§ 73. Bay, Oriel and Show Windows.- Bay windows, oriel windows and show windows on the street front or side of any building may project not more than one foot beyond the building line and shall be constructed of such materials and in such manner as will meet with the approval of the Department of Buildings.

Any such window that does not extend more than three feet above the second-story floor of any dwelling house may be built of wood covered with metal. (Id., sec. 73, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 495, as amend.)

See cases cited under Bay Window, in G. O., sec. 224.

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Part 12.- Stairs and Entrance.

Entrance to Basement.- Every dwelling house arranged for or occupied by two or more families above the first story, hereafter erected, shall be provided with an entrance to the basement thereof from the outside of such building. (Id., sec. 74, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 498, as amend.)

§ 75. Stairs, Number Regulated by Area of Building.— In any building hereafter erected to be used as a store, factory, hotel or lodging house, covering a lot area exceeding 2,500 feet and not exceeding 5,000 feet, there shall be provided at least two continuous lines of stairs remote from each other; and every such building shall have at least one continuous line of stairs for each 5,000 feet of lot area covered, or part thereof, in excess of that required for 5,000 feet of area. When any such building covers an area of lot greater than 15,000 feet the number of stairs shall be increased proportionately, or as will meet with the approval of the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction. (Id., sec. 75.)

$76. Engineers' Stationary Ladders.- Every building in which boilers or machinery are placed in the cellar or lowest story shall have stationary iron ladders or stairs from such story leading direct to a manhole above on the sidewalk, or other outside exit. (Id., sec. 76.)

§ 77. Slate and Stone Treads of Stairs to be Supported.In all buildings hereafter erected more than seven stories in height, where the treads and landings of iron stairs are of slate, marble or other stone, they shall each be supported directly underneath, for their entire length and width, by an iron plate made solid or having openings not exceeding four inches square in same, of adequate strength and securely fastened to the strings. In case such supporting plates be made solid, the treads may be of oak, not less than one and five-eighths inches thick. (Id., sec. 77.)

Part 13.- Skylights and Floor Lights.

§ 78. Metal Skylights.- All skylights having a superficial area of more than nine square feet, placed in any building, shall have the sashes and frames thereof constructed of iron and glass. Every fireproof roof hereafter placed on any

building shall have, besides the usual scuttle or bulkhead, a skylight or skylights of a superficial area equal to not less than one-fiftieth the superficial area of such fireproof roof. Skylights hereafter placed in public buildings, over any passageway or room of public resort, shall have immediately underneath the glass thereof a wire netting, unless the glass contains a wire netting within itself. (Id., sec. 78, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 494, as amend.)

879. Floor Lights.- Floor lights, used for transmission of light to floors below, shall be constructed of metal frames and bars or plates, and if any glass in same measures more than sixteen square inches, the glass shall be provided with a mesh of wire either in the glass or under the same, and the floor lights shall be of the same proportional strength as the floors in which they are placed. (Id., sec. 79.)

Part 14.- Inclosure and Shed Coverings for the Protection of Pedestrians.

§ 80. Inclosure and Shed Coverings for the Protection of Pedestrians.- Whenever buildings shall be erected or increased to over sixty-five feet in height, upon or along any street, the owner, builder or contractor constructing or repairing such buildings shall have erected and maintained during such construction or repair a shed over the sidewalk in front of said premises, extending from building line to curb, the same to be properly, strongly and tightly constructed, so as to protect pedestrians and others using such streets. Whenever outside scaffolds are required to carry on the construction of buildings over eighty-five feet in height, whether the same be constructed by poles or thrust-out scaffold, there shall be erected on its outer edge and ends an inclosure of wire netting of not over two-inch mesh, or of boards not less than three-fourths of an inch thick, placed not over one and one-half inches apart, well secured to uprights not less than two inches by four inches, fastened to planks or timbers, and resting on put logs or thrust outs. The said inclosure shall be carried up at least five feet in advance above the level on which the workmen employed on said front are working. The said thrust outs shall be not less than three by ten, of spruce or yellow pine, and to be doubled or tripled, as may be required for the load to be carried, and to be thoroughly braced and secured; or said timbers can be in one stick, if proportioned to the load. The flooring on thrust outs and put logs shall be tightly constructed with plank. This said floor and inclosure shall not be removed until a like floor and inclosure is already prepared and in position on the story above. In all buildings over eighty-five feet in height, during construction or alteration, the windows on each floor above the second shall be properly inclosed as soon as the story is built. If the walls of such buildings are carried up two stories or

more above the roofs of adjoining buildings, proper means shall be provided and used for the protection of skylights and roofs of such adjoining buildings. The protection over skylights shall be of stout wire netting not over threequarter-inch mesh, on stout timbers, and properly secured. All such sheds and inclosures are to be subject to the inspection of the Department of Buildings. Should said adjoining owner, tenant or lessee refuse to grant permission to have said roofs and skylights so protected, such refusal by said owner, tenant or lessee shall relieve the owner of the building in course of construction from any responsibility for damage done to persons or property on or within the premises affected. Should such inclosure or protection not be so erected, the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction shall cause a notice to be served personally upon the owner, or his authorized agent, constructing or repairing such buildings, or the owner, tenant or lessee of adjoining premises, requiring such inclosure or protection, as provided in this section, specifying the manner in which same shall be erected; and if such inclosures or protection are not erected, strengthened or modified as provided in such notice within three days after the service thereof, the said Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction shall have full power and authority to cause such inclosure to be erected on the fronts and roofs and the skylights protected, and all expenses connected with same may become a lien on the property in interest so inclosed and protected, and which lien may be created and enforced in the same manner as now provided for in section 156 of this Code. (Id., sec. 80.)

Part 15.- Miscellaneous Buildings.

§ 81. Grain Elevators.- Nothing in this Code shall be so construed as to apply to or prevent the erection of what are known as grain elevators, as usually constructed, provided they are erected on tidewater, or adjacent to the river front in said city, in isolated localities, under such conditions as the Department of Buildings may prescribe, including location. (Id., sec. 81, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 484, as amend.)

§ 82. Exhibition Buildings.- Buildings for fair and exhibition purposes, towers for observation purposes and structures for similar uses, whether temporary or permanent in character, shall be constructed in such manner and under such conditions as the Board of Buildings may prescribe. (Id., sec. 82.)

§ 83. Smokehouses.- All smokehouses shall be of fireproof construction, with brick walls, iron doors and brick or metal roofs. An iron guard shall be placed over and three feet above the fire, and the hanging rails shall be of iron. The walls of all smokehouses shall be built up at least three feet higher than the roof of the building in which they are located. (Id., sec. 83.)

Part 16.- Heating Apparatus, Drying Rooms, Gas and Water Pipes.

§ 84. Heating Furnaces and Boilers.- A brick-set boiler shall not be placed on any wood or combustible floor or beams. Wood or combustible floors and beams under and not less than three feet in front and one foot on the sides of all portable boilers shall be protected by a suitable brick foundation of not less than two courses of brick well laid in mortar on sheet iron; the said sheet iron shall extend at least twenty-four inches outside of the foundation at the sides and front. Bearing lines of bricks, laid on the flat, with air spaces between them, shall be placed on the foundation to support a cast-iron ash pan of suitable thickness, on which the base of the boiler shall be placed, and shall have a flange, turned up in the front and on the sides, four inches high; said pan shall be in width not less than the base of the boiler and shall extend at least two feet in front of it. If a boiler is supported on a cast-iron base with a bottom of the required thickness for an ash pan, and is placed on bearing lines of brick in the same manner as specified for an ash pan, then an ash pan shall be placed in front of the said base and shall not be required to extend under it. All lath and plaster and wood ceilings and beams over and to a distance of not less than four teet in front of all boilers shall be shielded with metal. The distance from the top of the boiler to said shield shall be not less than twelve inches. No combustible partition shall be within four feet of the sides and back and six feet from the front of any boiler, unless said partition shall be covered with metal to the height of at least three feet above the floor, and shall extend from the end or back of the boiler to at least five feet in front of it; then the distance shall be not less than two feet from the sides and five feet from the front of the boiler. All brick hot-air furnaces shall have two covers, with an air space of at least four inches between them; the inner cover of the hot-air chamber shall be either a brick arch or two courses of brick laid on galvanized iron or tin, supported on iron bars; the outside cover, which is the top of the furnace, shall be made of brick or metal supported on iron bars, and so constructed as to be perfectly tight, and shall be not less than four inches below any combustible ceiling or floor beams. The walls of the furnace shall be built hollow in the following manner: One inner and one outer wall, each four inches in thickness, properly bonded together with an air space of not less than three inches between them. Furnaces must be built at least four inches from all woodwork. The cold-air boxes of all hotair furnaces shall be made of metal, brick or other incombustible material, for a distance of at least ten feet from the furnace. All portable hot-air furnaces shall be placed at least two feet from any wood or combustible partition or ceiling, unless the partitions and ceilings are properly pro

tected by a metal shield, when the distance shall be not less than one foot. Wood floors under all portable furnaces shall be protected by two courses of brickwork well laid in mortar on sheet iron. Said brickwork shall extend at least two feet beyond the furnace in front of the ash pan. (Id., sec. 84, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 490, as amend.)

§ 85. Registers.- Registers located over a brick furnace shall be supported by a brick shaft built up from the cover of the hot-air chamber; said shaft shall be lined with a metal pipe, and all wood beams shall be trimmed away not less than four inches from it. Where a register is placed on any woodwork in connection with a metal pipe or duct, the end of the said pipe or duct shall be flanged over on the woodwork under it. All registers for hot-air furnaces placed in any woodwork or combustible floors shall have stone or iron borders firmly set in plaster of paris or gauged mortar. All register boxes shall be made of tin plate or galvanized iron with a flange on the top to fit the groove in the frame, the register to rest upon the same; there shall be an open space of two inches on all sides of the register box, extending from the under side of the border to and through the ceiling below. The said opening shall be fitted with a tight tin or galvanized iron casing, the upper end of which shall be turned under the frame. When a register box is placed in the floor over a portable furnace, the open space on all sides of the register box shall be not less than three inches. When only one register is connected with a furnace said register shall have no valve. (Id., sec. 85, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 490, as amend.)

§ 86. Drying Rooms.- All walls, ceilings and partitions inclosing drying rooms, when not made of fireproof material, shall be wire lathed and plastered, or covered with metal, tile or other hard incombustible material. (Id., sec. 86.)

§ 87. Ranges and Stoves.--Where a kitchen range is placed from twelve to six inches from a wood stud partition, the said partition shall be shielded with metal from the floor to the height of not less than three feet higher than the range; if the range is within six inches of the partition, then the studs shall be cut away and framed three feet higher and one foot wider than the range, and filled in to the face of the said stud partition with brick or fireproof blocks, and plastered thereon. All ranges on wood or combustible floors and beams that are not supported on legs and have ash pans three inches or more above their base, shall be set on suitable brick foundations, consisting of not less than two courses of brick well laid in mortar on sheet iron, except small ranges such as are used in apartment houses that have ash pans three inches or more above their base, which shall be placed on at least one course of brickwork on sheet iron or cement. No range shall be placed against a furred wall. All lath and plaster or wood ceilings over all large ranges and ranges in hotels and restaurants, shall be