SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES.

The pupils will prepare written exercises in narrative form, taking each colony as a topic. They should make the statements with fulness, and as near as possible in their own language; or, the exercise may be prepared in the form of an analysis, according to the model given before page 18.

Virginia. First Charter-Jamestown-SufferingsWingfield Ratcliffe Smith - Pocahontas - Second Charter Starving Time-Lord Delaware-Third Charter -Slavery-Planters'. Wives-Indian Massacres-Fate of the third Charter-Navigation Act-Grant to Culpepper and Arlington-Causes for dissatisfaction-Subsequent history-Bacon's Rebellion-French and Indian War-Government *-Name.*

· Massachusetts.-Gosnold-Pring-Plymouth Co.Smith Council of Plymouth-Pilgrims-The Mayflower -Plymouth-Carver-Brewster and others-DistressTreaty with Massasoit― Massachusetts Bay ColonyBoston-Other settlements-Harvard College-Union of Colonies Quakers-King Philip's War-Fate of the Charter, and why-King William's War-WitchcraftUnion of Plymouth with Massachusetts-Queen Anne's War-King George's War-French and Indian War— Government-Name.

New Hampshire.-Smith-Council of PlymouthGrant to Gorges and Mason-Settlements-Wheelwright -Mason's subsequent ownership-Union with Massachusetts-Land Controversy-Government-Name. Connecticut.-Council of Plymouth Subsequent Proprietors--Connecticut Colony Saybrook ColonyPequod War-New Haven Colony-Union of the Colonies-Andros-The Charter-Government-Name. Rhode Island.-Roger Williams-Providence Settlement Coddington Rhode Island Settlement-Union of the Settlements-Charter-Government-Name.

* See Appendix, page 9; also topics at the end of the book.

New York-Henry Hudson-Settled-Inducements to settlers-Dutch Governors-Stuyvesant in Delaware --The Grant to the Duke of York--The surrender to the English-Change of Names-Under English Rule-Recovery by the Dutch-Slaves-French and Indian War -Battles near Fort George-Oswego-Ft. Wm. Henry— Ticonderoga-Government-Name.

New Jersey.-New Netherlands - Dutch trading posts and forts-Grant to the Duke of York-To Berkeley and Carteret--Elizabeth-The Duke of York's conduct--The disposition of Berkeley's interest-The subsequent ownership of New Jersey-The Union with New York-Government--Name.

Maryland. Part of Virginia Clayborne - The Charter Settlement-Clayborne's Rebellion-Toleration Act Protestant Intolerance - Subsequent History Government-Name.

Pennsylvania.-Swedish Settlements-Penn-Philadelphia-Indian Treaty-Penn's Government-French and Indian War-Great Meadows-Fort Necessity-Braddock's Defeat-Kittanning-Fort Du Quesne-Government-Name.

Delaware.-Gustavus Adolphus-Purchase of land -Charter-Name of New Sweden-New SettlementsNew Netherlands-Dutch Conquest-Part of New York -Subsequent history-Government-Name.

North and South Carolina.- Exploration of Amidas and Barlow-Raleigh's attempts at settlementThe Albemarle County Colony-The First Gran to Clarendon & Co.-The Clarendon County Colony-The Second Grant to Clarendon & Co. - The Carteret County Colony Charleston-The Separation of the Carolinas-Subsequent history-Government-Name. Georgia.-Different Claims to the Territory-The Grant to Oglethorpe and others--Settlement--Character of Settlers-Regulations of the Trustees-Hostilities with Spanish Neighbors-Final action of the Trustees-Government-Name.

1. Washington's Perils returning from Venango (p. 55, ¶ 7)." Washington had expected to find the river (the Alleghany) frozen completely over; it was so only for about fifty yards from either shore, while great quantities of broken ice were driving down the main channel. Trusting that he had out-traveled pursuit, he encamped on the border of the river; still, it was an auxious night, and he was up at daybreak to devise some means of reaching the opposite bank. No other mode presented itself than by a raft, and to construct this they (he and one companion named Gist) had but one poor hatchet. With this they set resolutely to work, and labored all day, but the sun went down before their raft was finished. They launched it, however, and getting on board, endeavored to propel it across with setting poles. Before they were half way over, the raft became jammed between cakes of ice, and they were in imminent peril. Washington planted his pole on the bottom of the stream, and leaned against it with all his might to stay the raft until the ice should pass by. The rapid current forced the ice against the pole with such violence that he was jerked into the water, where it was at least ten feet deep. He only saved himself from being swept away and drowned, by catching hold of one of the raft logs. It was now impossible, with all their exertions, to get to either shore; abandoning the raft, therefore, they got upon an island, near which they were drifting. Here they passed the night, exposed to intense cold, by which the hands and feet of Mr. Gist were frozen. In the morning they found the drift ice wedged so closely together, that they succeeded in getting from the island to the opposite side of the river; and before night they were in comfortable quarters at the house of Frazier, the Indian trader, at the mouth of Turtle Creek, on the Monongahela."-Irving's Life of Washington.

....

2. The Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia (p. 56, ¶ 11).— "Proclamations, drawn up with perfidious skill, ordered the people to assemble in the principal villages. Four hundred and eighteen unarmed men, heads of families, putting their trust in British honor, met in the church of Grand-Pré. A body of soldiers, hitherto kept in the background, now started from their hiding-place and surrounded the church. The soldiers then collected the women and children outside. More than a thousand persons were thus made prisoners in Grand-Pré alone. Before embarking, the prisoners were ranged six abreast, the young men in front. The latter refused to move, claiming the execution of the promise made to them that they should accompany their relatives; but a body of soldiers was called, who drove them on with fixed bayonets. The road from the chapel to the river was a mile long. It was lined on both sides with women and children, who, on bended knees, and in tears, encouraged their husbands, sons, fathers; pouring upon them their rarting blessings. The sad procession passed on slowly, praying and singing hymns. At length the train reached the sea-shore, when the males were consigned to this vessel and that; the women and children were stowed away pell-mell in other vessels. The transports, freighted with victims, set sail for the Anglo-American colonies, and they discharged their living cargoes, at intervals, along the whole seaboard, from Boston to Carolina, destitute of means of subsistence and without any protection."-Bell's History of Canada.

3. Washington could not be Slain in Battle (p. 57, ¶ 12).— "There is a tradition, worthy of notice, which rests on the authority of Dr. Craik, the intimate friend of Washington from his boyhood to his death, and who was with him at the battle of the Monongahela. Fifteen years after that event, they traveled together on an expedition to the western country with a party of woodsmen, for the purpose of exploring wild lands. While near the junction of

the Great Kenhawa and Ohio Rivers, a company of Indians came to them with an interpreter, at the head of whom was an aged and venerable chief. This personage made known to them by the interpreter, that, hearing Colonel Washington was in that region, he had come a long way to visit him, adding, that, during the battle of the Monongahela, he had singled him out as a conspicuous object, fired his rifle at him many times, and directed his young warriors to do the same, but, to his utter astonishment, none of their balls took effect. He was then persuaded that the youthful hero was under the special guardianship of the Great Spirit, and ceased to fire at him any longer. He was now come to pay homage to the man who was the particular favorite of Heaven, and who could never die in battle."Sparks's Life of Washington.

4. Abercromby descending Lake George (p. 59, ¶ 22).-" Nine thousand provincials, from New England, New York, and New Jersey, assembled on the shore of Lake George. There were the six hundred New England rangers, dressed like woodmen; armed with a firelock and a hatchet; under their arm a powder-horn; a leathern bag for bullets at their waist; and to each officer a pocket compass as a guide in the forest. On the 5th of July (1758), the armament of more than fifteen thousand men, the largest body of European origin that had ever been assembled in America, struck their tents at daybreak, and in nine hundred small boats, and one hundred and thirty-five whale boats, with artillery mounted on rafts, embarked on Lake George; the fleet, bright with banners, and cheered by martial music, moved in procession down the beautiful lake, beaming with hope and pride, though with no witness but the wilderness. They passed over the broad expanse of waters to the first narrows; they came where the mountains, then mantled with forests, step down to the water's edge; and in the richest hues of the evening light, they halted at Sabbath-day Point. Long afterwards, Stark remembered, that on that night, Howe, reclining in his tent on a bearskin, and bent on winning a hero's name, questioned him closely as to the position of Ticonderoga, and the fittest mode of conducting the attack."-Bancroft's History of the United States.

5. Scaling the Heights of Abraham (p. 62, ¶ 28).--"The ebbing tide sufficed to bear the boats along, and nothing broke the silence of the night but the gurgling of the river, and the low voice of Wolfe as he repeated to the officers about him the stanzas of Grey's Elegy in a Country Churchyard,' which had recently appeared. Perhaps, as he uttered those strangely appropriate words, The paths of glory lead but to the grave,'-the shadows of his own approaching fate stole with mournful prophecy across his mind. 'Gentlemen,' he said, as he closed his recital, I would rather have written those lines than take Quebec to-morrow.'. . . . They reached the landing-place in safety. The General was one of the first on shore. He looked upward at the rugged heights that towered above him in the gloom. You can try it,' he coolly observed to an officer near him, but I don't think you'll get up.' At the point where the Highlanders landed, one of their captains, Donald Macdonald, was climbing in advance of his men, when he was challenged by a sentinel. He replied in French, by declaring that he had been sent to relieve the guard. Before the latter was undeceived, a crowd of Highlanders were close at hand, while the steps below were thronged by eager climbers, dragging themselves up by trees, roots, and bushes. The guard turned out, and made a brief but brave resistance. In a moment they were cut to pieces, dispersed, or made prisoners; while men after men came swarming up the heights, and quickly formed upon the plain above.

The sun rose (Sept. 13), and from the ramparts of Quebec the astonished people saw the Plains of Abraham glittering with arms, and the dark red lines of the English forming in array of battle."-Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac.

SECTION IV.

The American Revolution.

1. CAUSES OF THE WAR. -The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War, greatly increased her national debt. The English ministry, asserting that this had been done in defending their American possessions, proposed to lessen the burden by taxing the colonies. In connection with the proposition thus made, it was affirmed that the right to tax the colonies was inherent in Parliament.

2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies had been founded at their own expense; and that, while they had already contributed their full proportion in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from their preservation were shared by England in common with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they could be justly taxed only by a legislature in which they were represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not allowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them.

3. Besides, the policy of Great Britain toward her colonies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. The Navigation Act,* previously described, and the issuing of "Writs of Assistance," in 1761, were measures which were loudly com

1. How did the French and Indian War affect the debt of Great Britain? What assertion was made? What affirmation? What proposition was made? 2. What reply did the colonists make? What was the conclusion? 3. What policy had been pursued? What is said of the Writs of Assistance?

"March (1763) had not ended when a bill was brought in (the House of Commons) giving authority to employ the ships, seamen, and officers of the navy as custom-house officers and informers. The measure was Grenville's own (Lord Grenville was a member of the British Cabinet, George III. being king), and it was rapidly carried through; so that in three short weeks it became lawful, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Cape Florida, for each commander of an armed vessel to stop and examine, and, in case of suspicion, to seize every merchant ship approaching the colonies."-Bancroft's History of the United States.