their debauch! Whereas, if the stomach had wanted the faculty of vomition, they had inevitably died. Grew's Cosmology.

This vomit may be repeated often, if it be found successful.

Blackmore. VOMITING. That internal sensation which announces the necessity of vomiting is called nausea; it consists of a general uneasiness, with a feeling of dizziness in the head, or in the epigastric region: the lower lip trembles, and the saliva flows in abundance. Instantly, and involuntarily, convulsive contractions of the abdominal muscles, and at the same time of the diaphragm, succeed to this state; the first are not very intense, but those tnat follow are more so; they at last become such, that the

VORMAR (Isaac), a learned German, who was employed as an imperial plenipotentiary in negociating the peace of Westphalia. He wrote Memoirs of Public Affairs, and died in 1662.

VORONEZ, a province and town of the interior of European Russia, bounded on the east by the country of the Don Cossacks, and lying between lat. 48° and 54° N. Its area is 31,000 square miles; but its population hardly amounts to 800,000.

VORTEX, n. s. Į Lat. vortex. In the plural VOR'TICAL, adj. vortices. Any thing whirled round: having a whirling motion.

Wrapt in their vortex, hurry him along;
Conflicting passions, loud, impetuous, strong,
And luckily one striking feature caught,
A semblance stamps, though charged with many a fault.

White's Poems.

nasal canals.

Vomiting was long believed to depend upon the rapid convulsive contraction of the stomach; but it has been shown, by a series of experiments, that in the process, this viscus is nearly passive; and that the true agents of vomiting are, on the one hand, the diaphragm, and, on the other, the large abdominal muscles. In the ordinary state, the diaphragm and the muscles of the abdomen co-operate in vomiting; but each of them can, nevertheless, produce it separately. Thus, an animal still vomits, though the diaphragm has been rendered immoveable by cutting the diaphragmatic nerves; it vomits the same, though the whole abdominal muscles have been taken away by the knife, with the precaution of leaving the linea alba and the peritonæum untouched.

VOPISCUS (Flavius), a Roman historian who flourished about A. D. 303, and wrote the lives of the emperors Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, Carinus, &c. He is one of the six historians whose works are extant, and printed under the title of Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores; but he excels the rest in elegance. VORACIOUS, adj. VORACIOUSLY, adv. VORACIOUSNESS, n. s. VORACITY.

ing.

ર

Fr. vorace; Lat. vorax. Greedy to eat; ravenous: the adverb and noun

substantives correspond

Creatures by their voracity pernicious, have commonly fewer young. Derham's Physico-Theology. So voracious is this humour grown, that it draws in every thing to feed it. Government of the Tongue. VORARLBERG, a mountainous district of Austria, bordering on Switzerland, the lake of Constance, and Bavaria. It takes its name from a great mountain called Arlberg, which separates it from Tyrol, and forms one of the branches of the Alps. The Vorarlberg consisted of a number of petty lordships, all ceded to Bavaria at the peace of Presburg in 1806, but restored after the fall of Buonaparte. It now forms a circle of Tyrol, but nas still its separate states. Its area is about 940 square miles; its population 85,000. The chief town Bregenz.

municate their motion to one another.

Newton.

It is not a magnetical power, nor the effect of a tortical motion; those common attempts towards the explication of gravity. Bentley's Sermons. •

VORTEX, in meteorology, a whirlwind, or sudden, rapid, and violent motion of the air in gyres or circles. Vortex is also used for an eddy or whirlpool; or a body of water in certain seas or rivers, which run rapidly around, forming a sort of cavity in the middle.

VORTEX, in the Cartesian philosophy, is a system or collection of particles of matter moving the same way, and round the same axis.

The VORTICES OF DES CARTES are now justly exploded; but, being the fiction of a very superior mind, they are still an object of curiosity, as being the foundation of a great philosophical romance. According to him, the whole of infinite space was full of matter; for he said matter and extension were the same, and consequently there could be no void. This immensity of matter he supposed to be divided into an infinite number of very small cubes; all of which, being whirled about upon their own centres, necessarily gave occasion to the production of two different elements. The first consisted of those angular parts which, having been necessarily rubbed off, and grinded yet smaller by their mutual friction, constituted the most subtle and moveable part of matter. The second consisted of those little globules that were formed by rubbing off the first. The interstices betwixt these globules of the second element were filled up by the particles of the first. But in the infinite collisions, which must occur in an infinite space filled with matter, and all in motion, it must necessarily happen that many of the gobules of the second element should be broken and grinded down into the first. Such Des Cartes supposed was the cause of the original formation and consequent motions of the planetary system. When a solid body is turned round its centre, those parts of it which are nearest, and those which are remotest from the centre, complete their revolutions in one and the same time. But it is otherwise with the revolutions of a fluid: the parts of it which are nearest the centre complete their revolutions in a shorter time than those which are remoter. planets, therefore, all floating in that immense tide of æther which is continually setting in from west

The

to east round the body of the sun, complete their revolutions in a longer or a shorter time, according to their nearness or distance from him. It is surely sufficient, however, to demolish this goodly fabric, barely to ask how an absolute infinity of matter can be divided into cubes, or any thing else? how there can possibly be interstices in a perfect plenum? or how in such a plenum any portion of matter can be thrust from its place.

VOSGES, a chain of mountains in the east of France, extending from north to south, in a line nearly parallel to the course of the Rhine, from Bale to Spires. This chain may be termed a continuation of the Jura; for it begins nearly where the latter end, and is separated from them only by a valley. The length of the main chain is about 120 miles.

VOSGES, a department of the north-east of France, formed of a part of Lorraine, and adjoining the departments of the Meurthe and Upper Saone. Its extent, equal to two of our average sized counties, is about 2400 square miles; its population somewhat above 334,000. The surface is rugged, and here are the sources of several large rivers, as the Meuse, the Moselle, the Meurthe, and the Saone. The smaller streams and mountain torrents are numerous, as are the mineral waters, of which the best known are those of Plombieres. In the mountains the soil is often stony: in the plains chalky and sandy. The climate is cold; the products oats, barley, rye, potatoes, flax, and hemp. In the more fertile tracts wheat, and, in situations of favorable exposure, vines; the summer heat being great. The mineral products are iron, lead, copper, and, in a few situations, silver, marble, and potters'-earth. This department is divided into five arrondissements. Its capital is Epinal. The population, chiefly agriculturists, is far from dense. The cheapness of provisions, and consequently of labor, has led to the introduction of linen and cotton cloth manufactures, the spinning of yarn, and the making of lace. These articles furnish, along with cattle, butter, cheese, glass, earthen-ware, and timber, the chief exports.

VOSS (John Henry), a German poet and critic, was born at Sommersdorf in 1751. Educated at the school of Neu Brandenburg he attracted some notice by his poems, inserted in the Almanac of the Muses, of Gottingen, in 1770, and procured the means of studying in the university at that place. A literary society having been formed, called The Friends of Gottingen, he became one of the members, among whom were count Stolberg, Holty, Burger, Klopstock, &c. In 1775 Voss engaged in the publica on of the Almanac of the Muses, or Anthology (Blumenlese) of Gottingen, which he conducted till 1800. In 1778 he was nominated rector of the college of Ottendorf, Hanover, whence he removed to occupy a similar office at Eutin in the duchy of Oldenburg. He remained there twenty-three years; and, in 1805, the grand duke of Baden invited him to Heidelberg, where he remained till his death, March 29th, 1826. Voss translated the works of Homer, 1793; Virgil, 1799; Horace, 1806; Hesiod and the pseudo-Orpheus, 1806; Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, 1808; Tibullus and Lygdamus, 1810; Aristophanes, 1821; Aratus, 1824; and extracts from the Metamorphoses of Ovid, 1798. His original writings comprise Letters on Mythology, Idylls, and other poems, besides numerous papers in periodical works. He

was also engaged in various literary controversies with Heyne, count Stolberg, Creuzer, and others of his learned contemporaries.

VOSSIUS (John Gerard), one of the most learned and laborious writers of the seventeenth century, was of a considerable family in the Netherlands; and was born in 1577, in the Palatinate, near Heidelberg, at a place where his father, John Vossius, was minister. He became well skilled in politic literature, history, and sacred and profane antiquities, and was made director of the college of Dort. He was at length made professor of eloquence and chronology at Leyden, whence he was called in 1633 to Amsterdam, to fill the chair of a professor of history. He died in 1649. He wrote many learned works, of which a complete edition has been printed at Amsterdam, in nine vols. folio.

VOSSIUS (Dionysius), a son of the above, born at Dort in 1612. He was very learned in the oriental history, and published a Latin translation of Maimonides on Idolatry, with notes: and other tracts. He died at Amsterdam, in 1633.

VOSSIUS (Isaac), a man of great parts and learn ing, brother to Dionysius, was born at Leyden in 1618. He had no other tutor but his father, and employed his whole life in studying: his merit recommended him to a correspondence with queen Christina of Sweden; he made several journeys into Sweden by her order, and had the honor to teach her the Greek. In 1670 he came over to England, where king Charles made him canon of Windsor. He appears indeed by his publications, which are neither so useful nor so numerous as his father's, to have been a most credulous man, while he afforded many circumstances to bring his religious faith in question. He died at Windsor castle in 1688. He was LL.D.

VOSSIUS (Gerard), a Romish divine, a relation of the preceding, was born in 1609. He published the works of Gregorius Thaumaturgus; Ephrem Syrus, and some tracts of John Chrysostom, and Theodoret, with Latin versions and notes.

VOSTITZA, a district of the Morea, in Achaia, extending along the coast of the gulf of Lepanto. Its chief town of the same name, occupying the site of the ancient Ægium, was lately a flourishing sea-port containing 800 houses; but, on the 23d of August, 1817, it was destroyed, in a great measure, by an earthquake along with a number of the neighbouring villages. Its port was tolerably good, and served as a place to export cheese, raisins, and other products to Patras and the neighbouring isles. Twenty-five miles east of Patras, and forty northwest of Corinth.

VOTARY, n. s. & adj. VOʻTARIST, n. s. VO'TARESS.

Lat. devotus. One devoted, as by a vow, to any particular service: this both the first two noun substantives signify; and votaress is the feminine: votary, as an adjective, means consequent on a vow.

Like a sad votaress, beautiful in tears, Child of unfeigned contrition she appears. I wish a more strict restraint

Upon the sisterhood, the votarists of St. Clare.

Wherefore waste I time to counsel thee? Thou art a votary to fond desire.

Whyte.

Shakspeare.

Id.

Superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by occupation; and votary resolution is made equipollent to custom even in matter of blood.

Bacon.

He that joins instruction with delight, Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. Roscommon.

How many have no other ground for their tenets, than the supposed honesty or learning of those of the same profession! as if truth were to be established by the vote of the multitude. Locke.

Elections growing chargeable, the voters, that is, the bulk of the common people, have been universally seduced into bribery, perjury, drunkenness, malice, and slander. Swift.

Dryden. Norman French voucher; from Lat.

The final determination arises from the majority of opinions or votes in the assembly, because they ought to be swayed by the superior weight of reason. Watts. VOTIVE, adj. Lat. votivus. Given by vow. Such in Isis's temple you may find, On votive tablets to the life pourtrayed. VOUCH, v. a., v. n., & n. s.~ VOUCH'ER, n. s. VOUCHSAFE', v. a. & v. n. vocatio. To call VOUCHSAFE MENT, n. s. to witness; obest; declare; warrant; to bear witness: warrant; attestation: a voucher is one who gives testimony; any kind of testimony: to vouchsafe is to grant by way of condescension: to deign; yield: the noun substantive corresponding.

Do I not see Zelmane, who does not think a thought which is not first weighed by wisdom and virtue? doth not she vouchsafe to love me with like ardour? Sidney. Vouchsafe, divine perfection of a woman,

Of these supposed crimes to give me leave
By circumstance but to acquit myself.

Shakspeare.

You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold That is not often vouched, while 'tis making, 'Tis given with welcome.

Id.

Locke.

All the great writers of that age stand up together as vouchers for one another's reputation. Spectator. VOW, n. s., v. a., & v. n. Į Fr. vau; Lat. voVow FELLOW, n. s. tum. A promise made to a divine power; or an act of devotion, by which some part of life, or of possessions, is consecrated to a particular purpose: to consecrate in this way to make solemn vows or promises of this kind: a vowfellow is one bound by the

same vow.

Who are the votaries

That are vowfellows with this virtuous king? Shalop
The gods are deaf to hot and peevish cows;
They are polluted offerings.

Whoever sees these irreligious men,

With burden of a sickness, weak and faint,
But hears them talking of religion then,
And vowing of their soul to every saint.

Id

Davies.

If take that vow and that wish to be all one, you you are mistaken; a wish is a far lower degree than a vow. Hammond. Those, who wear the woodbine on their brow, Firm to their plighted faith. Were knights of love, who never broke their vow; Dryden.

Vow, in religion. The use of vows is found in most religions. They make up a considerable part of the Pagan worship, being made either in consequence of some deliverance, under some pressing necessity, or for the success of some enterprize. Among the Jews, all vows were to be voluntary, and, made by persons wholly in their own power; and if such person made a vow in any thing lawful and possible, he was obliged to fulfil it. If he appointed no particular time for accomplishing his vow, he was bound to do it instantly, lest by delay he should prove less able, or be unwilling, to execute his promise. Among the Romanists, a person is constituted a religious by taking three vows; that of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Vows, among the Romans, signified sacrifices, sars and emperors, particularly for their prosperity offerings, presents, and prayers, made for the Cæand the continuance of their empire. These were made at first every five years, then every fifteen, and afterwards every twenty, and were called quinquennalia, decennalia, and vincennalia.

VOW'EL, n. s. Fr. voyelle; Lat. vocalis. A letter which can be uttered by itself.

I distinguish letters into vowels and consonants.

Holde.

If you make your voyage upon her, and prevail, am no further your enemy.

Shakspeare.

Bacon.

Donne.

Milton.

UP, adv., interj., & prep. Sax. up; Belg. and Dan. op; Goth. and Swed. upp. Aloft; on high; erect; climbing; exalted; in a state of being raised or increase up and down' is, disorderly; backward and forward: taking with and to as prepositions: as an interjection arise! rouse! as a preposition, from a lower to a higher position. As soon as the sun is up, set upon the city.

Judges ix. Those that were up themselves kept others low, Those that were low themselves held others hard, Ne suffered them to rise or greater grow. Spenser. Up grisly ghosts; and up, my rueful rime; Matter of mirth now shalt thou have no more.

Id. From those two brethren, admire the wonderful changes of wordly things; now up, now down, as if the life of man were not of much more certainty than a stage play. Knolles.

The gentle archbishop of York is up With well-appointed powers. Shakspeare. Henry VI.

In going up a hill, the knees will be most weary; in going down, the thighs: for that, in lifting the feet, when a man goeth up the hill, the weight of the body beareth most upon the knees, and, in going down, upon the thighs.

Strait the rumour flew

Up to the city; which heard, up they drew By daies first breake.

Bacon.

Chapman.

But up, and enter now into full bliss. Milton. Thou hast fired me; my soul's up in arms, And mans each part about me.

Dryden. As a boar was whetting his teeth, up comes a fox to him. L'Estrange.. Upon his first rising, a general whisper ran among the country people, that Sir Roger was up. Addison. UPBEAR', v. a. Preter. upbore; part. pass. upborn. Up and bear. To sustain aloft; support

in elevation.

Vital powers 'gan wax both weak and wan, For want of food and sleep; which two upbear, Like weighty pillars, this frail life of man. Spenser. Upborn with indefatigable wings. Milton. UPBRAID', v. a. Sax. upzebɲadan, upUPBRAID'INGLY, adv. I zebɲedan. To charge contemptuously with any thing disgraceful. It has commonly with, sometimes of, before the thing imputed; sometimes it has only an accusative of the thing, as in Milton: the adverb corresponds. If any lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth liberally, and upbraideth not.

James i. 5.

Vain man! how long wilt thou thy God upbraid? And, like the roaring of a furious wind,

Was there ever man had such luck? when I kissed the jack, upon an upcast to be hit away! Shakspeare. Beasts with upcast eyes forsake their shade, Dryden. And gaze as if I were to be obeyed. To con. UPGATHER, v. a. Up and gather.

tract.

Into his den, that his deceitful train
Himself he close upgathered more and more
By his there being might not be bewraid,

Ne any noise, ne any question made.

Spenser.

UPHAND', adj. Up and hand. Lifted by the

bodies of the subjects. The company of upholders have a right upon the Arbuthnot.

Suppose then Atlas ne'er so wise: Yet, when the weight of kingdoms lies Too long upon his single shoulders, Sink down he must, or find upholders.

Swift.

UPHOLSTERER, n. s. A corruption of upholder. One who furnishes houses; or who fits up apartments with beds and furniture.

Shakspeare.

If a corner of the hanging wants a single nail, send for the upholsterer.

Swift.

Id.

Mere wax as yet, you fashion him with ease, Your barber, cook, upholsterer.

Pope.

Your blunt upbraidings, and your bitter scoffs.
He that knowingly commits an ill, has the upbraid-
ings of his own conscience.
Decay of Piety.

UPBROUGHT, part. pass. of upbring. Edu

cated; nurtured.

UP'LAND, n. s. & adj. UPLAND'ISH, adj.

ation; rude; uncultivated: uplandish has also the latter signification.

Lion-like, uplandish, and mere wild,

Slave to his pride; and all his nerves being naturally compiled

Of eminent strength; stalks out and preys upon a silly

Chapman's Iliad.

sheep. Those in Cornwall do no more by nature than others elsewhere by choice, conceive themselves an estranged

society from the upland dwellers, and carry an emulation against them. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

Sometimes with secure delight The upland hamlets will invite.

Milton.

UPLAND, a province of Middle Sweden, bounded by the gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic, the lake of Malar, and Westmannland. It consists of an extensive plain, a little above the level of the sea, and In general fertile, having an area of 500 English square miles, with a population of 230,000. It is watered by a number of rivers, some of which are navigable. Upland contains very extensive forests, also some of the best iron mines in Sweden. Besides Stockholm (the capital of the kingdom) it contains Upsal, and several other towns. UPLAY', v. a. Up and lay. To hoard; to lay up. We are but farmers of ourselves; yet may, If we can stock ourselves and thrive, uplay Much, much good treasure, for the great rent-day.

Donne.

Dryden.

That still rise upmost when the nation boils; That have but just enough of sense to know The master's voice, when rated to depart. UPON', prep. Up and on. Is in many of its significations now contracted into on, especially in poetry. Its meaning is very multifarious; for it is applied both to place, which seems its original signification; to time, which seems its secondary meaning; and to intellectual or corporeal operations. It always retains an intimation, more or less obscure, of some substratum, something precedent, or some subject. It is not easy to reduce it to any general idea.

Constantia he looked upon as given away to his rival upon the day on which their marriage was to be solemnized.

Id.

The design was discovered by a person as much noted for his skill in gaming as in políticks, upon the base mercenary end of getting money by wagers. Swift. UPPER, adj. Į A comparative from up. SuUPPERMOST.perior in place or dignity; higher : highest in place or dignity.

The like corrupt and unreasonable custom prevailed far, and got the upper hand of right reason with the Hooker. greatest part. The waters, called the waters above the heavens, are

but the clouds, and waters engendered in the uppermost Raleigh.

air.

Our knight did bear no less a pack Of his own buttocks on his back; Which now had almost got the upper Hand of his head, for want of crupper.

Hudibras.

In all things follow nature, not painting clouds in the bottom of your piece, and waters in the uppermost parts. Dryden.

The understanding was then clear, and the soul's upper region lofty and serene, free from the vapours of the inferior affections. South's Sermons.

UPPINGHAM, a market-town in Martinsley hundred, Rutlandshire, seven miles south of Oakham, and eighty-nine north by west of London, The town, consisting principally of one street, stands on an eminence, whence it is supposed to have derived its name. The houses are well built, and the streets clean and neat; it has a good hospital and free-school, both erected in 1584. The church is an ancient Gothic structure, containing many monuments, some of which are very elegant and of great antiquity. At a place called the Brand are annual horse-races. Market on Wednesday Fairs March 7th and July 7th, for horses, cattle and cloth.

UPRAISE', v. a. Up and raise. To raise up; to exalt. This would interrupt his joy In our confusion, and our joy upraise In his disturbance.

Milton's Paradise Lost.

Gay.

UPREAR', v. a. Up and rear. To rear on high Heaven-born Charity! thy blessings shed; Bid meagre Want uprear her sickly head. UP'RIGHT, adj. & n. s. UP'RICHTLY, adv. UP'RIGHTNESS, n. s.

Up and right. This word, with its derivatives, is in prose ac

cented on the first syllable; but in poetry seems to be accented indifferently on the first or second. Straight up; perpendicularly erect: hence honest; not declining from moral right: as a noun substantive (ill supported) it seems to mean elevation; orthography the adverb and noun substantive correspond with the adjective.

They are upright as the palm-tree. Jeremiah x. Men by nature apter to rage than deceit; not greatly ambitious, more than to be well and uprightly dealt with. Sidney.

Such neighbour nearness should not partialize The' unstooping firmness of my upright soul. Shaksp. In the morning, taking of somewhat of easy digestion, as milk, furthers nourishment: but this should be done sitting upright, that the milk may pass more speedily to the stomach. Bacon's Natural History. Princes in judgment, and their delegate judges, must judge the causes of all persons uprightly and impartially, without any personal consideration. Taylor.

You have the orthography, or upright, of this groundplat, and the explanation thereof, with a scale of feet and inches. Mozon.