[References are to sections]

FEDERAL AND STATE JURISDICTION-Continued

passing through another State, 125.

carriage wholly within a State, 126.

local carriage when through transportation contemplated, 127.
subsequently rebilled beyond State, 127.

an entirely independent course, 127.

intervening possession of an independent sort, 127.

subsequent movement out of the State, 128.

4. How long it continues.

precedent and subsequent transportation, 129.

ultimate destination not appearing, 128.

nothing to connect the two shipments, 128.
fixing rates for interstate commerce, 130.
existence of common arrangement, 132.

local carrier taking part, 132.

technical through rate unnecessary, 132.
shipped under a through bill, 132.
rating need not be joint, 132.

continuity of interstate shipment, 133.

no permitted device to break up, 133.

transit from beginning to end interstate, 133.

through export bill of lading, 134.

local carrier participating in through carriage, 136.
carriage continues to be interstate, 136.

intrastate part of interstate movement, 137.

line of the distinction, 138.

cars on an interchange track, 138.

essential character of the commerce, 138.

[References are to sections]

FOREIGN COMMERCE-Continued

foreign carriers and discriminations, 114.

due to competitive conditions, 117.

import rates regulated by competition, 118.
less than his local charge for the same haul, 118.

export rates regulated by competition, 119.

export rate may reasonably be less, 119.

foreign competition justifies necessary differences, 120.

2. Such proportionals must be scheduled.

export and import rates scheduled, 117.
requisites of port proportionals, 116.
must be an open rate, 115.

must include other foreign countries, 116.
rate must be filed, 115.

not applicable to goods billed locally, 115.
basis of export rates, 881.

low inland proportional rate, 881.

scheduling of export rates, 841.

applied only to actual, 881.

position of ocean carriers, 113.

limitations upon export and import rates, 121.

[References are to sections]

GROUP RATES-Continued

following out the zone policy, 602.

all producers in the group, 770.

when blanket rates are compared, 808.

See DISCRIMINATION, LOCAL, RATE STRUCTURE.

HISTORY OF COMMON-LAW REGULATION,

1. The early policy of regulation.

public callings and private business, 1.

the medieval theory of State control, 2.

the regulation of business in the middle ages, 3.
early differentiation of the public service law, 4.
the history of the carrier, 5.

the position of the wharfinger, 6.
continuance of State regulation, 7.
survival of the common law, 11.

2. Persistence of State regulation.
the building of turnpikes, 13.
the era of canal construction, 14.
the coming of the railways, 15.
transportation facilities as a class, 16.
alteration in economic conditions, 17.
development in the common law, 18.

conservative and radical views of regulation, 21.

3. State control of public utilities.

the public services of the present day, 22.

the effect of natural monopoly, 23.

[References are to sections]

HISTORY OF COMMON-LAW REGULATION-Continued
difficulty of distribution as a factor, 24.

scarcity of advantageous sites, 25.

limitation of available time, 26.

the public services a necessity, 27.

economic limitations create public employment, 28.
cost of the plant, 29.

4. Modern regulation of public services.

necessary regulation of virtual monopoly, 32.
economic conditions at the present time, 33.
control of the public services, 34.

differentiation of the public service law, 35.
unity of the public service law, 36.

the modern programme of State control, 37.

HISTORY OF STATUTORY REGULATION,
1. Course of legislation in England.

parliamentary regulation of rates, 8.
persistence of the legislative power, 10.
carrier's liability before 1830, 52.
the carrier's Act of 1830, 53.

the railway and canal traffic Act of 1854, 54.
the railway and canal commission, 55.

scope of its powers, 56.

increase by later amendments, 57.

influence of English legislation, 58.

authority of English decisions, 59.

2. Legislation in the States.

restriction of prices in the colonies, 9.
special restrictions in early charters, 19.

the granger rate legislation, 60.

railroad commissions of former times, 61.

additions to their powers, 62.

the modern public service commissions, 63.

the spread of the movement, 64.

extent of their supervision, 65.

regulation of rates, 66.

adequacy of service, 67.

keeping of accounts, 68.

issue of securities, 69.

inherent limitations upon commission action, 103.

HOLDING COMPANY,

See CONSOLIDATION.

I

IMPORT RATES,

See FOREIGN COMMERCE.

problem of the industrial railways, 85.

industrial lines controlled financially, 193.

industrial railway may be true common carrier, 197.

joint rates then permitted, 193.

divisions, if too large, forbidden, 197.

would virtually be a rebate, 85.

exclusively that of a plant facility, 197.
allowance for such plant facilities, 195.
See COMMON CARRIERS.

INTEREST,

interest upon bonds protected, 310.

rates at which governments can borrow, 311.
prevailing rate of interest allowed, 312.
fair rate of return, 314.

current rate the standard, 316.

return upon investments prevailing, 318.
more than current rates not secured, 323.
how interest payable is considered, 324.
whether uniform return upon all property, 332.
rate of interest dependent upon safety, 333.
risk by reason of depreciated security, 334.
investment in public service, 336.

INTERSTATE CARRIERS,

1. Transportation services.

See BONDS.

provisions of the Act, 160.
railroads, 162.

water lines, 163.

passenger transportation, 164.

street railways, 165.

express companies, 166.

dispatch lines, 169.

2. Other callings.

sleeping car companies, 167.

parlor car service, 168.

pipe lines, 170.

telegraph lines, 171.

telephone systems, 172.

government services, 173.

wharfage, 175.

terminals, 176.

car ferries, 952.

railway bridges, 952.