NOTE.

In addition to the common histories and other works which treat of the Scandinavian countries, the author has had occasion to consult the following books.

1. DENMARK DELINEATED, or Sketches of the Present State of that Country: By A. Andersen Feldborg, published at Edinburgh in 1824.

2. DR. EDWARD CLARKE'S TRAVELS in Scandinavia.

3. COXE'S TRAVELS in the North of Europe.

4. BARROW'S TRAVELS, in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark.

5. SCANDINAVIA, ANCIENT AND MODERN: By Dr. Andrew Crichton of Scotland, and Henry Wheaton, Esq., American Ambassador at Berlin. From this invaluable work, which contains the best history of the countries of which it treats that can be found in English, the author has drawn much and freely, in preparing the historical sketches which he has given in this book.

6. LAING'S TOUR IN NORWAY, and

7. LAING'S TOUR IN SWEDEN, both of them filled with valuable information.

8. LETTRES SUR LE NORD, par X. Marmier.

9. RECUEIL DES EXPOSES DE L'ADMINISTRATION DU ROYAUME

DE SUEDE ; traduit du Suédois, par J. F. De Lundbad.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

VOYAGE FROM HAVRE TO HAMBURG.

Departure from Havre in the steamer Paris-Grand increase of

steam-boats engaged in the commerce of this city-Beauty of

the weather and the scene in passing the straits of Dover and

Calais Vast commerce of the North Sea-Scene of the de-

struction of the Invincible Armada-Battle of Camperdown-

Admirals Duncan and De Winter-The loss of life in some

of the great naval battles of England, compared with that of

some of her great battles on land-Those of the Nile, Copen-

hagen, Trafalgar, Salamanca, Vittoria, Waterloo-Approach

to the Elbe-Heligoland-Cuxhaven-Ascent of the Elbe-

Scenery on each bank-Stade-Blankenese-Altona-Arri-

val at Hamburg, and the debarkation

CHAPTER II.

HAMBURG.

Position of Hamburg-Its harbor-Its canals-The Alster-De-

scription of the houses-Their shape, &c.-Height of the

houses-Narrowness of the streets-Busy aspect of the city-

The Exchange-The cellars-Handsome appearance of the

people-The costume of the Vierlanders-Of the servant wo-

men-Fortifications of Hamburg-Now almost leveled down,

and forming pleasant promenades-Gates-Practice of shut-

ting the gates at sun-down-Tolls-Want of public Places in

Hamburg-The Binnen Alster, and its beautiful promenades

-The finest streets in the city-The environs-Parish or sub-

urb of St. Paul-Parish of St. George-The shores of the

Grosse Alster-The village of Ham

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CHAPTER III.

HAMBURG.

But few fine public buildings in Hamburg-The old Exchange

-The Bank and currency of the city-Churches-Want of

places of worship--Low state of religion-A fine motto-

Great St. Michael's--View from one of its towers-Humane

establishments--Orphan House--The Asylum-The Hospi-

tal of the Holy Ghost--The General Infirmary or Kranken-

haus--St. Job's Hospital-The Convent--Prisons-Alms-

houses, etc.-Literary establishments-Primary schools-

The Gymnasium-The Johanneum-Its history--Other

schools and scientific institutions -- The book-trade - The

Press--The Censorship

CHAPTER IV.

HAMBURG.-ITS HISTORY AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT.

Hamburg founded by Charlemagne-Made the see of an Arch-

bishoprick by Louis le Debonnaire-Long exposed to the at-

tacks of the Germans and Danes-Embraced the Reforma-

tion-Became an Imperial Free City in 1618-Gained much

during the Thirty Years' war-Was a prominent city in the

Hanseatic League-Suffered much from the French from

1803 till 1814-Conduct of Bernadotte, Vandamme, Davoust

-Expulsion of the French, and restoration of its ancient form

of Government-Constitution of Hamburg-The Senate,

and its powers-The Burgomasters, Syndics-Council or

College of the Elders-College of the Sixty-College of the

One Hundred and Eighty-Functions of the Senate-The

General Assembly of the citizens-Law-making power-Of

the Executive-The Judiciary-Custody of the Treasury-

Various details-Military affairs of the city-Police--Watch

and fire department-Government of the Territory of Ham-

burg-Present state and prospects of the Commonwealth

CHAPTER V.

LUBECK.

Detestable roads between Hamburg and Lübeck-Situation of

the latter city-Our journey thither - A German Doctor-

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Want of a rail-road between these two important free cities—

Pleasantness of the site and appearance of Lübeck-Agreea-

ble streets-Old-fashioned houses-Its ramparts now pleasant

promenades-History of Lübeck-Its ancient size and in-

portance-Its former wealth and commerce-Its present

population-Remarkable things in Lübeck-Dom Kirche-

St. Mary's-Wonderful clock-Dance of Death-The Carv-

ed Chamber - The Rathhaus Overbeck-Lübeck was the

capital of the Hanseatic League - History of the Hansa or

League-Causes which led to its decline-Present number

of the Hanseatic or Free Towns-Constitution and govern-

ment of Lübeck-More democratic than Hamburg-Capture

of this city by the French in 1806-Awful scenes which en-

sued-Return to Hamburg

CHAPTER VI.

HISTORY OF DENMARK.

Early history of the Scandinavian country fabulous-Scandi-

navia unknown to the early Romans-The Cimbric War-

Tacitus's account of the Scandinavians-Pliny's-Charac-

ter of the people-Religious rites-Procopius's account

of the Scandinavians-Cassiodorus-The arrival of Odin

from Scythia-His adventures and character-His institu-

tions and death-History of Denmark from the days of

Odin till Horda Knut-Dan Mykillati-Rolf Krake-Ivar

Vidfadne-Harold Hildetand-Sigurd Ring-Ragnar Lod-

brok-Horda Knut I.-Gorm the Old-Harold Blaatand-

Svend Tveskæg-Knut the Great-Horda Knut II.-His-

tory of Denmark to the Union of Calmar-Svend Estrith-

son and his five sons-
s-Prosperous reign of Valdemar the

Great-The good Bishop Absalom-The successes of Val-

demar the Great-Valdemar III.-Christopher I.—Valde-

mar IV. (Atterdag)-Margaret-History of Denmark from

the treaty of Calmar till the Reformation-Capricious reign

of Erik-Christian I.-John or Hans-Christian II., and his

cruelties-Frederick I.-Christian III.-History of Den-

mark from the Reformation to the present time-Frede-

rick II.-Christian IV., Denmark's ablest monarch-Frede-

rick III., wise and able-Change in the Constitution of the

kingdom-Christian V.-Frederick IV.-Christian VI. and

Frederick V., both good monarchs-The imbecile and un-

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fortunate Christian VII.-The unhappy fate of the queen,

Caroline Matilda-The adventures and fate of the celebrat.

ed Struensee-Copenhagen twice attacked by the English

-Frederick VI., the calamities of his reign, and his domes-

tie sorrows-Christian VIII., the present king

CHAPTER VII.

JOURNEY FROM HAMBURG TO KIEL.

Various routes from Hamburg to Copenhagen-That by

Kiel preferable to the others-Departure from Hamburg

in a Holstein wagon or diligence-Our fellow-passengers

-Altona, and its Institutions-Origin of its name-Its

Churches-Beauty of its situation-Village of Ottensen-

Tombs of Klopstock and his two wives-Notices of his

life-Baron Von Voght-Duke of Brunswick-Dumou-

rier-Bourrienne-Village of Flottbeck-Departure from

Altona-Erroneous ideas of the Ancient Greeks respect-

ing the Geography of the Scandinavian countries, as shown

by the writings of Herodotus and Strabo-Pythias-Pliny

-Romans become acquainted with Scandinavia by their

conquests in Germany-Procopius-Ohthere and Vulfstan

-Derivation of the names Denmark, Norway and Sweden

-Geographical notice of Denmark-Its general aspect-

Its soil-Its productions-Its bays and friths-Road from

Altona to Kiel-Slowness of the Holstein stages-Appear-

ance and dress of the Holstein peasants-Modes and im-

plements of agriculture-Improvements in agriculture-

Holstein Nobles-Governor of Sleswic-Holstein-Duchy

of Lauenburg-Beauty of the country in the neighbor-

hood of Keil-Arrival at that city

CHAPTER VIII.

VOYAGE FROM KIEL TO COPENHAGEN.

Situation of Kiel-Its fine bay-Kiel an old German city—

Market-day-Women of Probstey-Steam-boats from Kiel

to Copenhagen-Kiel often visited by Russian ships of

war-University of Kiel-Professors-Mode of giving in-

struction by lectures-Public and private lectures-Prepa-

rations for leaving Kiel-M. Marmeir's description of the

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