Indeterminate Pluperfect (têm-po tra-pas-sá-to prôs-si-mo).*

I'-o ê-ra stá-to,-a, I had been.

Tu ê-ri stá-to,-a, thou hadst been.
E-gli ê-ra stá-to, he had been.
E'l-la ê-ra stá-ta, she had been.

Nói e-ra-vá-mo stá-ti,-e, we had been.
Voi e-ra-vá-te stá-ti,-e, you had been.
E-gli-no (és-si) ê-ra-no stá-ti,
E'l-le-no (és-se) é-ra-no state,

they had been.

Determinate Pluperfect (têm-po tra-pas-sá-to re-mô-to).†

I'-o fúi stú-to, -a, I had been.

Tu fó-sti stá-to,-a, thou hadst been.
E'-gli fu stá-to, he had been.

E'l-la fu sta-ta, she had been.

Nói fum-mo stá-ti,-e, we had been.
Vói fó-ste stá-ti,-e, you had been.
E'-gli-no fu-ro-no stá-ti,

E'l-le-no fu-ro-no std-te, they had been.

E'-gli sa-rà stá-to, he will have been.
E'l-la sa-rà stá-ta, she will have been.
Nói sa-ré-mo stá-ti,-e, we shall have been.
Vói sa-ré-te stá-ti,-e, you will have been,
E'-gli-no sa-rán-no stá-ti, they will have been.
E'l-le-no sa-rán-no stá- te,ž

Conditional present (têm-po con-di-zio-ná-le pre-sên-te).*
l'-o sa-ré-i, t or sa-ri-a, ‡ I should be.

Tu sa-ré-sti, § thou wouldst be.

E'-gli (él-la) sa-rêb-be, or sa-rí-a, || he (she) would be.
Nói sa-rém-mo, we should be.

Vói sa-ré-ste, you would be.

E'-gli-no (él-le-no) sa-rêb-be-ro, or sa-rêb-bo-no, or sa-ria-no, they would be.

• Also; fu-tú-ro im-per-fét-to con-di-zio-ná-le. This tense may likewise be called the subjunctive of the future, and the following tense, the conditional past, the subjunctive of the future past. With regard to both conditionals, it must be clearly understood, that they never express the condition or proviso itself; but that which is stipulated or made conditional, i. e. the result of a condition. The condition itself can only be expressed by the subjunctive of the imperfect (tempo passato di presente), or of the pluperfect (tempo trapassato), generally preceded by se, if. These two subjunctives their use must strictly correspond with the two conditionals, i. e. the subjunctive of the imperfect goes with the conditional present, and the subjun. tive of the pluperfect with the conditional past; e. g., se i-o stés-so nen v'an-dás-si, non ot-te-ré-i má-i niến-te, if I did not go there myself, i should not obtain anything; se í-o stés-so non vi fós-si an-dá-to, non a-vré i má-i ot-te-nú-to nien-te, if I had not gone there myself, I should not have obtained anything.

+ The termination rei of all verbs has an open e, thus, re-i; c. g., a-meré-i, I should love; cre-de-ré-i, I should believe; 'sen-ti-ré-i, I should feel,

etc.

This is a popular rather than literary form of the first person singular of this tense, though in old poetry it was much in use.

The terminations rés-ti, rém-mo, rés-te, of this tense, are, in point of pronunciation, alike in all verbs. Sa-ri-a-mo, for sa-rém-mo, is poetica!. Sa-rés-si-mo, for sa-rém-mo, is a frequent mistake of the Roman people in this verb, and, indeed, as regards the termination, in all verbs, while the people of Florence frequently say, sa-reb-ba-mo for sa-rem-mo; and in this point the two dialects, which are in many respects the purest, are equally faulty.

Saria, and, generally speaking, the termination ia, for ebbe, in the third person singular of this tense, is used in prose as well as in poetry. Fo-ra, for sarei and sarebbe, is poetical. The terminations of the conditionals in eb-be and eb-be-ro or éb-bo-no, are, with regard to the pronunciation of the open alike in all verbs.

l'ho trovato, and absurd to say, questa mattina l'ho veduto in buona salute, e adesso lo trovai ammalato, for what is next in time would be expressed by a tense denoting what is more remote, and what is more remote by a tense denoting what is next. It is, however, allowable to express the more distant of these two events by the determinate preterite, when the nearer of them is expressed by the present tense, thus avoiding the beforementioned contradiction; e. g., questa mattina l'ho veduto in buona salute, e adesso lo tro-vo ammalato, I found him this morning in good health,, and now I find him ill. The appellation determinate preterite has been The termination b-bo-no, in all cases, is, by many, preferred to given to this tense, because the near past expressed by it is a determinate b-be-ro, on account of its milder sound. It is, like the termination portion of the past time; and the term passato prossimo, near past, adopted-a-no, more frequently used in poetry or in solemn prose. The termination by me is clear in itself. As a last remark, I may state, that when in Italian ie-no, for i-a-no, e. g., sa-rie-no, for sa-rí-a-no, is also not inelegant, partisuch phrases are heard as quell' uo-mo ha viag-giá-lo mól-to, that man has cularly in poetry. Fó-ra-no, for sa-reb-be-ro, is poetical. travelled a great deal; è stá-to nél-le I'n-die o-ri-en tá-li, he has been in the East Indies; è stá-to in Ró-ma e non ha ve-dú-to il Pú-pa, he has been in Rome and not seen the Pope, etc., a near past is in the thoughts of the speaker, though the event may have occurred a long time ago.

Or; tra-pas-sa-to in-de- ter-mi-ná-to. It is generally used to denote a past anterior to a determinate preterite (tempo passato prossimo); e. g., í-o a vé. va fi-ni-to il la-vó-ro, quân-do è venuto Lú-ca, I had finished the work, when Luke camne; 6-0 a-ré-va ce-nê-to, quán da với si te en-trú to. I had taken supper when you entered.

+ Or; tra pas-sá-to de-ter-mi-ná-lo. It is used to denote a past anterior to an indeterminate preterite (tempo passato remoto) that expresses some act or event closely following it. It is for the most part preceded by the conjunctions poi-chè, when, since, do-po-chè, after, su-bi-to-che, as soon as, ap-pé-na, scarcely, just, no suoner, quán do, when, etc.; e. g., sú-bi to che b-bi scrit-to la let-te ra, par-ti-i, as soon as I had written the letter I departed; lo in-con-trá-i quán-do fu u-sci-lo dél-le cár-ceri, I met him just when he had left the prison; dố-po ch' eb-bi ve-dú-to il re, mi ri-ti-rá-i, after having seen the king I retired; ap-pé-na fúm-mo en-trá-ti nel bô-sco, che tre lá-dri ci as-sa-lí-ro-no, we had no sooner entered the thicket than three robbers attacked us. This tense is wanting in English, as well as the indeterminate preterite (tempo passato remoto), without which its sense is never complete.

Also; fu-tu-ro im-per-fét-to, or as-so-lú-to.

In the singular the first person of the future of all Italian verbs has the open sound of o, thus, ; .g., a-me-rò, I shall love; te-me-rò, I shall fear; dor-mi-rò, I shall sleep; fa-ro, I shall do; a-vrò, I shall have, etc., pronounced, a-me-rồ, te-me-rô, dor-mi-rô, fa-rô, a-vr6, etc. This person, moreover, has the grave accent on o in all Italian verbs. Old poets appear to have been no friends of accented terminations, and often said, sa-ro-e for sarò, and sa-rá-e for sarà.

This person also of the future in the singular in all Italian verbs must have the grave accent above the a.

In all Italian verbs the termination emo, whenever it is the first person plural, must be pronounced with a close e, thus, é-mo; e. g., par-le-ré-mo, we shall speak; fa-ré-mo, we shall do, etc.

**In all Italian verbs any persons terminating in ele must be pronounced with a close e, thus, é-te; e. g., fa-ré-te, you will do; di-ré-te, you will say, etc.; only sete, tor sie-le, is pronounced se-te. ++ Li-e-no, also fi-a-no, for sa-rán-no; and fi-a, also fi-e, for sa-rà, are, for the most part, used in poetry.

# Also; fu-ta-ro per-fit-to, or re-la-tí-vo.

QUERY BY A CORRESPONDENT.

A pine, a hundred feet in height,
Upon a plain did stand upright;
But once, upon a stormy day,
The top, by force of wind, gave way,
And snapp'd in two; the piece that fell,
Did strike the ground--pray mark it well---
So that one end was twenty feet
Apart from where the trunk did meet
The ground; but t'other end still clung
Unto the stump, and there it hung;

So thus was formed with stump and ground
And broken piece, a space not round,
But quite triangle-like in shape.
The length now find (without the tape)
Of stump and broken piece apart,
By means of Algebraic art.

A mesure que l'industrie et les arts mécaniques s'étendent et fleurissent, les arts les plus nécessaires, tels que l'agriculture. sont négligés. Le fils du cultivateur abandonne son champ, et laisse sa terre en friche pour aller chercher dans les villes le pain que l'industrie et les arts lui fournissent. Tel est l'effet réel qui résulte de l'industrie et du luxe : c'est ainsi qu'un état s'enrichit d'une côté pour s'appauvrir de l'autre, et que le superflu, préféré au nécessaire, nourrit cent pauvres dans les villes aux dépens de dix mille qui périssent dans les campagnes.-J. J. Rousseau.

LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING.-No. XXII. exported are called Invoices Outwards, and the book which

(Continued from page 148.)

INVOICE BOOK.

ANY account or bill sent along with goods sold to the party who has purchased them is called an Invoice. The invoices of goods sold in the country where the merchant resides are called Invoices Inwards, and the book which contains them the Invoice Book Inwards. The invoices of shipments or goods

contains them is called the Invoice Book Outwards. In invoices outwards, besides the cost of the goods exported, there is generally a statement of the Charges attending their exportation, the cost of insurance, etc. The date is generally placed at the bottom, and before the signature of the shipper the words Errors Excepted, or their initials, are written, in order that he may be afterwards allowed to correct any mistake he may have made to his own disadvantage. In large concerns, the Invoice Book itself is journalized monthly instead of passing the entries through the Day Book.

(1)

INVOICE BOOK.

(1)

INVOICE of sundry Goods shipped by White, Smith and Co. on board the Dreadnought, Captain James, for Jamaica, by order, and on account and risk of Schofield, Halse and Co., of Kingston, being marked and numbered as per margin.

(2)

INVOICE BOOK.

(2)

INVOICE of 60 Barrels of Herrings, shipped at Liverpool by R. Hastie and Co., on board the Fury, Captain Thomson, for Barbadoes, on account and risk of Richard Sykes, of that place, being marked and numbered as per margin.

INVOICE of sundry Goods shipped on board the Rainbow, Captain Browne, for Jamaica, by White, Smith and Co., on account and risk of John Roberts, of that place, being marked and numbered as per margin.

ελαω (commonly ελαυνω), I drive, f, ελάσω (Att. ελῶ), a. ετετελεσμην, are like κεκελευσμαι, εκεκέλευσμην, already spoken

εμεω, I vomit, f. εμεσω, etc., pf. act. εμημενα, pf. mid, or pass. a regard to that exactitude in which lies the best mental

πονεω (Lat. laboro), Ilabour, work, πονησω ; but πονεσω, I shall | Ανελευθερία, ας, ἡ (α privative
be in pain; πεπονηκα in both meanings; mid. πονεῖσθαι,
to be fatigued, f. πονησομαι, etc.

has well planted his field. The Greeks are fond of placing between the article and the participle, in phrases such as this, the qualifying and dependent words.

EXERCISES. GREEK-ENGLISH.

Οἱ περὶ Λεωνιδαν τριακόσιοι γενναίως μαχόμενοι ετελευτησαν. Νικησον οργην τῳ λογίζεσθαι καλώς. Μακάριος όστις εντυχησεν εις τεκνα. Πολλους κακως πραττοντας ωρθωσε τυχη, Σφαλλει εκείνους ούς αν ύψωση τυχη. Ρᾴδια παντα Θεῳ τελεσαι. Μηδέποτε κρίνειν αδαήμονας ανδρας εασης. Εν οἷς αν τόποις τις ατύχηση, τούτοις πλησιάζων ουχ ήδεται. Ο νεανίας ακολουθησατω τη σοφίᾳ. Ο ποιητής τον λογιωτατον Οδυσσέα σιωπηλότατον πεποίηκεν. Oi ayaboi avoρeç Tarρica κοσμησουσιν. Πολλακις πενιχρος ανήρ αίψα μαλ' επλούτησεν. Πολλοι, κεκτημένοι μεν πολλα, ου χρώνται δε δι' ανελευθερίαν. Λύσανδρος, ὁ Σπαρτιατης, μεγάλων τιμῶν ἠξιώθη. Οἱ ἡμεροδρομοι ουκ έχρήσαντο ὑποδήμασιν εν τοις όδοις. Η πόλις πολλων ανδρων εχηρωθε. Οἱ ιατροι τα έλκη ακέσονται. Ἡ γλώττα σιγην καιρίαν κεκτημένη και γεροντι και νεφ τιμην φέρει. Ουδεις | επαινον ήδοναις εκτήσατο. Ούτε τῳ καλώς αγρόν φυτευσαμένω δηλον εστιν, όςτις καρπώσεται, ούτε τῳ καλως οικιαν οικοδομησαμενῳ δηλον όστις οικήσει.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

exertions of genius. I conclude with observing, that though
men of genius may be said to be properly of every country,
those of the same country consider themselves as having a
particular interest in them. Upon this natural disposition,
we who are here assembled have a particular interest in Mr.
Watt. He belongs to this part of the country both by birth
and education, and we feel, like others, some shade of con-
One object that may per-
scious pride in this claim of ours.
haps occupy this meeting is, whether there should be one
separate monument in different places; or one great and
magnificent one in the most appropriate place. I acknowledge
my leaning is to one great, magnificent, and sublime monu-
ment, which shall command the attention of all, and which is
likely to be lasting. l am for a monument which shall be
durable, such as will wear out the teeth of envious time, and
hand down the memory of this great man to the latest pos
terity.

Mr. MONTEITH said. He was happy to think that although the measure of erecting a great national monument in Westminster Abbey to the memory of that great man, James Watt, had not met with great encouragement in this city and district, this arose entirely from a very general opinion that as this city and neighbourhood had derived the most essential benefits from Mr. Watt's discoveries, and as the inhabitants were chiefy engaged in business immediately connected with these discoveries, it would be more appropriate to erect this monument among themselves than at a distance. He would not enlarge on the transcendant talents of Mr. Watt, but having The good love and honour the good; the good will love and had the honour of knowing him, he could not but recollect honour the good; the noble youths will follow virtue; the his modest and unassuming disposition, the urbanity of mancitizens will account the brave warrior worthy of great honour.ners which distinguished him, which endeared him to every Alexander, the king of the Macedonians, conquered (aorist) one, and which would have rendered his memory respected, Darius, the king of the Persians, Leonidas and his three even if he had not possessed the high talents which have hundred warriors adorned their country by their bravery. proved so beneficial to this country. The citizens accounted the general worthy of great honour. that, in this city, the genius of Mr. Watt was nurtured and Accomplish for me, O Jupiter, this prayer. The soldiers have matured-when he considered that Glasgow, in numbering besieged the enemy. The war has bereaved the city of many him among her citizens-but, above all, when he considered citizens. The enemy were conquered (aor. pass.); the brave every class of the inhabitants, from the highest merchant and healed the wound; no one will gain praise by enjoyments; would come forward to promote the proposed measure, and warriors were accounted worthy of honour; the physicians manufacturer to mechanics of every description, had derived the greatest benefits from his talents, he anticipated that all the city has been bereaved of many citizens; all things have that a monument would soon appear, worthy of this great, wealthy, and prosperous city. He concluded by moving the following resolution, which was seconded by William Dunn, Esq.:

been well ended.

Explain the formation of the ensuing verbal-forms; that is, give the English and the root; assign the mood, tense, person, etc., and show by what rule, or by what exception, the verb has its actual form,

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

Πλεῖς; πλευμαι; ζῆς; ἐζων; διψῶν; πλεομεν; πλεοίμι ; χρῆσθαι; σμῖν; απέχρη; χρήν; εξαπατῶσιν; ὁρμῶμεν ; συνεκυκα; ζῆν; σιγᾷν; προςδοκάν; ασκείτε; αμαυροῖ; ζηλῶμεν; συνεξομοιοῦν; ιᾶται; εχρῶντο; αγαπᾶσθαι; θαυμαζεσθαι, φιλοῦντες; φιλουνται; αιδείσθαι; λοιδορειται; δουλοῦται ; ταπενοτο ; εδολούντο ; ζημιοιντο; θλάσω; κλάσω; επερᾶσα ; αιδεσομαι ; αληλεσμαι, εμήμεσμαι; ηκέσαμην, ηρύσα, επηνεκα ; αρηρόμαι ; ᾑρεθην; δέδεκα; καλῶ; εκαλεσα; πονησομαι; πεπονηκα; επόθησα; δεθησομαι, εσπακειν; τετέλεκα, αρηρόκειν ; τελῶ; εσπασαμην; ηροθήν; τελεστείς; ετετελεσμην; εσπασμαι; τελουμαι ; νενησμαι; ενησθην; κεχρημαι, εχρησθην; ετελευτήσαν; ώρθωσε; ακολουθησατω ; TETTOLNKEV; KERTnμero; επλούτησεν ; καρπώσεται; ακεσονται.

BIOGRAPHY.-No. XIV.

JAMES WATT, INVENTOR OF THE STEAM ENGINE. (Continued from page 177.)

I HAVE often made use of this beautiful analysis received from Mr. Watt, in another department in which I have been long engaged, to illustrate and encourage the progress of genius in youth; to show, that once in possession of a habit of attention, under proper direction, it may be carried from one easy step to another, till the mind becomes qualified and invigorated for uniting and concentrating effort the highest

When he considered

That

Mr. KIRKMAN FINLAY next addressed the meeting. He said that it was his happiness to have enjoyed, for many years, frequent opportunities cf knowing and admiring Mr. Watt's beautiful comparison which had been lately Applied by an great mind, and seeing his extensive usefulness. eloquent member of the House of Commons, to an illustrious statesman then recently dead, might with truth and propriety have been applied to characterise the great mind of Mr. Watt: “It was like the proboscis of an elephant, which could pick up a needle and bend an oak." To an extent and variety of knowledge which no other individual possessed, was joined a kindness and liberality which made that knowledge the property of the public, and available on all occasions to the advancement of the arts and manufactures of his country. He might be said to be a great reservoir of knowledge, to which the men most eminent in this kingdom for their talents and their, usefulness were always happy to apply, and where they were certain to find the most important information. The advantages which have been derived by this country from the invention of the steam-engine had been so well stated by his learned and honourable friends who preceded him, that he would not detain the meeting further on that subject. The account which the meeting had just heard of the first steps of that great discovery, in the highly interesting speech of his learned friend, was peculiarly gratifying to the admirers of that illustrious man. The motion which had been put into his hands related to the benefits which this city in particular had experienced from the great improvement which had been made in the steam engine; and certainly it could not be difficult to