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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE.

Exercise 83.-Lesson 83.—Pars. 534 to 545.-p. 200.

Questions.-534 to 540. a. What are Figures of Speech? Name the different kinds. Define Figures of Orthography, and name the different kinds. Explain and illustrate Elision ;—Aphāērēsis;-Syncòpě;—A pocòpé ;— Prosthesis: Paragōgě;-Synāērēsis;—Diāērēsis;-Tmesis.

b. What figure contracts two vowels into one?-adds a letter or syllable to the end?-adds a letter or syllable to the beginning ?-cuts off a letter or syllable from the end?-from the middle?-from the beginning? By what figure is a syllable divided into two? By what figure is a compound word separated by inserting another word?

c. What figures do the following examples respectively illustrate?— Zoology, 'twas, awake,-vale,-se'nnight, 'gan,-dispart,-to Godward.

541 to 545. a. Mention the Figures of Syntax. Explain and illustrate Ellipsis;-Apposition;-Pleonasm;-Polysynděton ;—Periphrăsis;—Enallăge ;

-Hyperbăton.

b. By what figure are words transposed?-one part of speech used for another?-superfluous words introduced ?-words omitted that are necessary for the full syntax?

c. What figures do the following examples illustrate ?" Full of a great many serious reflections ;"-" the sea-girt isle ;"-" the juice of the grape;" -"slow rises merit ;"-" Come, nymph, demure ;"- power, and wisdom, and goodness."

Exercise 84.-Lesson 84.—Pars. 546 to 553.—p. 202.

Figures of Rhetoric.

When is a word used
Explain the origin

Questions.-546, 547. Define Figures of Rhetoric. literally?-when figuratively? Give instances of each. of Figurative Language. Give instances.

548 to 550. Explain a Trope ;--give an example. Explain Figures of Thought. In what things do Figures of Thought appear? State the Advantages of Figures of Speech. Give examples. Mention the principal Figures of Rhetoric.

551 to 553. Explain a Simile;-show how it is expressed. Give examples. Say between what objects the comparison must be instituted. Give examples. With what kind of feelings are Similes inconsistent ? Quote the First Rule;-give the example, and explain it. State the kind of comparisons excluded by the First Rule. Quote the observation respecting the class of hearers or readers addressed. State how a comparison purposely introduced to lessen an object is expressed. Quote the example.

Exercise 85.-Lesson 85.—Pars. 554 to 561.—p. 204.

The Metaphor.

Questions.-554, 555. Say upon what a Metaphor is founded;-give the example, and explain it. Show the difference between a Metaphor and a Simile. When a writer designates Man as a wolf, say what qualities only he should describe. Give an instance of the violation of the rule. Name the four sources of Metaphors. Quote and explain the example for each kind.

556 to 558. State the First Rule for the application of Metaphors ;-quote the example and the explanatory remarks. State the caution against Metaphors being far-fetched;-quote the example. From what subjects are appropriate Metaphors derived? Show when Metaphors are considered suitable to the subject. Quote two violations of the rule. State the kind of language to be employed in constructing a Metaphor. Give a violation of the rule. Show the importance of consistency of language in Metaphors.

559 to 561. Quote the rule and example for avoiding mixed Metaphors. How should you act when in doubt whether the Metaphor is or is not of a mixed kind? Quote the rule against crowding Metaphors. Quote the violation. Quote the rule and example showing that Metaphors should not be pursued too far. When may Metaphors expressed by single words be introduced? Give the example. To what subjects are extended Metaphors suitable? Quote the example and the explanatory Remarks.

Exercise 86.—Lesson 86.-Pars. 562 to 572.-p. 208.

Metonymy, Synecdoche, &c.

Questions.-562, 563. Define a Metonymy. Give the example of Cause for the Effect;-of Effect for the Cause ;-of Container for the thing contained; -of Sign for the thing signified. Define a Synecdochě;—give the example; -quote the caution in the use of the Synecdoche.

564 to 566. Explain Personification;-quote the examples. Describe the lowest kind of Personification, and quote the examples ;-the Second or higher kind, and quote the examples;-the Third or highest kind, and quote the examples. Quote the caution for its use in Prose. Explain an Apostrophe ;-quote the example.

567 to 572. Explain an Allegory ;-quote the example. Quote the caution on the employment of an Allegory. Explain Fables or Parables, and state how employed in former times. Explain an Antithesis;-quote the example. In using this figure, state how the sentences should be constructed. Why should a succession of antitheses be avoided? Explain an Allusion;-quote the caution. Give an instance.

Exercise 87 a.- Lesson 87.-Pars. 573 to 584.—p. 210.

Hyperbole, Irony, &c.

Questions.-573 to 578. Explain an Hyperbole ;--quote the example. State the origin of Hyperboles, and in what kind of writing hyperboles frequently occur. State the Caution in the use of this figure. On what occasions may hyperboles be used? Explain Irony ;-give instances. Show the uses of this figure, and give examples. Explain Sarcasm;- give an example. Explain and illustrate a Paralepsis ;—an Interrogation.

579 to 583. Explain and illustrate Exclamation, Vision,-Climax. When may a Climax be advantageously introduced? Explain an Anticlimax,—a Litotes,-a Parallelism,-a Catachresis.

584. In the proper application of Figurative Language, what first step is recommended? In studying the Poets, Orators, &c., what mode should be adopted? With regard to your own Composition what caution is given?

Exercise 87 b.

Exercises on all the Figures.-Pars. 546 to 584.
To be answered vivâ voce.

1. 1. What figure represents the formal resemblance between two objects ?—2. A resemblance without the signs of comparison? 3. What figure represents one subject by another that is analogous to it? 4. What denotes a contrast? 5. By what figure is some well-known fact recalled to the mind? 6. What figure represents things as greater or less, &c., than they really are? 7. What figure is employed when we express ourselves contrary to our thoughts?-8. When we pretend to omit what we really wish to enforce?-9. When we put the cause for the effect, &c.?

-10. When the whole is put for a part, &c. ?-11. When we attribute life to inanimate objects?-12. When we turn off from the subject of discourse to address some other person or thing? -13. When under excited feelings we affirm or deny more strongly?-14. To express agitated feelings, &c. ?-15. When we employ the present for the past time?-16. When we rise by regular steps from the lowest to the highest?

2. 1. What figure does "He is as swift as the wind" illustrate? 2. With what are comparisons unsuitable? 3. When may metaphors be allowed? 4. Why is Milton's comparison of

Eve's bower in Paradise to the arbour of Pomōna unsuitable? 5. In what respects are the following faulty::-"A person in sorrow is like a flower drooping its head? 6. "Curses like chickens always come home to roost." 7. What figure is exemplified by Thy word is a lamp to my feet, and a light to my path?" 8. "A hero is like a lion." 9. "A hero is a lion."

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3. Show in what respects the following are faulty:-1. "To thrust religion down our throats." 2. "He cannot buckle his distempered cause within the belt of rule." 3. "Tenacious paste of solid milk." 4. "There is not a single view of human nature, which is not sufficient to extinguish the seeds of pride." 5. "I bridle in my struggling muse with pain, that longs to launch into a bolder strain." 6. "There is a time, when factions, by the vehemence of their fermentation, stun and disable one another." 7. "A stubborn and unconquerable flame creeps in his veins, and drinks the streams of life." 8. Give an example of straining a metaphor. 9. What kind of metaphors may be introduced on all occasions? Give an example. 10. When may extended metaphors be introduced?

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4. 1. What figure does the following sentence exemplify :'Temperance leads to happiness, intemperance to misery?" Point out the erroneousness of the following:-" A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes."

Exercise 87 c.

To be answered vivâ voce.

Mention what figures the following sentences exemplify :— 1. 1. "Every day you are fatigued and disgusted with this cant. The Carnatic is a country that will soon recover, and become instantly as prosperous as ever. They think they are talking to innocents, who believe that by the sowing of dragon's teeth, men may come up ready grown and ready made."-2. They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions." -3. "Cry aloud," said Elijah to the priests of Baal, "for he is a God; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is on a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked."-4. "Your idleness, not to mention your impertinence and dishonesty, disqualifies you for the situation."-5. "I am reading

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Paley."-" He assumes the sceptre."-6. "Man returns to the dust."-7. "Grey hairs should be respected."-8. "He earns his bread."-9. "The angry ocean."

2. 1. "A flourishing city."-2. "It advances, and with a menacing aspect slides into the heart of the city. O my country! ah Ilium! the habitation of the Gods!"-3. "The Lord is not a man that he should lie. Hath he said? and shall he not do it? Hath he spoken? and shall he not make it good?"—4. "O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out!"-5. "I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens, lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Cethegus rises to my view, while with a savage joy he is triumphing in your miseries."-6. "There is no enjoyment of property without government; no government without a magistrate; no magistrate without obedience; and no obedience where every one acts as he pleases."

3.

"There is a tide in the affairs of men,

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of this life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries."

4. 1. "Childhood and youth are vanity."-2. "The path of the just is as the shining light."-3. "Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord."-4. "He that planted the ear, shall he not hear?"-5. "O that my grief were thoroughly weighed, and my calamity laid in the balances together!"-6. "An ambition to have a place in the registers of fame, is the Eurystheus which imposes heroic labours on mankind."-7. "Prayer must be animated. The arrow that would pierce the clouds, must part from the bent bow, and the strained arm."-8. "It fell a sunbeam on the blasted blossom."

Exercise 87 d.

To be corrected in Writing, and afterwards the reason assigned.

Correct the following examples of the improper use of the Figures of Speech-1. Upon these four wheels, the chariot of state may, to all appearances, drive easy and safe, or at least, not be too much shaken by the usual roughness of ways, unequal humours of men, or any common accidents.-2. No human happiness is so serene as not to contain any alloy.-3. I intend to make use of these words in the thread of my speculations.-4. Hope, the balm of life, darts a ray of light through the thickest gloom.5. The scheme was highly expensive to him, and proved the Charybdis of his estate.-6. He was so much skilled in the empire of the oar, that few could equal him.-7. Let us be

attentive to keep our mouths as with a bridle; and to steer cur vessel aright, that we may avoid the rocks and shoals which lie everywhere around us.

8. At length Erasmus, that great injur'd name,
(The glory of the priesthood and the shame,)
Curb'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous age,
And drove those holy Vandals off the stage.

9.

10.

In this our day of proof, our land of hope,
The good man has his clouds that intervene ;
Clouds that may dim his sublunary day,
But cannot conquer: even the best must own,
Patience and resignation are the columns
Of human peace on earth.

On the wide sea of letters, 'twas thy boast
To crowd each sail, and touch at every coast:
From that rich mine how often hast thou brought
The pure and precious pearls of splendid thought!
How didst thou triumph on that subject tide,
Till vanity's wild gust, and stormy pride,
Drove thy strong mind, in evil hour, to split
Upon the fatal rock of impious wit!

Exercise 87 e.

To be corrected in Writing, and afterwards the reason assigned. Errors in Figurative Language-continued.

1. Since the time that reason began to bud, and put forth her shoots, thought, during our waking hours, has been active in every breast without a moment's suspension or pause. The current of ideas has been always moving. The wheels of the spiritual engine have exerted themselves with perpetual motion.

2. The man who has no rule over his own spirit, possesses no antidote against poisons of any sort. He lies open to every insurrection of ill humour, and every gale of distress. Whereas he who is employed in regulating his mind, is making provision against all the accidents of life. He is erecting a fortress, into which, in the day of sorrow, he can retreat with satisfaction.

3. He found the tide of wealth flowing merely in the channels of traffic, and took out large sums to support and encourage literature.

4. Poetry produces an illusion on the eye of the mind, as a magic lantern produces an illusion on the eye of the body. And as a magic lantern acts best in a dark room, poetry effects its purpose best in a dark age. As the light of knowledge breaks in upon its exhibitions, as the outlines of certainty become more and more definite, as the weight of probability increases, the lines and lineaments of the phantoms which it calls up grow fainter and fainter.

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