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Expedition determined upon. Its objects. - Instruc-
tions.-Equipment.-Departure.-Visit Shetland.-A leak
discovered.-Cherie Island.-Packed Ice.-Spitzbergen.
-Magdalena Bay.-Glaciers
23
CHAPTER II.
Quit Magdalena Bay. Revisit the Ice. The Trent
driven into the packed ice. Her dangerous situation.—
The ice opens.-The ships enter and are beset.-Cause
of the leak in the Trent discovered and remedied.-Heavy
pressure of the ice. Intricate situation of the vessels.
They regain the open sea.-Walruses make a formidable
attack upon the boats of the Trent.-Their habits de-
scribed. Expedition proceeds to Fair Haven.-Description
of the anchorage. Numerous graves and remains of
habitations discovered
. 61
CHAPTER III.
PAGE
Put to sea from Fair Haven.-Renew the attempt to
get to the northward.-Difficulty of proceeding.-Beset
in the ice. - Regain the open sea, after having been
three weeks beset.-A storm compels the expedition to
take refuge in the ice.-Perilous situation of the vessels.
-Their fortunate deliverance.-The shattered condition
of the ships obliges them to go into port
104
CHAPTER IV.
Extent of damage ascertained.-Captain Buchan's de-
termination thereupon. - Description of the anchorage,
and of the adjoining coast.-Geological feature. — Line
of perpetual snow.-Glaciers, their formation, &c.-Dan-
ger of approaching them
129
CHAPTER V.
Early attempts to settle Spitzbergen.- Fishing-ground
contested. A party winter in Bell Sound.-Their suffer-
ings. Attempt to colonize Jan Mayen.-Sufferings and
death of the party. A similar attempt made at Spitz-
bergen. Death of the party.-Ships repaired. - Put
to sea. -Trace the barrier of ice toward Greenland.-
Return to England.-Sir Edward Parry's attempt to reach
the Pole over the ice.-Concluding remarks
159
PART II.
CHAPTER I.
Events which led to the prosecution of Arctic discovery.
-Extent of geographical knowledge in the 15th century.
-Oriental commerce.-Monopoly.-Columbus.-Jealousy
of the Portuguese leads to the discovery of the Cape of
Good Hope, and a navigable route to Cathay.- Eng-
land, desirous of participating in Oriental commerce, at-
tempts a passage through the Arctic seas. - First Polar
voyage
215
The States General of Holland offer a reward for the
discovery of a northern passage to China.-Two vessels
are equipped by the merchants. -William Barentz and
Cornelison Ryp appointed to command them. - Make
Cherie Island.-Discover Spitzbergen. Mildness of its
climate.-Barentz and Ryp differ in opinion.-Separate.
-Barentz reaches Nova Zembla.- Annoyed by bears.
Pass the northeast point of the Island. Cheering
prospect. Disappointment.- Dangerous situation.-En-
deavours to return.-Prevented and compelled to winter.
-Builds a house.-Death of the carpenter.-Bears be-
come voracious, and endanger the party.-Intense cold.—
Sufferings of the party.-Cheerfulness under their misfor-
tunes.-Twelfth day.-Reappearance of the sun.-Extra-
ordinary refraction.-Ice breaks up. Ship rendered un-
serviceable. Abandoned.-Two boats prepared.-Party
embark on their return home.- Death of Barentz.—
Reach Cola. - Meet with Cornelison Ryp.- His unsuc-
cessful voyage.- Return to Holland.- Hudson proceeds
on a Polar voyage.-Traces the coast of Greenland to 73°
N.-Visits Spitzbergen, and tries to pass to the north of
it.-Repulsed.-Returns by the west side of the Island.—
Proceeds again towards Greenland. Imminent peril. ·
Finding no passage, returns, by Cherie Island, to Eng-
land
---
240
Hudson's second voyage.-Jonas Poole's first voyage.
-Jonas Poole's second voyage.-Poole's third voyage.
Baffin's first voyage. Baffin's second voyage with
Fotherby.-Baffin and Fotherby again.- Suspension of
Arctic research.-Voyages resumed.-Wood and Flawes.
-Russian enterprise under Tschitschagoff
272
The British Government equips an expedition, under the
command of the Hon. Capt. Phipps, R.N.-Racehorse and
Carcass appointed to this service.-Departure.-Spitzber-
gen.-Barrier of ice.-Fair Haven.-Seven Islands.—
Ships beset and abandoned.-Crew take to the boats.-
Ice opens. They regain their ships.-Effect an escape.
-Put into port.-The Pendulum set up.-Return of the
expedition to England
298
A Letter from Captain Sabine, R.A., on the measure-
ment of an arc of the meridian at Spitzbergen
344
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