ALLOWANCES,

[References are to sections]

provisions of the Act, 160, 710.

1. Allowances must be reasonable.

undue prejudice in granting allowances, 731.
payment of transportation allowances, 731.
extent of statutory restrictions, 738.
commission jurisdiction over allowances, 731.
unjustifiable differences in rates, 732.
differences between tank rates, 732.
rental paid on shipper's cars, 736.
allowance for facilities furnished, 737.

allowance under color of compensation, 737.
allowance to an elevator company, 737.
allowance of mileage for tank cars, 737.
not above the reasonable cost, 738.
covering of rebates by allowances, 811.

2. Allowances must be scheduled.

both rates must be open to all, 739.
such allowances as are published, 739.
lighterage allowance to one shipper, 740.
allowance to one elevator, 741.
transportation costing less net, 742.

if a switching service is included, 743.

allowances for facilities closely scrutinized, 744.
allowances to competing industries, 743.

whether too advantageous terms, 744.

allowances for facilities still permissible, 745.
reasonable allowance may be made, 737.
all privileges must be scheduled, 812.
carriers must abide thereby, 814.

no allowances of anything not in tariff, 814.
giving unpublished allowance forbidden, 624.
See DISCRIMINATIONS.

BASING POINTS,

[References are to sections]

how basing points are established, 598.
how basing points are justified, 599.
determination of base rate, 600.
adding locals to the basing rate, 598.
how rate is constructed, 600.
near-by basing points, 600.
the local rate back, 599.

natural point for breaking rates, 600.

all crossings basing points, 585.

no discrimination between the gateways, 585.
Creation of a market by preferential rates, 602.
equalizing manufactures in different localities, 603.
if basing point is established, 603.

the basing point system, 808.

sanction to rate systems, 808.

See DISCRIMINATIONS; LOCAL RATE STRUCTURE.

expense of equipment and maintenance, 352.

cost of rolling stock, 353.

improvement of existing plant, 356.

betterments considered as maintenance, 355.

replacement considered as repair, 357.

permanent improvements should not be annual charge, 358.

new construction should be charged to capital, 359.

new construction not an operating expense, 360.

betterment out of income, 361.

permanent improvements out of capital, 958.

absorbing earnings in improvements, 959.

allowance for unremunerative betterments, 260.

BILL OF LADING,

See ACCOUNTS, DEPRECIATION.

stipulations in bills of lading, 834.

limitation of liability thereon, 835.

See CONNECTING CARRIAGE, JOINT RATES, SCHedules of RatES, INTERSTATE

various theories as to proper capitalization, 251.
actual investment entitled to return, 252.

cost of proper facilities, 253.

what is the actual cost, 254.

cost enhanced by fraudulent contract, 255.
construction now thought unwise, 256.
equipment long since superseded, 257.
portion of plant not now utilized, 558.

treatment of outside investments, 259.

allowance for unremunerative betterments, 260.

contributions made by the State, 261.

2. Outstanding capitalization.

capitalization outstanding, 262.

nominal capitalization, 263.

stock issues often deceptive, 264.

bonded indebtedness beyond present values, 265.

market value of securities, 266.

securities issued upon reorganization, 267.

capitalization authorized by public authorities, 268.

the problem of watered stock, 269.

property acquired from surplus earnings, 270.

inquiry into foregone profits, 271.

existing capitalization hardly excessive, 272.

3. Present value.

power to set aside a statutory rate, 273.
constitutional requirements, 274.

original cost as affecting present value, 275.
going value, 276.

[References are to sections]

CAPITALIZATION-Continued

franchise values, 277.
purchase value, 278.
tax appraisals, 279.
development cost, 280.

capitalized rights, 281.

4. Cost of reproduction.

rule of some State courts, 285.
methods of certain commissions, 286.
the Federal courts opposed, 287.
explanation of these decisions, 288.
condition of the plant itself, 289.
what physical reproduction means, 290.
identical reproduction, 291.

intervening conditions, 292.

piece-meal construction, 293.

cost of building up the business, 296.

See CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, BONDS, STOCKS, Valuation.

CAR RENTALS,

See DISCRIMINATIONS.

CARLOADS AND L. C. L.,

1. Different classification of C. L. and L. C. L.

different classification and rating, 530.

when difference in classification is required, 531.
minimum carloads, 532.

minimum carload regulations, 533.

mixed carloads, 534.

shipment permitting greater carload, 535.

trainloads problematical, 536.

traffic handled in special trains, 537.

car loaded by several shippers, 538.

commission rulings upon special ratings, 539.

car sizes, 540.

special cars not necessary, 541.

2. Whether difference between C. L. and L. C. L. discriminatory.

powers of the Commission, 721n.

shipment in carloads, 721.

advantages of carload traffic, 722.

permission to mix carloads, 723.

lower rates for shipments in bulk, 724.

barrel oil compared with tank, 724.

shipments in trainloads problematical, 725.

differential between C. L. and L. C. L., 728.

economical use of the tank car, 729.

concessions to shippers in bulk considered, 733.
railroad without tank cars, 734.

See CLASSIFICAtion, DiscrimiNATION.

provisions of the Act, 480.

prevalence of classification, 481.

the meaning of classification, 482.
classification establishing the rate, 483.

the necessity of a proper classification, 484.
classification a convenience in rate fixing, 485.
history of classification in the United States, 486.
uniformity of classification attempted, 487.
classification necessarily imperfect, 488.
classification not unduly minute, 489.
extra class divisions, 490.
commodity rates, 491.

2. General principles of classifying.

method of classification, 492.

interpretation of the classification sheet, 493.
influences determining classification, 494.
adjustment of business to classification, 495.
classification according to representations, 496.
bases of classifying goods, 497.

justification for making classification, 498.

reasonableness of classification requisite, 499.

classification not determined by particular commodity, 501.
jurisdiction of the Commission, 502.

relief from improper classifications, 503.

low-grade commodities, 504.

high-grade manufactures, 505.

3. Comparison of commodities.

elements in comparison of commodities, 506.
like classification for similar goods, 507.

a proper rate involves classification, 500.
different classification for dissimilar goods, 508.
certain commodities compared, 509.

difference between commodities, 516.

raw material and manufactured products, 517.

4. Difference between commodities carried.

classification based on the package, 518.
business expensive to handle, 519.