APPENDIX TO THE ANALYSIS. NOTE. This work was prepared for the press before Article 14 of the Amendments had become a part of the Constitution of the United States. The analysis of that article is, therefore, inserted here. A. CITIZENSHIP. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. 99. B. STATE PROHIBITIONS. CITIZENSHIP. 1. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; 2. Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; 3. Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 99. C. REPRESENTATION. 1. HOW APPORTIONED. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers; counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. 100. 2. HOW APPORTIONMENT REDUCED. By a denial of any State to any of its male inhabitants, being citizens of the United States, twenty-one years of age, or in any way abridging, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the right to vote at any election, 1. For the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States; 2. For representatives in Congress; 3. For State officers, judicial and executive; or, 4. For members of the State legislature. 100. 3. RATIO OF REDUCTION. In all such cases, the basis of representation shall be reduced in the proportion which the disfranchised male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens in such State of the age of twentyone years. 100. D. INELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE. Any person having once taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, either as, 1. A member of Congress; or, 2. An officer of the United States; or, 3. As a member of any State legislature; or, 4. As an executive or judicial officer of any State, and having engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to their enemies, is ineligible thereafter; as, 1. A member of either house of Congress; or, 2. Elector of President and Vice-President of the United States; 3. As an officer of any kind, civil or military, 1st. Under the United States; or, 2d. Under any State, unless Congress shall, by vote of twothirds of each house, remove the disability. 101. 1. Forbidden. E. REPUDIATION. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. 2. Enjoined. Neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred, 1st. In aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 2d. Any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave. PART II. ANNOTATIONS ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. PREAMBLE. WE, the people of the United States, 1. In order to form a more perfect union; 2. Establish justice; 3. Insure domestic tranquillity; 4. Provide for the common defense; 5. Promote the general welfare; and, 6. Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 1. 1st. The Preamble is an exposition of the objects and purposes of the Constitution. Unlike the Articles of Confederation, which were an agreement or compact between the States as such, the Constitution is a compact of the PEOPLE. The first line of the former document shows that the bargain is between the States: on the contrary, the first line of the Preamble to the Constitution shows that the agreement is by the PEOPLE. 2d. Observe, the Preamble begins with, "We, the People; and what they purposed to do was for themselves and their posterity. 109 States can not properly be said to have posterity. The Articles of Confederation were never submitted to the people for their approval in any such direct manner as the Constitution was. 3d. The first object expressed in the Preamble is, to form a more perfect union; that is, a more perfect union than had existed under the Confederation. The government, under the former system, had been found by experience to be inadequate to the wants of the people. The Union was so imperfect as to be almost unworthy of the name. 4th. Its imperfections as a national government appeared from the collision of interests between the States; their commercial aggressions upon each other; the laws of retaliation for real or imaginary injuries, which they did not hesitate to pass; the dangers from foreign interference, as well as the actual advantage which had often been taken of our weakness, - all of which threatened the dismemberment of the Union under the Confederation. They demonstrated the necessity of a more powerful federal government, and a more perfect union of the people of the United States. § 2. 1st. A government having no judiciary that commands the respect of the people is wanting in one of the essential elements of stability. To establish justice was, therefore, the second object to be secured by the new Constitution. 2d. Under the Confederation, there was nothing that could be called a national judiciary. The State legislatures were often led to pass laws favoring their own immediate and respective localities, and State courts did not hesitate to disregard the decisions of co-ordinate tribunals. 3d. Treaties formed between the Confederacy and foreign nations were recklessly disregarded by the State legislatures as well as by the State courts. In several instances, this open disregard of the plighted faith of the nation threatened to involve the whole country in war. 4th. Laws were passed by the State legislatures, in many instanopen defiance of the sacredness of private contracts between ces, in |