much less than four hundred. This summer, that of (1840), it is three hundred and sixty-five. Several of the Professors in this excellent institution are men of highly respectable acquirements, and have a reputation which extends far beyond the walls of their city.

There is in this city a school for teaching Navigation, which was opened in 1826. It has an observatory.

There is also a Drawing School; an Institution for the instruction of the Deaf and Dumb; a Botanical Garden— reckoned one of the richest in Germany; an Academy of Commerce; a society for the promotion of the useful arts and trades, which has a library and a collection of objects of art and National History; a Commercial Library; a library of the city which contains, it is said, 200,000 volumes; and an extensive collection of newspapers at the Börsenhalle. Several private gentlemen of this city have very fine collections of objects of art and of science, which they take pleasure in showing to any well-recommended stranger, who desires to see them. The science of music finds many admirers and cultivators in Hamburg; and not a few of the inhabitants are excellent amateur performers.

In connection with this subject, we may add that Hamburg is the mart of no inconsiderable commerce in books. Many works are published here. Formerly this species of trade was carried on to a greater extent than at present. It is not uncommon to meet with old books, of a large size and valuable character, which were printed in this city. At present the great book-trade centres in Berlin, in Leipsic, and in Stuttgard. Whilst other large cities of Germany have, comparatively, but a very moderate share in it.

The press in Hamburg is far from being entirely free. We do not mean to say that it is not freer than it is in Berlin, or in Vienna, or many other cities on the conti

nent. But there exists a censorship here, and that of a pretty rigid character. The reason of this is obvious. Hamburg belongs to the Germanic Confederation, and its affairs are under the influence, and to some extent, under the control of the Germanic Diet, which holds its sessions at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. One of the objects of that Diet is to see that the press of the states which are represented in that body, be kept under proper restraint. Hamburg is too near to the absolute monarchies of Prussia and Austria, to say nothing of Russia, for the toleration of a perfectly independent press. And yet it is hard to control the spirit of liberty which pervades the community to a very considerable extent, as we might well suppose. The Censorship is committed to a Senator, whose task is by no means an enviable one. For if the editor of a paper happens to say anything against the Autocrat of all the Russias, or against the Emperor of Austria, or the King of Prussia, the Censor may expect soon to have the Ambassador of the government in question at his doors, demanding reparation,that is, the suppression of the number of the journal which contains the censurable article. To resist his demands is impossible. And thus the Censor's life is one of perpetual distraction and vexation. And he finds it impossible to satisfy anybody-the people, the editors, or the foreign representatives.

The number of newspapers published at Hamburg is not great. Besides, there are several monthly publications of a literary sort; some of them are ably conducted.

Although Hamburg is a commercial and not a literary emporium, it would be unjust to say that there are no men of learning here. On the contrary, there are scholars here, and ripe ones. Some of the clergy, as well as some of the professors in the institutions of which we have spoken, are men of fine attainments. Professor Wurm, whose acquaintance we have considered it an honor to make, is the author of not a few valuable works. No man in Ger

many is better acquainted with English literature or English Constitutional History than he is. Dr. Julius, known as well in our own country as in Europe, for his writings on philanthropic subjects, and especially prisondiscipline, resides most of his time in this city, of which he is a native. The celebrated Professor Neander of Berlin was born here, and, like Dr. Julius, is of Jewish origin. Both are now Christians; the former a Protestant, and the latter a Roman Catholic. We believe that the celebrated radical and infidel, but talented Heinrich Heine, who now lives in Paris, and who has written several volumes of "Traveling Sketches," and other things, was also born at Hamburg. Some of the public men of this little commonwealth, are men of considerable learning, and take pleasure in encouraging it in others.

Nor has Hamburg been wanting in literary men in former days. Gerstenberg, the poet, lived here, or in Altona. Busch pursued here his mathematical and historical labors, and prepared for the press his treatises on commerce and banking. Professor Ebeling here wrote his great work on North America. Bode laid the foundation of his astronomical fame in this great emporium of commerce. Klopstock resided here thirty years. And the oak is still shown to the traveler curious in such matters, in the pleasant village of Harvestehude, near this city, beneath which Hagedorn, the poet, used to sit and hold converse with that celebrated brother-poet, whilst they were at times joined by their mutual friend Kramser, respecting the measures necessary to raise the literature of their own dear Germany. It was to the agreeable little village of Wansbeck, about three miles north of Hamburg, that the celebrated John Henry Voss retired, after his long and painful controversy with Professor Heyne of Göttingen, a controversy which for ever severed these distinguished Greek scholars. At Wansbeck also lived for a time the renowned Tycho Brahé.

CHAPTER IV.

HAMBURG.

ITS HISTORY AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT.

Hamburg founded by Charlemagne-Made the see of an Archbishoprick by Louis le Debonnaire-Long exposed to the attacks of the Germans and DanesEmbraced the Reformation-Became an Imperial Free City in 1618-Gained much during the Thirty Years' war-Was a prominent city in the Hanseatic League-Suffered much from the French from 1803 till 1814-Conduct of Bernadotte, Vandamme, Davoust-Expulsion of the French and restoration of its ancient form of Government-Constitution of Hamburg-The Senate and its powers-The Burgomasters, Syndics,-Council or College of the Elders -College of the Sixty--College of the One Hundred and Eighty-Functions of the Senate-The General Assembly of the citizens-Law-making power--Of the Executive-The Judiciary--Custody of the Treasury---Various details –Military affairs of the city--Police-Watch and fire department-Government of the Territory of Hamburg-Present state and prospects of the Commonwealth.

It is now more than a thousand years since the city of Hamburg may be said to have had its origin. The foundation was made by Charlemagne in the beginning of the ninth century. That distinguished monarch, who was desirous of extending his dominions far to the north, caused a citadel and a church to be built on the elevated point, or rather ridge, of land which lies between the Elbe and the eastern bank of the Alster, not precisely where the city of Hamburg stands, but rather where the village or suburb of Ham now stands. The reader will observe that the conqueror built both a citadel and a church, for he was both a warrior and a propagator (after his own fashion,) of the Faith. History tells us that after having conquered the Saxons who inhabited the countries bordering on the upper course of the Elbe, he unceremoniously put several thousand of them to death, because, forsooth, they

were not willing, at his bidding, to relinquish their pagan rites and adopt those of the Christianity which he professed—and which we fear was a sad misnomer of the holy religion which the Saviour of mankind taught, and which is called by his name. Indeed, to believe this pious monarch, the great object of all his conquests was the promotion of the kingdom of Christ! And as to Hamburg, whilst he planted a citadel there, to overawe the Saxons, and keep the Danes in check, he also built a church and established a colony of priests for the purpose of extending Christianity far and wide, not only in these regions, but even into the more distant countries inhabited by the Scandinavian races. * So that, in reality, Hamburg was both a military post and a missionary station, in the commencement of its existence. Nor are the annals of the Church, which record the progress of Christianity in those days, barren in valorous exploits achieved by the missionaries of Rome, who made Hamburg their headquarters, and issued thence to carry the torch of truth, as they believed, into the regions of hyperborean darkness.†

Properly speaking, Charlemagne only commenced the good work. His son and successor, Louis le Debonnaire, prosecuted it much farther. He sent the celebrated monk, Ancharius, to Hamburg, and finally made that city the see of an archbishoprick, of which Ancharius became the first occupant, and was declared the papal legate for Denmark, Norway and Sweden, by a bull of Pope Gregory IV. This occurred about the year 830.

It would seem as if his Holiness, the present Pope, after the lapse of 1000 years, had some idea of making Hamburg what Charlemagne intended it to be-a great missionary station for spreading the Faith into the countries of the distant North, for he sent, some two years ago, a M. Laurent to that city, as Vicar-General for the north of Germany, and for Denmark, Sweden and Norway. But M. Laurent finds little to do in these parts, for there are but few Roman Catholic churches in the adjoining portions of Germany, only one in Hamburg, one in Sweden, and none in Norway. And as to Denmark, where there may be some five or six, the government