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66
XXI. CONQUEST OF POLAND.
XXII. COMPARATIVE VIEWS OF POLAND AND
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY.
History of Fallen Nations-General Divisions of History-National Characteristics-
Geography and Chronology the Eyes of History-History should supersede Romance
-History is both an Art and a Science-History ranks between Poetry and Oratory
-General Principles of Historical Composition-Greek Historians-Latin Histori-
ans-English Historians-French Historians-German Historians-American His-
torians-Geographical History-General Views of History-Philosophical History,. 17
CHAPTER I.
THE HISTORY OF POLAND.
General Principles of History-General Divisions of Polish History-History of Po-
land previous to the Election of Piast in A. D. 830-The Reign of the Piasts-The
Reign of the Jagellons-Reign of the Elective Kings-The Conquest of Poland---
The History of Poland subsequent to their Conquest,...
CHAPTER II.
SOVEREIGNTY.
General Principles of Sovereignty-Sovereignty of Poland under the Piasts-Sover-
eignty of the Jagellons-Sovereignty of the Elective Kings,...
55
67
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESSION.
General Principles of Progression-Progression in the Arts and Sciences-Progression
in the Works of Creation-Moral Progression-Progression in Government-Polish
Progression,....
CHAPTER IV.
REPRESENTATION.
118
Origin of State Representation-The State is indebted to the Church for this valuable
institution-Legislation by the Masses-Independence of Church and State-Repre-
sentation in Poland-The liberum veto,
........
130
CHAPTER V.
ASSEMBLIES.
The Right of Polish Citizens to assemble-Powers of the Assemblies-Their Meetings at Volo-Their Effects on the People-Origin of Polish Assemblies-Their Senate- Election of Kings,
CHAPTER VI.
188
ARMY.
Origin of the Polish Army-War the Principal Business of the Poles-Poland was gov-
erned by the Army-Compensation of the Army-The Cossack Troops-The Army
under John Sobieski-The Army of Augustus-The Army of Stanislas-The Army
under Bonaparte-General Divisions of the Polish Army,..
..........
146
CHAPTER VII.
WARS.
General Character of Polish Wars-Their Early History-Wars during the Reign of
Piast-Bohemian Wars-The Cossack Wars-Russian Wars-Wars with Sweden-
Wars with the Turks-Wars with the Teutonic Knights-German Wars-Civil
Wars-Last Battle of Warsaw-Effects of War in Poland-The Laws of War,...... 157
CHAPTER VIII.
ARISTOCRACY.
General Principles of Aristocracy-Its History-Origin of Nobility-Nobility of Eu-
rope-Hereditary Nobility-Nobility of France-English Nobility-German Nobil-
ity-Nobility of Norway-Russian Nobility-Spanish Nobility-General Views of
Aristocracy-Polish Aristocracy-Origin of the Polish Nobility-They governed
their Kings-Their first Assemblies-They control the Polish Government-Lithu-
anian Nobles-Opposition of the Nobles to the Representative System-Their Power
-Poland ruined by her Aristocracy,..
CHAPTER IX.
DEMOCRACY.
Definition of Democracy-General Principles of Democracy-Democracy the best
Government for any People-Education necessary to sustain Democracy-Origin
and Progress of Democracy-Polish Democracy-No similarity between Polish and
American Democracy-Christian Democracy-Grecian Democracy-Roman De-
mocracy-English Democracy-French Democracy-American Democracy-Aris-
tocracy and not Democracy ruins nations,
170
200
CHAPTER X.
SLAVERY.
Nature and Principles of Slavery-Origin and Progress of Slavery-Different kinds of
Slavery-Effects of Slavery-Polish Slavery,
.....
CHAPTER XI.
GREAT MEN OF POLAND.
General Principles of Human Greatness-Copernicus-Sobieski-Kosciusko-Other
Great Mon of Poland,..
CHAPTER XII.
281
245
FEUDALISM.
Definition of Feudalism-Origin and Progress of the Institution-General Principles
of Feudalism-Its Effects on Society-Feudalism never existed in Poland-The Po-
lish System of Land Law worse than Feudalism-The Nobles the only Landholders,.. 328