expected in other parts of Europe.

TURKEY IN ASIA.-Since the taking of Constantinople Turkey has been regarded as a European state; yet still the centre of its power may be considered as placed in Asia Minor and Syria. Amid the falling fortunes of the empire, its dominions in Asia, however, have been greatly circumscribed. Its boundary to the eastward is formed by a varying line among the mountains of Armenia and Kurdistan, and the river courses of the Euphrates and Tigris. This tract has often afforded the debateable ground between Persia and Turkey, in which the rulers of each, according as fortune favored them, pushed forward their own frontier, and drove back that of the other. At present it has become nearly independent. Bagdad and Bassora scarcely own the supremacy of the Porte. Western Arabia might at one time be considered almost as a Turkish province, including the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and the ports on the Red Sea as far as Mocha. But the growth of Wahabite power has put a complete period to her empire in Arabia. She cannot now even send an armed caravan to Mecca. Asiatic Turkey is therefore reduced to Asia Minor and Syria, including Palestine. The population of this territory is estimated at 10,000,000, occupying a surface of 470,400 square miles. The character and policy of the government is the same as that of Turkey in Europe; and as the countries which compose Asiatic Turkey bear little resemblance to each other, except in the common circumstance of being united under this barbarous empire, their topographical details are best given under separate heads.

In AFRICA, during the height of the Ottoman power, its dominion was nearly as extensive as in the other two quarters of the globe. Not only Egypt, but the Barbary states of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers, were tributary to it, and the ports on the Red Sea also, as far as Masuah, were in the hands of the Turks. At present, however, this power can scarcely be said to have any footing on this continent. Britain indeed drove the French out of Egypt, and Mahommed Ali, appointed pacha of that country, succeeded in annihilating the power of the Mamelukes. He himself, however, has now set up an independent government, and, though all the other parts of Africa acknowledge a nominal supremacy, they are in point of fact independent: and will be found therefore described as independent states.

[blocks in formation]

Legions and cohorts, turms of horse and wings.
Milton.

TURN, v. a., v. n., & n.s."
TURN BENCH, n. s.
TURN'COAT,
TURN'ER,
TURN'ING,
TURN'INGNESS,
TURN'PIKE,
TURN'SICK, adj.
TURN'SPIT, n. s.
TURN'STILE.

Saxon tunnan; Goth. torna; Lat. torno; Gr. τορνοω. To revolve; bring a lower side upwards, or the inside out; transform; shape; bend; form in a lathe by moving

round; change; alter; reverse; translate; transfer; betake; also (metaphorically) to infatuate; make mad; agitate in mind; taking away, back, off, over, to, as prepositions: as a verb neuter to move round; change posture; move from place to place; deviate; alter; be changed; change sides or mind; depend on; taking away and off as prepositions: a turn is a winding; meander; change; course; occasion; convenience: by turns' is by course, or one after the other: turnbench is a kind of lathe : turncoat, a name of reproach for a renegade: turner, he whose trade is turning: turning, in a general sense, is winding; flexure the inelegant noun substantive corresponding: turnpike, a gate (once formed of turning bars armed with pikes) that obstructs the road: turnsick, vertiginous; giddy: turnspit, man or dog that turns a spit: turnstile, a turnpike in a footpath.

TURMERIC (terra merita), curcuma longa, is a root brought to us from the East Indies. Bertholet had an opportunity of examining some turmeric that came from Tobago, which was superior to that which is met with in commerce, both in the size of roots and the abundance of the coloring particles. This substance is very rich in color, and there is no other which gives a yellow color of such brightness; but it possesses no durability, nor can mordants give it a sufficient degree. Common salt and sal ammoniac are those which fix the color best, but they render it deeper and make it incline to brown: some recommend a small quantity of muriatic acid. The root must be reduced to powder to be fit for use. It is sometimes employed to give the yellows made with weld a gold cast, and to give an orange tinge to scarlet; but the shade the turmeric imparts soon disappears in the air. Mr. Guchliche gives two processes for fixing the color of turmeric on silk. The first consists in aluming in the cold for twelve hours a pound of silk in a solution of two ounces of alum, and dyeing it hot, but without boiling, in a bath composed of two ounces of turmeric and a quart (measure) of acetocitric acid, mixed with three quarts of water. The second process consists in extracting the coloring particles from the turmeric by acetocitric acid, in the way described for Brasil wood, and in dyeing the silk alumed as already mentioned in this liquor, either cold or only moderately warm. The liquor is rendered more durable by this than by the former process. The first parcel immersed acquires a gold yellow; the color of the second and third parcels is lighter, but of the same kind; that of the fourth is a straw color. Mr. Guchliche employs the same process to extract fine and durable colors from fustic, broom, and French berries; he prepares the wool by a slight aluming, to which he adds a little muriatic acid. He seems to content himself in these cases with vinegar or some other vegetable acid, instead of his acetocitric acid, for the extraction of the color; he directs that a very small quantity of solution of tin should be put into the dye-bath. TURMOIL, n. s. & v. a. Irishman. Derived by Skinner from Fr. tremouille, a mill-hopper; more probably derived from moil to labor.-Johnson. Trouble; disturbance; harassing uneasiness: to weary, trouble; harass.

It is her fatal misfortune, above all other countries, to be miserably tossed and turmoiled with these storms of affliction.

He seeks, with torment and turmoil, To force me live, and will not let me die. Blinded greatness ever in turmoil,

Still seeking happy life, makes life a toil.

Spenser.

Id.

Daniel.

Having newly left those grammatic shallows, where they stuck unreasonably to learn a few words, on the sudden are transported to be tost and turmoiled with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet deeps of controversy. Milton.

Haughty Juno, who with endless broil
Did earth, and heaven, and Jove himself turmoil,
At length atoned, her friendly power shall join.

Dryden.

My lords, turn in, into your servant's house.
Gen. xix. 2.
Turn from thy fierce wrath. Exodus xxxii. 12.
I will send my fear before thee, and make all thine
enemies turn their backs unto thee.

Id. xxiii. 27.
God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion
upon thee.
Deuteronomy xxx.
Turn the council of Ahitophel into foolishness.
2 Samuel xv.

Doth beauty keep which never sun can burn,
Disdain not me, although I be not fair :
Nor storms do turn?

Sidney.

So nature formed him, to all turningness of sleights; that, though no man had less goodness, no man could better find the places whence arguments might grow of goodness.

Id.

Diogenes' dish did never serve his master for more turns, notwithstanding that he made it his dish, cup, cap, measure, and water-pot, than a mantle doth an Spenser.

An admirable facility musick hath to express and represent to the mind, more inwardly than any other sensible mean, the very standing, rising, and falling; the very steps and inflections every way; the turns and varieties of all passions whereunto the mind is subject. They turned weak people and children unable for service out of the city.

Hooker.

Knolles's History of the Turks. Quick wits are more quick to enter speedily, than able to pierce far; like sharp tools, whose edges be

very soon turned.

Ascham. She would have made Hercules turn the spit, yea, and have cleft his club to make the fire too.

Shakspeare.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

Id.

Than, in events of war, dame Fortune. The report, and much more the sight of a luxurious feeder, would turn his stomach.

Fell. Oil of vitriol and petroleum, a drachm of each, will turn into a mouldy substance. Boyle.

God will make these evils the occasion of a greater good, by turning them to advantage in this world, or increase of our happiness in the next. Tillotson. Sheep, and great cattle, it seems indifferent which of these two were most turned to. Temple.

These are certain commodities, and yield the rea

diest of any that are turned in this kingdom, as they never fail of a price abroad. Id.

Nor box nor limes without their use are made, Smooth-grained and proper for the turner's trade. Dryden. The turn of words, in which Ovid excels all poets, is sometimes a fault or sometimes a beauty, as they are used properly or improperly. ld.

Fortune confounds the wise,

And, when they least expect it, turns the dice. Id.

If I had taken to the church, I should have had more sense than to have turned myself out of my benefice by writing libels on my parishioners.

Id. Preface to his Fables. He said, and, turning short with speedy pace, Casts back a scornful glance, and quits the place. Dryden.

They turn viragos too; the wrestler's toil They try.

Id.

Id.

The spiteful stars have shed their venom down, And now the peaceful planets take their turn. Some malicious natures place their delight in doing ill turns. L'Estrange.

A man, though he turns his eyes towards an object, yet he may chuse whether he will curiously survey it. Locke. 'Twould be hard to imagine that God would turn him out of paradise, to till the ground, and at the same time advance him to a throne.

Id.

The understanding turns inwards on itself, and reflects on its own operations. Id.

An English gentleman should be well versed in the history of England, that he may observe the several turns of state, and how produced.

Id.

The whole lathe is made strong, because the matter it turns, being metal, is heavier than wood, and with forcible coming about, would, if the lathe were slight, make it tremble, and so spoil the work.

Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

Small work in metal is turned in an iron lathe called a turnbench, which they screw in a vice, and, having fitted their work upon a small iron axle, with a drill barrel, fitted upon a square shank, at the end of the axis, next the left hand, they with a drill-bow, and drill-string, carry it about. Moxon.

Some turners, to shew their dexterity in turning, turn long and slender pieces of ivory, as small as an hay-stalk. Id. His whole person is finely turned, and speaks him a man of quality. Tatler.

They who are conscious of their guilt, and apprehensive that the justice of the nation should take notice of their theft and rapine, will try to give all things a false turn, and to fill every place with false suggestions. Davenant. Shrewd turns strike deeper than ill words. South. Alas! she raves; her brain, I fear, is turned.

[blocks in formation]

rocks, the Teverne falls into the valley, and after many turns and windings glides peaceably into the Tiber. Addison. Wit doth not consist so much in advancing things new, as in giving things known an agreeable turn. Id. Spectator. A young man of a sprightly turn in conversation had an inordinate desire of appearing fashionable.

Spectator. The three first stanzas are rendered word for word with the original, not only with the same elegance, but the same short turn of expression peculiar to the sapphick ode. Addison.

He turned his parts rather to books and conversation, than to politicks.

Prior.

A man must guard, if he intends to keep fair with the world, and turn the penny.

Collier of Popularity. Every one has a fair turn to be as great as he pleases. Collier.

Luther's conscience, by his instigations, turns these very reasonings upon him. Atterbury. Though they held the power of the civil sword unlawful, whilst they were to be governed by it, yet they esteemed it very lawful when it came to their

turn to govern.

Id.

A saline constitution of the fluids is acid, alkaline, or muriatic of these in their turns.

Arbuthnot.

[blocks in formation]

The choler of a hog turned syrup of violets green. Floyer.

The first platform of the poem, which reduces into one important action all the particulars upon which it turns. Pope.

The rage of thirst and hunger now supprest, The monarch turns him to his royal guest.

Id. Odyssey.
The bard, whom pilfered pastorals renown;
Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown,
Just writes to make his barrenness appear.

This beastly line quite turns my stomach.
Eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate the sun.
Thus a wise taylor is not pinching,
But turns at every seam an inch in.
The nymph will have her turn to be
The tutor, and the pupil he.

Pope. Id.

Id.

Swift.

Id.

Books give the same turn to our thoughts and reasoning that good company does to our conversation. Id. Miscellanies.

Rather than let a good fire be wanting, enliven it with the butter that happens to turn to oil. Id. The very turn of voice, the good pronunciation, and the alluring manner which some teachers have attained, will engage the attention. Watts.

Turn these ideas about in your mind, and take a view of them on all sides. Id.

His cares all turn upon Astyanax, Whom he has lodged within the citadel. A. Philips. For want of due improvement, these useful inventions have not turned to any great account.

Baker's Reflections on Learning.

TURNEBUS (Adrian), an eminent critic, born in 1512. His father was a Scotch officer whose name was Turnbull, which Adrian varied to Turnebe, in Latin Turnebus. He acquired so extensive a reputation by his learning that he

had great offers made him from Italy, Germany, and England; but he preferred poverty in France to riches any where else. He taught polite literature first at Toulouse; but, in 1547, went to be Greek professor at Paris; in 1552 he took upon him the care of the royal Greek press for three years, when he quitted it on being admitted into the number of royal professors. He died in 1565; and his works, which are all in Latin, were printed at Strasburg in 1 vol. folio, 1600.

TURNER (William), M. D., a celebrated physician and divine in the sixteenth century, born at Morpeth, in Northumberland, and educated at Cambridge where he became a Protestant, travelled over England to preach the reformed faith, for which bishop Gardiner put him in prison. On his release he went to Italy, and graduated at Ferrara. On the accession of Edward VI. he returned, and was made dean of Wells. When Mary succeeded he again went abroad, and did not return till after her death. Queen Elizabeth restored him to his preferments. He wrote a Treatise on the Baths of England and Germany; a Complete Herbal, or History of Plants, folio; Historia de Naturis Herbarum, Scholiis et Notis Vallata, 8vo.; and some other botanical works. He died in 1568.

TURNER (Francis), son of the above, was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford. He became prebendary of St. Paul's, dean of Windsor, and bishop of Rochester in 1683, and in 1684 bishop of Ely. He was one of the seven bishops whom James VII. sent to the tower; yet he was deprived of his bishopric at the revolution for refusing to take the oaths. He published some sermons, several sacred poems, and the life of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar. He died in 1700.

TURNERITE, a rare mineral in small crystals of a yellowish-brown, or brownish-yellow color. Brilliant. Primary form an oblique rhombic prism. Scratches fluor, but yields to the knife. Powder grayish-white. It contains alumina, lime, magnesia, and a very little iron. It has been found only on Mount Sorel in Dauphiny.

TURNHOUT, an inland town of the Netherlands, the chief place of a district in the province of Antwerp. It is well built; bas canal conveyance; and its principal industry consists in manufacture of ticking. It has a traffic also in the produce of the neighbourhood, and several extensive bleaching establishments. In 1596 prince Maurice of Nassau, at the head of a detachment, defeated here a considerable body of Spaniards; and in October 1789 an action took place here between the Austrian troops and the insurgents of Brabant. Population 10,000. Twenty-four miles east by north of Antwerp.

TURNING is the art of forming hard bodies, as wood, ivory, iron, into a round or oval shape by means of a machine called a lathe. This art was well known to the ancients, and seems to have been carried by them to a very great degree of perfection; at least Pliny and other authors tell us that those precious vases, enriched with figures in half relief which still adorn our cabi

« ForrigeFortsett »