Modern A General Reference Work on MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTION MANUFACTURING, AND METAL STAMPING, FOUNDRY WORK, FORGING, PATTERN MAKING, MECHANICAL AND MACHINE DRAWING, ETC. Editor-in-Chief HOWARD MONROE RAYMOND, B. S. Assisted by a Corps of MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, DESIGNERS, AND SPECIALISTS IN SHOP METHODS Illustrated with over Two Thousand Engravings SIX VOLUMES CHICAGO AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY 1917 Copyright, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1913, 1916, 1917 BY AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY Copyrighted in Great Britain All Rights Reserved HOWARD MONROE RAYMOND, B. S. Dean of Engineering, Armour Institute of Technology Authors and Collaborators EDWARD R. MARKHAM Instructor in Shop Work, Harvard University and Rindge Technical School Formerly Superintendent, Waltham Watch Tool Company American Society of Mechanical Engineers CHARLES L. GRIFFIN, S. B. Assistant Engineer, The Solvay-Process Company American Society of Mechanical Engineers HOWARD P. FAIRFIELD Assistant Professor of Machine Construction, Worcester Polytechnic Institute JOHN LORD BACON Consulting Engineer Formerly Instructor in Forge Work, Lewis Institute, and Instructor in Shop Work, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Author of "Forge Practice BENJAMIN B. FREUD, B. S. Associate Professor of Organic Chemistry, Armour Institute of Technology Member, American Chemical Society Member, American Electrochemical Society ERVIN KENISON, S. B. Associate Professor of Drawing and Descriptive Geometry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology GEORGE W. CRAVENS Mechanical and Electrical Engineer Sales Manager, C and C Electric and Manufacturing Company Authors and Collaborators-Continued H. B. PULSIFER, S. B., Ch. E. Assistant Professor of Metallurgy, Armour Institute of Technology Member, American Institute of Mining Engineers FRANK E. SHAILOR Mechanical Engineer General Manager, Detroit Welding and Manufacturing Company GLENN M. HOBBS, Ph. D. Secretary and Educational Director, American School of Correspondence American Physical Society WALTER W. MONROE Instructor in Pattern Making. Worcester Polytechnic Institute FREDERICK W. TURNER Head, Department of Pattern Making, Mechanic Arts High School, Boston JAMES RITCHEY Formerly Instructor in Wood-Working, Armour Institute of Technology C. C. ADAMS, B. S. Switchboard Engineer with General Electric Company BURTON L. GRAY Instructor in Foundry Practice, Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1 |