Omis, S., Almissa in Dalmatia. Opava, S., Oppava, P., Troppau. Oštrogon, S., Gran in Hungary. Pähkinälinna, Fin., Nöteburg. Pazin, S., Mitterburg in Istria. Pecs, Mag., Fünfkirchen. Pecúh, or Pecuj, S., Fünfkirchen. Pehsaka muischa, Let., Lambertshof in Livonia. Pehtume, Let., Petendorf in Courland. Pelsöcz, Mag., Pleschnitz. Penfro, W., Pembroke. Penwyth, W., the Land's End. Penybont, W., Bridgend. Perenye, Mag., Brünnensdorf. Pergelin, Mag., Pilgersdorf. Peröcseny, M., Pilsen. Pervány, M., Kleinmetschen. Pietari, Piiteri, Fin., Petersburg. Pedersöre. Pila, Mag., Polisch. Pila, P., Schneidemühl. Pinnu Semme, Let., Finland. Pintains, Let.-half Lett, half Finn. Plahtera, Let., Weissensee in Livonia. Moisekull in Livonia. Plaisance, Fr., Piacenza. Pławas muischa, Let., Aahof in Livonia. Pohdu muischa, Let., Ixtrum im Eckau schen in Courland. Pohjanmaa, Fin., East Bothnia. Pont y ty pridd, W., Newbridge. Poprád, Mag., Deutschendorf. Pordány, Mag., Brodersdorf. Pordó, Mag., Bernau. Pori, Fin., Björneborg. Posfalva, Mag., Poschendorf. Pösöny, Mag., Bädersdorf, Pödersdorf. Postes muischa, Let., Klauenstein in Livonia. Prayaga, S., Allahabad. Predjama, S., Luegg in Carniola. Preedi ka muischa, Let., Pulkarn in Livonia. Preedule, Let., Waddaxen in Courland. Preekulls muischa, Let., Freudenberg in Livonia. Presmir, Mol., Tartlau. Presov, S., Eperies in Hungary. Pudschev muischa, Let., Gallandfeld in Livonia. Pyhäristi, Fin., Mohla. Sakkaleija, Let., Sackenhausen in Courland. Sakiz, Turk., Scio. Sakke muischa, Lit., Augustenthal in Livonia. Saksa, Fin., Germany. Saldupils, Let., Frauenburg in Courland. Sall muischa, Let., Sallensee in Courland. Salla muischa, Let., Grünhof in Courland. Sallas muischa, Let., (1) Holmhof in Courland, (2) Holmhof in Livonia. Sallaspils, Lit., Kirchholm in Livonia. Samen, Sambien, name formerly given to Old Prussians by the Scandinavians. Sammland, ancient Prussia. Sanpietru, Mol., St. Petersburg, a small town. Sarkana muischa, Let., (1) Rothhof in Courland, (2) Heidefeld in Livonia. Sasy, P., Saxony. Sau muischa, Let., Weessen in Courland, Saules muischa, Let., (1) Altrahden in Courland, (2) Neurahden in Courland. Sawolinna, Fin., Nyslott. Schkirsties muischa, Lit., Napkul in Schweizeem muischa, Lit., Neu Salis in Livonia. Segisóra, Mol. Schössburg. Semigradets, Russ., Transylvania. Sibinj, S., Hermannstadt. Siebenbürgen, G., Transylvania. Siekierka więta, P., Heiligenbeil in Sinhala-dwipa, Sans., Ceylon. Silku muischa, Let., Bersemünde in Livonia. Silla muischa, Let., Hohenheide in Sinuddu semme, Let., Schamayten. Skriwera muischa, Let., Römershof in Skulberga muischa, Let., Kolberg in Livonia. Skultes muischa, Let., Adiamünde in Livonia. Slavkov, S., Slawkov, P., Austerlitz in Moravia. Slimvigu, Mol., Stoltzenburg. Splět, Split, S., Spalatro in Dalmatia. Sprowa, P., the Spree. Stahkelberg muischa, Let., Eichenaugen in Livonia. Stambul, T., Constantinople. Steene muischa, Let., Ulpisch in Steinthal, G., Ban de la Roche. Suiki, Let., a people speaking a mixture of Lettish, Lithuanian, and Russian. Suntascha, Let., Sonsel in Livonia. Suurisaari, Fin., Hogland. Suursalo, Swennes muischa, Let., Zioren in Livonia. Syczow, P., Wartenberg in Silesia. Szopron, P., Oedenburg in Hungary. Tahmi, Let., Border people. Tartto, Fin., Dorpat. Tata, Mag., Dotis. Tatry (góry), P., the Carpathians. Teepels muischa, Let., Witkop in Tehrpata, Let., Dorpat. Tenä, Fin., Schlüsselburg. Tèržic, S., Monfalione in Illyria. Theodosia, Lat., Caffa in the Crimea. Tihsenuhse muischa, Let., Pernigelhof in Livonia. Tisa, Mol., Tisza, Mag., the Theiss. Torun, P., Thorn. Tövis, Mag., (1) Dornstadt, (2) Dreykirchen. Tövisfalva, Mag., Ternowetz. Trewir, P., Treves. Trier, G., Treves. Triveni, Sans., Allahabad. Tuhges muischa, Let., Kragenhof in Tuiwassalo, Fin., Töfsala. Tuttenes muischa, Let., Lissenhof in Tyddewi, W., St. David's. Újbánya, Mag., Königsberg. Újegyház, M., Leschkirch. Újvaroska, Mag., Leopold Neustadel. Ulbrek ta muischa, Let., Stubbensee in Livonia. Ulocza, Mag., Köppern. Ummurga muischa, Let., Ubbenorm in Livonia. Unger pils, Let., Pyrkel in Livonia. Unguru muischa, Let., (1) Ibden in Urges muischa, Let., Argishof in Utrenie, Mol., the Mette. Uusimaa, Fin., Nyland. Uuslinna, Fin., Novgorod. Volcanu, Mol., Wolkendorf. Vratislavia, Lat., Breslau. Wähä kyrö, Fin., Lillkyrö. Wahz semme, Let., Germany. Wahzkalns, Let., Teutschenbergen in Wallis, G., the Valais. Wälschneuburg, G., Neufchatel. Waltenberga muischa, Let., Salisburg in Livonia. Warmia, P., Ermeland. Weibome, Let., Winterfeld in Livonia. Welka muischa, Let., (1) Welckenhof in Livonia, (2) Hohenbergen in Livonia. Wenäjä, Fin,, Russia. Wezza muischa, Let., (1) Metakshof in Livonia, (2) Rooperbeck in Livonia. Wezz Jerzem, Let., New Wohlfahrt in Livonia. Wiapori, Fin., Sveaborg. Wibroka muischa, Let., Sudden in Livonia. Wid semme, Let., Livonia, i. e. Middle Land, between Esthonia and Courland. Wiedeń, P., Vienna. Wien, G., Vienna. Wltawa, P., the Moldau in Bohemia. Woloszá, P., Walachia. Worms, G., Bormia. Wroclaw, P., Breslau. Wschowa, P., Fraustadt. Wyddgryg, W., Mold in Flintshire. Wyszogrod, P., Hochburg. Zabern, G., Saverne. Zadar, S., Zara in Dalmatia. Zagreb, S., Zagrzeb, P., Agram. Železno-Město, S., Eisenstadt or Kis Marton in Hungary. Z'emaiczei, Lit., Samogitia. Zgorzelica, P., Görlitz. Zizzara semme, Let., Roman empire. Zockov, S., Klingenberg in Bohemia. XXIII.-HINTS TO TRAVELLERS; CONTAINING 1. Report of Sub-Committee of the Royal Geographical Society, consisting of Capt. R. FitzRoy, R.N., and Henry Raper, Esq., R.N.; also 2. Papers by Rear-Admiral W. H. Smyth ; 3. Rear-Admiral F. W. Beechey; 4. Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes; 5. Francis Galton, Esq., &c. PREFACE. [APPLICATIONS are frequently made to the Council of the Royal Geographical Society by travellers about to set out for imperfectly known countries for instructions by which they may make their labours useful to geography. When a traveller addresses a specific question relating to a local matter, or some particular point of equipment as regards instruments of observation, it will generally be easy to refer him to some member of the Society whose experience may enable him to afford a satisfactory answer; but when he puts his question in a general form, it is extremely difficult for the Council to return a suitable reply. A It seems a natural solution of the difficulty that the Council should themselves draw up a body of instructions to meet such occasions. But some insuperable objections very speedily suggest themselves. complete system of instructions adapted to general application would embrace every point which could present itself to the notice of the accomplished traveller, and such a work would be an encyclopædia. On the other hand, a few general remarks of an elementary nature would be superfluous to an individual of moderate attainments, while it could not possibly impart the necessary qualifications to one who had no other knowledge or experience of the subject. Again, the nature of the observations which a traveller may make must depend on the character and quality of the instruments he carries-that is, on the quantity of baggage which it may be convenient or safe to carry with him, and therefore on his personal resources. It is evidently as impossible to treat all such particulars to any useful purpose, as it would be to prescribe the equipment suited to the various unexplored regions of the world. But this is not all; differences prevail amongst experienced travellers themselves, not merely as to details of observations, the degree of accuracy which it is advisable to aim at, and other matters, but as to whether particular instruments should be carried or not. On these grounds the Committee do not think it advisable to undertake the formal publication of instructions for travellers; nevertheless, as many valuable suggestions have been made by scientific men on the occasion of these applications, which they are desirous should be made accessible to travellers in quest of information on particular points, they have recommended the publication of certain papers which follow, with the names of the authors.] Hints to Travellers. WITH respect to such applications for instructions, it may be advisable to reply in the first instance with reference to special enterprises, and afterwards to compile more extended and detailed information for the use of travellers generally-if, indeed, so wide and comprehensive a range should be deemed within the province of the Royal Geographical Society. Some inquiries refer more particularly to the case of "a traveller who proposes to visit really wild countries," and "to lay down a useful map of his journey.' It is understood that he has already travelled, and has given proofs of his acquaintance with the use of several necessary instruments. Were not this the case, we fear that the fullest instructions would hardly suffice to give any traveller possession of such practical skill as should be acquired experimentally. We think that the following list of instruments will be found sufficient for the traveller's purposes, and not too cumbersome or difficult to carry :— A sextant, horizon, pocket-sextant, Kater's compass, Rochon's micrometer, and a sympiesometer, two pocket-chronometers, two thermometers, two portable barometers, two aneroids, and two boiling thermometers. It would be very desirable to carry a second sextant or circle, an additional horizon, and another prismatic compass, in case of accidents. Writing and drawing materials, stationery, scales, tapes, and register-books, should be carried in convenient cases-water-tight, if possible. With these, or even a part of these materials, a complete map may be laid down. |