Senator STERLING. To what extent are the business men of Baltimore represented in contributions?

Mr. DAVIS. The contributions have been made by some of our most representative men in Baltimore. The lists have never been absolutely published, but this is done by our real, representative men in Baltimore, men who are anxious to have the good name of our State saved, and to stop this betting and gambling evil.

The very fact that there are 45 States of the United States admitting that it is a wrong thing to-day means that those who combat that assumption are wrong. I can not think that 45 out of 48 States are wrong.

Senator STERLING. Are these people in your association there at Baltimore business men, merchants?

Mr. DAVIS. Yes, nearly all merchants. There are probably a very small number of professional men and the rest are merchants, representative men of Baltimore. Senator STERLING. Are there any other questions to be asked this witness. If not, that is all.

Mr. CRAFTS. Mr. Chairman, there is a question that has been asked by Senator Overman, and I will ask Mr. Pringle to tell us just what the pari-mutuel machine is, so that it may be in the record.

Senator OVERMAN. I have never seen it. I have never heard of it before.

STATEMENT OF MR. H. N. PRINGLE-Resumed.

Mr. PRINGLE. Perhaps there is some other gentleman in the room who can do this better, but I will say that the pari-mutuel machine is a device like a cash register. There has to be somebody to operate it, of course. It is not automatic like a vending machine.

These machines sit in a row, perhaps 40 of them, and here are $2 machines and here are $5 machines and here are $20 machines, and at some tracks they run up to $100 and $150; but if you want $100 you can get five twenties. Then there are combinations of 15, etc.; and there are smaller and different denominations. It makes the process of betting perhaps five times as expeditious, or at least several times as expeditious, as ordinary bookmaking, where the book is passed back, and writing has to be done. These machines cost several hundred dollars. They are used in many places. They are used all over the world, in Australia, in the Argentine Republic, and in France, and on all the mile tracks in Maryland and Kentucky; with a combination with bookmaking at some of the tracks, perhaps, like in New York. With the pari-mutuel there are no tickets and they do not have oral betting.

Senator OVERMAN. Say races are going on in Maryland and Kentucky, do they use them in other States?

Mr. PRINGLE. I was told at the 15 days' meet at Reno, in Nevada, where the betting is legalized, that they use both the tickets and the pari-mutuel.

Senator STERLING. What Senator Overman means is, do they use these machines in one State for the betting in another State where the race track is and the races are going on.

Mr. PRINGLE. In another State?

Senator STERLING. Getting information from the papers, do they play these machines in other States?

Mr. PRINGLE. You mean at these tracks?

Senator OVERMAN. Yes.

Mr. PRINGLE. I have heard once, at Green Point in 1880, of a man who played as a gambler a mile or two away from the track. I do not believe that now exists anywhere away from the track with the pari-mutuel machines. I do not know of that being done anywhere except in this one instance and at Toledo prize fight in which Dempsey wrested the championship from Willard. There pari-mutuel machines were used. That is the point mentioned in the bill here. At a prize fight they were actually used.

Mr. CRAFTS. The gambling away from the tracks is done by the handbook men, who go around quietly and go into stores and meet men at their noonings and get their bets, and by pool rooms where they bet; and they have a notoriously bad name.

Senator OVERMAN. And do you mean to say that when a race is going on in Maryland a bookmaker down in North Carolina, in one of our towns, is going around taking bets?

Mr. CRAFTS. Yes; a great deal of the gambling, nine-tenths of the gambling, is off the track; so that the gambling on the tracks is the smallest part of it. That, this bill does not necessarily touch. They have racing, for instance, half a mile across the line in Mexico. The gambling of all the Mexicans there is not enough to pay for the horse feed. The gambling profit is made by this system of sending the news out

through the telephone and telegraph, and through newspapers and tip sheets. So that the gamblers in 45 States where they have no gambling get their inspiration and inducement from those publications.

Our next speaker is a man who is pastor of a church in Erooklyn, Mr. S. Edward Young.

Senator OVERMAN. Could you furnish me or the committee with any newspaper that has in it this advance information that you have been speaking of? Could you furnish me a newspaper showing it? I would like to know about it. I do not read

that stuff.

Mr. CRAFTS. It is in the newspapers, but you do not turn to that column. Senator OVERMAN. I would like to have you get for us a paper with that in it. Mr. CRAFTS. Very well. Here is a paper called "Racing Form." The New York Times would have only a column or two or perhaps three columns on racing. The New York Telegraph is mainly a gambling sheet.

Mr. PRINGLE. There is the form [indicating]. There are six or seven races on the card there, and here in this column is the opening, here is the closing, and here is the high and in this column the low, on the straight; and then here are quotations on the place and to show, over here, and the jockey's weight.

On the puri-mutuel there is the two dollar one, as you see the amounts put in there [indicating].

The same thing in a shorter form is found in the daily papers. It is given in these papers with more completeness and fullness. Probably your North Carolina papers will give it with sufficient fullness.

Mr. WHITEHEAD. May I make a statement for Senator Overman's benefit?
Senator STERLING. Yes; you may.

Mr. WHITEHEAD. It has been emphasized that the bill here before the committee prevents advance information. The bill prevents subsequent information also; it prevents information at all times, either before or after. We might as well have the full facts presented to the committee.

STATEMENT OF MR. S. EDWARD YOUNG, OF BROOKLYN, N. Y., PASTOR BEDFORD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PRESIDENT OF BROOKLYN CHURCH FEDERATION, PRESIDENT OF SOCIETY FOR PREVENT.ON OF CRIME, OF NEW YORK CTY.

Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, in addition to what Dr. Crafts has said may I say also that I represent no opposition to the racing, keeping, or enjoving of good horses. My father was a preacher, and preached on a salary of $650 a year-a missionary out in the mountains-but he owned a $500 horse, and I learned as a boy that a very devout man could worship in the house of God, and on the way home not be willing to take the dust of anyone else on the road.

Senator OVERMAN. When I was a boy there was a preacher ho used to stop with my father, and he always had about the best horses in his part of the country. I used always to enjoy his horses.

Mr. YOUNG. I may add that there is no dav in the year when my humility was put to so great a test as when I was privileged to ride with the staff of my regiment on the finest horse that they could furnish.

I called yesterday on a gentleman who has been connected with my church, who organized, among other things, all the Childs' resturants all over the country, a very important New York busin ss man. He said hat Dr. Crafts has quoted. He has owned horses all his life, fine trotting horses, and he said that no man vas so opposed to horse racing and to the betting on races stimulated thereby, as are the ov ners of valuable horses for trotting. He said that trotting horses are bred for sport, and that running horses are for gambling.

I used to rank among my friends a gentleman that everybody knew in the horse country, Capt. S. F. Brown, of Pittsburgh. I conducted his funeral service hen he died. He always took the view that the minute gambling got into it, the best interests of horse raising were imperiled.

I think, too, that it would help to clear the atmosphere to understand that the object of this bill, the purpose of those who are supporting it, is not to finish at one fell stroke all forms of gambling in this country. We recognize that there might be some invasion of public liberty in something of that sort. The main object is to reduce the amount, or eliminate as much as possible, of the commercializing, and the promotion of gambling promoting gambling merely to make money, by men who have no interest really in good horses.

Usually the pivotal point is the bookmaker. He is usually a criminal, usually a man who has been in prison. Many of them have been in prison many times. He

is a hardened lawbreaker. It is usually he who is the pivot of the whole thing, and what he does is made a means of intelligence throughout the country to stimulate gambling all along the line.

Senator OVERMAN. Have not most of the States prohibited bookmaking?

Mr. YOUNG. Forty-five have, but under the present arrangement the news can be carried for bookmaking to all of the States.

I suppose we all know that we are in the midst of a gambling mania. There has never been anything like it-the numberless devices on every side. My taxicab driver the other night had a new device that I never saw before. He and the other fellows were gambling just in the minute or two that they were waiting.

All kinds of devices now are being used, but we find the most stimulus to that, or one of the great stimuli, is news brought from the race tracks: what is coming and what is doing. I will speak in a moment of my own visits to the race tracks, and what I witnessed of bookmaking. I suppose that the psychology of gambling, the psychology of its character disintegration, is one of the most-shall I say fascinating of studies. It does disintegrate character that is my testimony as a preacher-more rapidly than any other vice that I know of.

The motive for gambling is for me to get what you have without giving you any quid pro quo. It is for me, without a stroke of lak or to get what you have without giving you anything whatever in return. Of course, you may consent to it if I am gambling. This is a theoretical statement, as we say in military matters. You may consent to it, but that does not make it right for me to do it, no more than if Ï consent to fight a duel with you, that makes it right to fight the duel. In one case it is that I propose to take your life if I can, if you do not get mine first; and in the other case it is that I propose to take your money if you do not get mine first.

Gambling is, in its essence, absolutely dishonest and immoral. It is not constructive. It has nothing for society, it has nothing for anybody else, it has nothing for me except to take what I do not earn in any sense whatever, if I can get it frst, before you take it away from me. The history of this fascinating vice is that when a man gets started at it it is almost impossible for him to stop. Recorder John W. Goff, recorder of New York City, whom you all know by name, at least, for 40 years was familiar with the criminal proceedings in New York City. For, I believe, two full terms he was Recorder of New York City. He told me a few days ago that of all the vices, gambling is the most character-disintegrating; that when a man gets into it once there is almost no rescue for him. He told me about his visit to Monte Carlo. Mr. CRAFTS. Will you turn a little more to your right so that these newspaper reporters will get this?

Mr. YOUNG. I want them to get it.

Mr. CRAFTS. Go ahead.

Mr. YOUNG You will find, if you go to Monte Carlo-I have not been there, but Recorder Goff has been there that they bear this testimony to the peril of gaml ling. Monte Carlo is the greatest gambling place in the world, but no citizen of Monte Carlo is allowed to gamble. Every citizen of Monte Carlo is forbidden, under the heaviest penalties, to ever gamble himself; for the government of Monte Carlo, through these channels, has learned that nothing ruins the character of a citizen like gambling. That is the universal testimony.

Senator STERLING. But Monte Carlo is desirous of receiving all the funds it can from gambling, although they prohibit their own citizens from gambling?

Mr. YOUNG. It is an enormous bookmaking scheme. I do not say that bookmakers never gamble themselves. However, it is an immense bookmaking scheme set to fleece people who can be fleeced.

I went down to Jamaica on a trip this last summer and we kept in touch with the races day by day. I went to Aqueduct race track once and I observed the gambling there. For instance, I got on the train at the Pennsylvania Depot and there I saw the tipster sheets. I have counted about 20 of those tipster sheets.

Senator OVERMAN. What is this paper called "Racing Form"? I am something of a greenhorn on this and I like, with my own eyes, to make sure.

Mr. YOUNG. That is the Morning Telegraph there [indicating]. The tipster sheets, some of them, spend a great deal of their time in denouncing the rascality of the others; and, after some experience, I believe every one of them is right in denouncing the rascality of the others.

Senator STERLING. By "tipster sheets" you mean what? You use that term in a generic way, to include all papers that are publishing gambling news?

Mr. YOUNG. So far as I understand, this is a sheet that tells men how to bet on horses. It advises, here, as to race No. 1; gives the horse. It states which horses are running, describes them a little, and says, "Advise play Rainbow," or whichever one they advise. Sometimes they say in the second race there are such and

such horses, and one horse does well in muddy weather, but they say, "Advise play none. Sometimes the sheet does not attempt to advise you to play any horse. I went down there and examined this place, and there I saw the bookmakers openly, any quantity of them, betting and making books in my hearing.

Senator STERLING. Just describe that process of bookmaking a little.

Mr. YOUNG. I may fall down on that a little bit. There are some other points I can give you better. Well, the bookmaker has his tablets, here. and he has his agents. His solicitor will come and ask you which horse you will take a chance on this time, and then you play "to show, or play "to win;" I can not give in detail the distinction. He takes your money and he holds that money, or his assistant holds it. Usually between the races, or else the next day before the race is open-I mean between the different features of the day's racing or the next day before the races openhe will settle with the men who have placed their money with him and who have won. You call and get your money, sometimes right away after the race and sometimes the next day. I can be corrected as to that exact process. I did not do any of the betting myself, but I saw any quantity of it.

I have what might interest you a little more, Senator, maybe, as connected with this bill. By the way, there were sometimes 30,000 and sometimes 75,000 present. I rode back on what is called the "busted" train, after the last race. Every man on that train would be busted, and you could not get a rise out of them. I never saw such a funereal atmosphere in my life. There was not a man in that train that would say, "Well, I have lost everything, but I will win next day." You could look into their faces and feel that they were utterly gone and hopeless; that they would be ready to commit any crime.

Just by way of parenthesis, John W. Goff told me that a number of the big business firms in New York City, when they find that one of their men is gambling in any way-rack-track gambling or any other that he has been engaged in that, immediately, in their board of directors, make up the deficit, rather than to have it known that any man connected with their firm has gambled, rather than to have it known by the public by his getting into court, or getting publicity as a gambler. So certain are these big business men that this gambling ruins a man's character and makes him untrustworthy.

I was going to say that at one track I noticed a woman, and when a race was run and the winner was put up on the board, there were some persons around about her who cleared a space for her-we noticed the same little coterie-and then she lifted her glasses, which I saw were either Warner & Swazey or Busch glasses, the most powerful of field glasses, and she would swing those glasses around the track, and then over to a window in a house about a mile away, which we found had a party in it, and as soon as she was satisfied that that party was looking, evidently, she did something like this [indicating, putting hand to face, to coat collar, etc,] she straightened out a feather in her hat, and so forth, which we had every evidence to believe was the signaling of the result of that race. That thing went on everv afternoon, I think I may say with perfect certainty, sending it to a man who disseminated that news over the country. That is stimulating in all the little centers where gambling is promoted the taste for gambling.

At the Aqueduct track it was only three-quarters of a mile that she looked and signaled. This is just to give you an idea as to the very intimate connection of this racing and this news dissemination over the country. That news can be purchased by tipster sheets. Then usually, just before the race was run, her aides de camp would go downstairs-I would not say they were her aides de camp, but they would go downstairs and bring up the latest betting figure, and then she would apparently signal. I say "apparently. There was every evidence she did do that.

As I say, when I came back on the "busted" train, I was very much surprised to find 150 or more of these young men got off at my station, and I began to trace around through the community, and I began to ask Y. M. C. A. men and others who have to deal with this thing. I found that many men, even men in the ministry-in one case a very well-known man-had absolutely gone to pieces over that business. I found that doctors and men with good reputations in the community had lost everything they had on earth; and I got good and mad. It is perhaps no business of mine except as I am pastor of a church, to find out about these things, but I got good and mad, and I saw the leader of my Bible school class, one of the finest business men in New York City, a very important business man, and an officer in large concerns in New York City, and he told me that men in his class had come to him and confessed that through gambling they had gone to the bad, and they were now trying to get them back on their feet. I find that the feeling against this is not in any one church or in the synagogues or among the Roman Catholic priests, but they all find that gambling is becoming the most serious character peril in the United States, beyond even what the public

realize. That is why I have come down here to-day, leaving so many things at home that I had to attend to, to give my humble testimony here. I am not an expert, but I would be glad to answer any questions I can answer, and those questions that I can not answer I will refer to Dr. Crafts and others.

Senator STERLING. Has anyone any questions to ask the witness? If not, that is all. We are very much obliged to you.

Mr. CRAFTS. I will ask Canon Chase to add a few words to what he said yesterday, and then, unless some one else has something to say, we will be ready to turn the matter over to those on the other side.

STATEMENT OF CANON WILLIAM SHEAFE CHASE-Resumed.

Mr. CHASE. Dr. Young and myself, Mr. Chairman, have come here because we feel the importance of striking the evil at a vital spot rather than simply to cut off a few of the trappings of the evil.

This great commercialized gambling monopoly is threatening to control everything, not only the newspapers, over which it has almost a death strangle grip, but Congress as well and legislators.

Monte Carlo was alluded to a few moments ago. If I had realized it I would have been more accurate in what I have to say, but there was a little Commonwealth where the prince, a nobleman, went and offered to the Commonwealth to pay all the taxes of the Government-all the expenses of the Government-so that no member of that State would have any taxes to pay, provided he was allowed to have a monopol · on gambling; and we have there the extreme influence of commercialized gambling upon politics and upon the national life.

Monaco is the name of that sovereign principality which extends 9 miles on the Mediterranean Sea. It is under the protection of France, and covers 83 square miles in area. Monte Carlo is its capital. None of its inhabitants have access to the gambling tables. The citizens of Monaco consented in 1860 to permit their commonwealth to become the headquarters of the legalized gambling business, because large prices were paid for their lands and they were guaranteed exemption from all the expenses of government.

În 1918, the gambling joint stock company of Monte Carlo paid the Prince of Monaco £80,000 for the privilege of having the monopoly of legalized gambling. All other nations regard the gambling business as an evil to be controlled or suppressed. The United States should cease being partners of the gambling business.

I would like to bring to your attention the statement of the prime minister of Canada, Mr. Meighan, that he made upon this subject. He said:

"For my part, I take the ground that the institution of betting in itself has done nobody any good in this world. I do not believe that under its best conditions it ever does any good, and I believe it does infinite harm. The institution of betting, when you wipe away the verbiage, when you look down at the principle of its being, its heart, and life, what is it? It is the attempt to get in this world by chance what should be got only by industry and toil. It is really based upon the desire to get the wages of this life without working for them. It is an effort to get the rewards of doing well by doing ill, an effort to get the prizes of life by doing injury to one's fellows instead of doing them good."

And I would like to quote also from Hobson, who in his monograph on the ethics of gambling puts it this way:

Gambling involves the denial of all system in the apportionment of property; it plunges the mind in a world of anarchy, where things come upon one and pass from one miraculously. It does not so manifestly sin against the canons of justice as do other bad modes of transfer theft, fraud, sweating for everyone is said to have an equal chance; but it inflicts a graver damage on the intellect. Based as it is on an organized rejection of all reason as a factor, it removes its devotees into a positive atmosphere of miracles, and generates an emotional excitement that inhibits those checks which reason more or less contrives to place upon emotional extravagances. The essence of gambling consists in an abandonment of reason, an inhibition of the factors of human control. In the history of mankind, civilization of the individual has chiefly consisted in and been measured by this increased capacity of rational control- -a slow, gradual, imperfect taming of the animal instincts which made for emotional anarchy of conduct.

"The practice of gambling is thus exhibited as a deliberate reversion to those passions and that mental attitude which characterize the savage or pre-human man in his conduct and his outlook.