NEW JERSEY is bounded N. by New York; E. by the Atlantic and by Hudson river, which separates it from New York; S. by Delaware bay, and W. by Delaware river, which separates it from Pennsylvania. It extends from long. 1° 26' to 3° 9' E. from Washington, and from lat. 39° to 41° 24' N. It is 160 miles long from N. to S. and contains 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,000 acres. Delaware river separates this state from Pennsylvania, and the Hudson forms the northern part of the eastern boundary. The other most considerable rivers are the Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Great Egg Harbour River, and Musconetcunk. Trenton is the seat of government. The other most considerable towns are Newark, New Brunswick, Elizabethtown, Burlington, and Amboy. The Morris Canal connects the Delaware and Hudson rivers, extending from Easton to Jersey City. The whole line is about 101 miles long. Hopatcong lake, at the summit level, being about 900 feet above tide-water, supplies the canal with water throughout. This company have also banking and trust privileges. The Delaware and Raritan Canal extends from New Brunswick, on the Raritan, to Bordentown, on the Delaware, a distance of 43 miles, being 75 feet in width at the top water-line, and 7 feet deep. The feeder to the canal ascends the Delaware river from its junction with the canal at Trenton, 22 miles, and is 60 feet wide and 6 deep. The Camden and Amboy Rail-road, as its name imports, extends from Camden, opposite Philadelphia, to South Amboy, on Raritan Bay; is 60 miles and 67 chains in length, and has a deviation of only 67 chains from forming a straight line. The receipts from this road, for 1835, amounted to $679,463, being an increase over the preceding year of $132,460. The Delaware and Raritan Canal Company and this Rail-road Company were made by act of legislature, in 1832, a joint company. The cost of property belonging to both companies is $5,500,000. The Paterson and Hudson River Rail-road extends from Paterson to Jersey City, a distance of 16 miles. The New Jersey Rail-road extends from Jersey City, through Newark, Elizabethtown, and Rahway, to New Brunswick, a distance of 37 miles; and on the 1st of January, 1839, the Camden and Amboy Company completed their road from Bordentown through Trenton and Princeton, to intersect this at New Brunswick. The Canal of the Trenton Delaware Falls Company ascends the Delaware from the head of tide, below Trenton, 5 miles and 62 chains. It is principally used as a head race for mills, 7 of which, although the work is just completed, are already erected upon it. The company estimate the body of water in their canal as equal in power to 529 horses, and as capable of being increased to an amount equal to 1170 horses. The four northern counties, Sussex, Warren, Morris, and Bergen, are mountainous. The next four, Hunterdon, Somerset, Essex, and Middlesex, are agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. South Mountain, a great ridge of the Alleghany range, crosses the state in lat. 41 N., and the Kittatinny ridge crosses a little to the north of South Mountain. The greater part of the six southern counties is composed of the long range of level country which commences at Sandy Hook, and lines the coast of the middle and southern states. Much of this range is nearly barren, producing only shruboaks and yellow pines; but the rest of the state has a large proportion of good soil, excellent for grazing, and for the various purposes of agriculture. The productions are wheat, rye, maize, buckwheat, potatoes, oats, and barley. Great numbers of cattle are raised in the mountainous parts for the markets of New York and Philadelphia. Large quantities of butter and cheese are also made. The exports are flour, wheat, horses, cattle, hams, cider, lumber, flax-seed, leather, and iron. The greater part of the produce exported from this state passes through New York and Philadelphia; and hence the amount of the direct foreign exports in 1839 was but $98,000. Great quantities of leather are manufactured at the valuable tanneries of Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown. Large quantities of shoes are made at Newark; and glass is manufactured in the southern counties, particularly in Gloucester, to a great amount. But the most important manufacture is that of iron. In the county of Morris there are 7 rich iron mines, 2 furnaces, 9 rolling and slitting mills, and 30 forges. The annual produce of these works is about 540 tons of bar iron, 800 tons of pig, besides large quantities of hollow ware, sheet iron, and nail rods. There are also iron works in the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Sussex, &c. The annual produce in the whole state is computed at about 1200 tons of bar iron, 1200 tons of pig, and 80 tons of nails, exclusive of small articles. There are 26 banks in New Jersey, viz. Belvidere Bank, Belvidere; Cumberland Bank, Bridgeton; Salem Banking Company, Salem; State Bank, Camden; Farmers' Bank of New Jersey, Mount Holly; Trenton Banking Company, and Mechanics' and Manufacturers' Bank, Trenton; State Bank, and Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, New Brunswick; State Bank, Elizabeth; State Bank, Newark Banking and Insurance Company, and Mechanics' Bank, Newark; Commercial Bank of New Jersey, Perth Amboy; People's Bank, and Paterson Bank, Paterson; State Bank, and Morris Bank, Morristown; Sussex Bank, Newton; Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, Rahway; Orange Bank, Orange; Morris Canal and Banking Company, Jersey City; Princeton Bank, Princeton; Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, Middletown Point; Union Bank, Dover; Manufacturers' Bank, Belleville. There are colleges and theological seminaries at Princeton and Education. New Brunswick, and academies at various places. This state has a school fund, which amounted, in October, 1840, to $320,000 which is all in productive stocks, yielding an interest, on an average, of about 5 per cent. A tax of half of one per cent. on the amount of the capital stock of the several banks, subscribed and paid in, is also appropriated to this fund; and the whole annual income is about $22,000. By a law passed in 1829, $20,000 were annually appropriated to the support of common schools out of the income of the fund. Religious The Presbyterians have 85 churches, 88 ministers, 20 licentiates, denomina- and 12,519 communicants; the Methodists, 10,730 members; the tions. Dutch Reformed, 28 churches and 28 ministers; the Baptists, 34 churches, 21 ministers, and 2,324 communicants; the Episcopalians, 20 ministers; the Friends are considerably numerous, and there are some Congregationalists. Constitution The constitution of New Jersey was formed in 1776; and no and govern- revision of it has since taken place, except that the legislature has ment. undertaken to explain its provisions in particular parts. The govern ment is vested in a governor, legislative council, and general assembly; and these bodies united are styled The Legislature. The members of the legislative council and of the general assembly are elected annually, on the second Tuesday in October. Finances. New Jersey is one of the few States of the Union that has not incurred a permanent debt; while the improvements in canals and rail-roads have been perhaps as great as in any state, in proportion to extent and population. The state derives an income of more than $40,000 annually for dividends and transit duties paid by rail-road and canal companies; which, with a state tax, varying from $20,000 to $30,000, is sufficient to pay all public expenses. The legislature meets annually (at Trenton), on the 4th Tuesday in October. The governor is chosen annually by a joint vote of the council and assembly, at their first joint meeting after each annual election. The governor is president of the council; and the council also elect from their own body, at their first annual meeting, a vice-president, who acts in the place of the governor in his absence. The governor and council form a court of appeals, in the last resort in all causes of law; and they possess the power of granting pardon to criminals after condemnation. The constitution grants the right of suffrage to "all persons of full age who are worth fifty pounds proclamation-money, clear estate in the same, and have resided within the county in which they claim to vote for twelve months immediately preceding the election." The legislature has declared, by law, that every white male inhabitant, who shall be over the age of 21 years, and shall have paid a tax, shall be considered worth fifty pounds, and entitled to a vote. The judges are appointed by the legislature, those of the supreme court for a term of seven years, and those of the inferior courts for five years; both are capable of being reappointed. This state sends 6 representatives to congress. Governor's salary, $2,000. NOTE-The practical questions will be omitted in the remaining states as the teacher may easily ask questions, similar to those which are given on the other states, and any others that he may think useful. PENNSYLVANIA is bounded N. by New York and lake Erie; E. by New Jersey, S. E. by Delaware, S. by Maryland and Virginia, and W. by part of Virginia and Ohio. It extends from 39° 42' to 47° 17' N. lat. and from 3° 31' W. lon. to 2° 18' E. lon. from Washington. Its greatest length from east |