is not yet arrived in this city, nor is there any Prussian Envoy at Vienna. Austria sees, with some jealousy, the preponderating influence which Prussia has acquired, in the German Empire, in consequence of the late changes.

Vienna, March 25.-The marriage of the Archduke Palatine with the Princess of Baden, who is now at Petersburgh, will be celebrated at Cracow, where the Emperors of Germany and Russia will meet upon the occasion.-A deficit to the amount of two millions, has been discovered in the Imperial treasury. Some persons, who are strongly suspected, have been arrested-The Emperor has published a proclamation at Venice, ordering that the Austro-Venetian territories shall be divided into seven provinces, viz. Venice and its territory, the Frioul, Treviso, Padua, Vicenza, Verona and Belluno, each of which is to be governed by an officer, entitled a Provincial Captain Royal, who is to be subordinate to the government at Venice.

Berlin, March 26.-A report has been circulated, that our Court has entered into a defensive treaty with France, according to which the party attacked, is to be assisted by the other with 20,000 men. But, there is no solid foundation for this report. In the mean time, however, the fate of Hanover continues in dispute between Prussia, Russia, and France. Colonial products have risen since news was received of the hostile attitude of England and France. His Majesty received General Duroc with particular marks of distinction; and has invited him several times to dinner. After he had an audience of his Majesty, and a conversation with the Minister of State, Count Von Haugwitz, the French Col. Colberg and Major Ferry set off for Petersburgh.

Brussels, April 2.-According to the new orders which have arrived from Paris, the march of troops to the frontiers of Helland is now in full activity. Several corps of cavalry and infantry which it was thought were destined to make part of the camp at Brussels, are amongst those which march towards Holland, and we are assured that they will be replaced by others drawn from the interior. Those which went from Malines and Louvain have made forced marches, in order to arrive at their destination: they were followed by others who marched towards Nimeguen and other frontier places of the Batavian Republic. The greater part of the English who were at the Hague, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, have set out either for Hamburgh or Calais, some of them have embarked at Helvoetsluys.-It is said that a line of telegraphs will be formed between Holland and Paris, by Brussels; to this is attributed the arrival in this city of Cit. Chappe, engineer of the telegraphs.

Nantes, April 4-We learn by the frigate l'Egpytienne, which left Port-au-Prince on the 9th of Feb. that some Mulattoes, at the head of a number of Blacks, having surprized the quarter of l'Ause à-Veau, they burnt several houses, and committed many cruelties. Gen. Rochambeau, with 1800 men arrived from France, and Gen. Laplume with 1200 men marched thither, and dispersed the Blacks with great slaughter. The Mulattoes were taken. Gen. Rochambeau having fixed his head-quartets at Port-au-Prince, has reestablished tranquillity.

Rotterdam, April 5.-Common report, if not actual circumstances, seems at present to preponderate on the side of war; preparatory to which, a beginning has been made with the marching of French troops into this country, two battalions of

whom are already arrived at Breda; and for Italy they are proceeding from all quarters, 'where, in case of a rupture, their presence will be more immediately necessary.

Hague, April 5-Our govt. has sent out certain fast sailing vessels, with dispatches and secret orders to the Governors of the Colonies in the East and West Indies. Within these few days, too, Grypvegee and Circe have been put into active service; but their destination is unknown. From Flushing we have information, that there were never so many French troops in that town as just now. The prices of provisions have risen to such a degree as to excite the murmurs of the people.— Yesterday morning a courier ext. brought dispatches to the F. Ambas. of which he has notified the contents to the Batavian govt. It is a requisition to the govt. of this country, to take into its pay and service, 4 other battalions of infantry, and 3 squadrons of cavalry, which, with the other corps already in the Batavian service, will raise the whole number of the French troops, in this country, to 15 or 16,000 men.

Flushing, April 5.-This morning arrived from Cadsand a battalion of French infantry of the 8th

brigade, which immediately proceeded on its march for Middelburg. In the afternoon arrived another battalion of the same brigade, which likewise proceeded for Middelburg. A battalion of the 95th brigade lying here in garrison, set out at noon for Veere, and a few hours after was replaced by another battalion of the same brigade. Our garrison consisted hitherto of two battalions of the 95th brigade. This evening, at 6, the whole garrison came under arms in the Great Market, and Gen. Monnet, Commander of the troops in the town of Flushing and the Isle of Walcheren, accompanied by Gen. Osten and some other officers, appeared in the front, and delivered to the Commandant of the place a writing, which was read by the same Commandant, and contained as follows:-(See Public Papers, p. 562). We expect to-day or to-morrow three hundred and eighty cavalry, and two companies of artillery, which, it is said, will be distributed in the towns of Flushing, Middelburg, and Veere. (Flushing Courant Extraor)

Helvoetslays, April 9.—The French troops destined for the Louisiana expedition, were debarked here this day from their transports: one division, consisting of about 7c0 men, have taken post at Goree, another, of nearly the same force, have marched into Brill, and a third have pos sessed themselves of this garrison. The Dutch troops were previously directed by the French General to withdraw from those places, the Batavian Commandants being assured by him, that he had it in express charge to take upon himself the sole responsibility of those garrisons.

Hamburgh, April 1.-A paragraph, said to be by command of the First Consul, has been inserted in the Correspondenten, declaring, that should a war between England and France actually break out, Buonaparte will recognize no power otherwis. than an ally or an enemy. The libel upon his Britannic Majesty, which appeared at full length in the Hamburgh papers of the 30th ult. and which was before that wisely modified by the Syndic and Censor of the press, was, it is said, previously communicated to Sir George Rumbold, the British Chargé d'Affaires, who is reported to have answered, that it the Senate was forced to consent to the insertion of such communications from the Fr. Govt. they must of course do the same justice

to such articles as he, Sir George, might receive from his Govt. and publish them accordingly. This wretched lampoon had the effect of raising the present prices of insurance from 5 to 10 per cent. as well as the prices of coffee and sugar.

Paris, April 3.-The number of troops that are already on their march, or that are in readiness to march, to reinforce the army of Italy, amounts from 20 to 25,000 men. Gen. Murat, is destined to have the command of all the Fr. troops which are to be distributed for the most part along the coasts of the extremity of the kingdom of Naples to the Genoese territory. Several generals celebrated for their military skill and valour, are appointed to serve under Gen. Murat. Orders have been also given to reinforce the garrison of the Island of Elba; and there is a great talk of sending a corps of 3000 men to Ancona, to augment the garrison of that place, in order to secure a military point on the Adriatic Sea.-In general a war with England is considered as unavoidable; and we every moment expect news of the commencement of hostilities. The warlike preparations in our sea-ports are going forward with an ardour beyond example. The Admirals and other officers who are to have the command of our fleets, squadrons, and numerous flotillas, are already selected, although their appointments are not yet publicly announced. Thus is it also as to the generals and superior officers who are appointed to command the troops assembling from Brest to the North Sea. We already count about 200 gun-sloops, flat-bottomed vessels, and others of that nature, which are perfectly armed and equipped.

April 7.-By virtue of an agreement made between the powers interested in the fate of the Order of Malta, and consented to by his Britannic Majesty on the 8th of June, 1802, the nomination of the Grand Master of the Order was referred this time to the Holy See, upon the representations of the Priors of the Order. The Pope and the Priors acceeded to this arrangement. la consequence of which, his Holiness named, on the 9th of Jan. 1803, the Bailly De Thomasi as Grand Master of the Order, who accepted his nomination. The new Grand Master thought it necessary to send to Malta M. De Busy, his Lieut. furnished with full powers. He arrived on the Island on the 28th of Feb. The following Letters (See Public Papers, p. 556) will shew what has hitherto been the result of his mission.-The Emperor of Germany and the Emperor of Russia, have for a long time guaranteed the Ladepen

dence of the Island and Order of Malta. The only power which had not given a decided answer to the request that was made upon that subject, was the King of Prussia. But his Prussian Majesty has thought it proper, under the present circumstances, to hasten to guarantee the independence of the Island and Order of Malta.-(Moniteur).-We are assured that the Government of Spain have sent orders to re-establish the relations of its American Colonies with the United States, on the footing on which they were before the peace.

April 10.-A letter has been published at St. Malo's, signed Rottier, respecting an article which appeared in one of the London papers, stating that letters had been received from St. Malo, announcing that 80 gun-boats were assembled in that port. The Letter of Citizen Rottier is as follows: The boats to which the pretended letter alludes, are undoubtedly those which were there at the close of the last was, to the number of

60, and which were completely disarmed at the peace. Within a month a few have been fitted out for the purpose of conveying the materials necessary for improving the Port of Cherbourg. As to the activity employed in our armaments, ic is certainly astonishing, and more than o vessels will shortly sail to make war upon-Codfish.”

FORFIGN OFFICIAL PAPERS.

Liberty-Equality.-Decree of the Fench Government relative to the Town of Flushing.-Paris, March 31, 1803.

Buonaparté, First Consul of the Republic, decrees:-Art. 1. The town of Flushing is placed in a state of siege, under the command of the Gen. of Brigade, Monnet, who, for this purpose, is invested with all the necessary powers, and who will correspond directly with the minister at war.Art. II. The minister at war is charged with the execution of the present decree.-The First COLsul,-(Signed)-Buonparté.-The Sec. of State,(Signed). B. Mart.-The Minister at War(Signed)-Alex. Berthier.-A true copy, the Commandant-General of the town of Flushing and Isle of Walcheren.-(Signed)-Monnet.

DOMESTIC.

Particulars of a Forgery attempted to be practised on the Bank of Lisbon.

The contriver is a Brazilian, Joze Borges de Burros. Having for former mal-practices felt the Scourge of the law, Borges aimed at the total sub. version of all order and subordination. Fortunately he failed, and then turned his thoughts to forgery, and was detected; but, owing to the misjudged precipitation of injudicious inexperience, he escaped with the trifling punishment of being sent out of the country as an alien. Despising danger, he returned, and renewed his depredations in the association of Sylvester Godlia, a Portuguese; and John Farrell, a delegate from Manchester, an intimate ally of the traitor Despard, and whose name is to be found on the printed cards as one of Sir F. Burdett's committee, during the Middlesex Election. The other associate was a man named Gillington, who has been an United Irishman, and who turned King's Evidence. In May last, Gillington, and one John Fennell, were brought from Liverpool, on a charge of forging and circulating small bank notess when, at the instance of the gentlemen of the Bank, Gillington was, from necessity, again admitted as King's Evidence against his companion, Fennell, who was in consequence executed at Newgate on the 23d of June last. These four dangerous men proceeded in their operations, till they were detected by the following providential occurrence :-On the 2d of Jan, last, his Exc. M de Lima, (the then Portuguese ambassador,) call. ed at the house of Mr. Bond, the magistrate, in Sloane-Street, accompanied by a respectable trades man at the west end of the town, who stated, that by accident he had seen a printer casting off an immense quantity of notes, which he knew were forged notes upon the Bank of Lisbon, but of which the printer was completely ignorant M. de Lima then requested Mr. Bond's advice in the affair. Mr. B. advised, that no alarm should be given; and the greatest care taken to avoid apprahending the parties too hastily, until the whole was mature.-M. de Lima expressed his concurrence; and the unwary printer was privately seur for, who discovered that Farrell was the only active agent; in consequence of which fariell was

watched, and every proceeding minutely and daily reported to M. de Lima and Mr. Bond for upwards of two months. By this report it appeared, that some Portuguese in this country were the principal agents in carrying on the forgery, which amounted to £40,000 in Lisbon notes of £5 each, all which were first intended to be carried by the packet to Lisbon for circulation; but it was finally agreed that Farrell and Gillington should convey the notes to Lisbon, on board of the Antwerp schooner, of London, George Dickenson, commander, in which vessel they had taken their passage, and had each paid 12 guineas. In consequence of this important communication, M. de Lima and Mr. Bond consulted together, and a letter was dispatched to Lisbon by the Ambassador, immediately upon the Antwerp leaving the River Thames, in consequence of which, on the vessel entering the port of Lisbon, on the 16th of March last, the police officers went on board, and Farrell and Gillington were secured, and forged notes, to the amount of £40,000 found on the person of the latter, and in a private drawer at the bottom of one of their trunks. M. de Lima being at this period succeeded in the embassy to this court by the Chev. de Souza Courtinho, his Ex. received, on the 30th of March, advices of the proceedings of his gov. at Lisbon, which fully corroborated the before-mentioned particulars.-Mr. Bond, in consequence, gave directions for the apprehension of Joze Borges de Burros, and Silvester Godlia; and in the possession of Godlia the remainder of the forged notes were found, together with 1000 others, which had proved defective.-A man named Alexander Assupard de Barros has been apprehended at Lisbon, of whose connexion in this transaction there can be no doubt, from letzers with his signature found in the possession of Borges. Among some snuff in a paper, which Gillington had, were traces of a plan of the dimensions of the city of Lisbon, representing Ribeira Nova (or wharts) as far as the arsenal and the streets, by which plan (the dispatch states) it is wonderful how easily Gillington, who had never been in Lisbon before, marked in writing the streets, squares, public buildings, and houses for which he was to enquire, and confessed that this plan was given him by Borges de Barros, that it might not be known he was in alliance with Assupard de Barros, for whom he was principally to search.-Both M. de Lima and Mr. Bond are entitled to the grateful thanks of their respective countries.

From the London Gazette, Whitehall, April 9, 1803. -The King has been pleased to constitute and appoint the Right Hon. Francis Lord Napier to be his Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Crown-Office, April 12, 1803.—Members returned to serve in this present Parliament.-Borough of Ivelchester.-C. Brooke, Esq. and Sir W. Manners, Bart. in the room of T. Plummer, and W. Hunter, Esqrs. whose election for the said Borough has been adjudged to be void.-County of Hereford.-J. Matthews, of Belmont, in the parish of Clehonger, in the county of Hereford, Esq. in the room of J. G. Cotterell, Esq. whose election for the said Borough has been adjudged to be void.— Shire of Ayr.-Sir H. Dalrymple Hamilton, of Bargeny and North Berwick, Bart. in the room of Col. W. Fullarton, who hath accepted the office of one of his Majesty's Commissioners for the government of the Island of Trinidad.

Bankrupt.-Avcson, H. and S. Manchester,

corn-dealers. Anderson, R. Guildford-street, merchant.-Glover, J. Great Lever works, oil of vitriol manufacturer. Smith, H. Blackfriarsroad, coach-maker.-Green, J. Liverpool, woollen-draper.-Calvert, N. Lancaster, merchant.—— M'Connell, E. Liverpool, linen-merchant-Dearing, T. Wood-street, victualler.-Wilson, F. Great Clacton, linca-draper.-Westbrook, T. J. Cityroad, builder.-Myles, J. Ouston, Chester, cornfactor.--Brown, W. Lincoln, sadler.-Beaumont, W. Shrewsbury, draper.

Birth.-On Saturday, the 2d inst. the lady of Sir F. Vincent, Bart. of a son.

Married.-On Saturday, at Lydhead, St. Lawrence, near Taunton, Sir. J. Lester, to Miss Russell.

Deaths. On the 29th ult. in the 79th year of her age, Mrs. Hammond, relict of Lieut. Hammoud of the royal navy, and mother of Mr. Hammond, High-Street, Portsmouth.-On the 6th instant, at Sonning, Admiral Sir Thomas Rich, Bart.-On the 2d inst. Sir James Montgomery, late Lord Chief Baron of Scotland.-On the 9th inst. in JermynStreet, General De Bauermeister, Resident Minister from the court of Hesse-Cassel, in the 63d year of his age.-At Edinburgh, on the 7th inst. the Right Hon. the Earl of Dumfries, in the 77th year of his age.

DOMESTIC OFFICIAL PAPERS.

Circular Letter addressed to the Commanding Officers of the respective Corps of Irish Yeomanry.-Dublin Castle, March 26, 1803.

I am directed by the Lord Lieutenant to acquaint you that, in the present posture of affairs, it is particularly desirable the Yeomamy of Ireland should be prepared for any emergency.-His Exc. is fully convinced, from the loyalty and public spirit which have been already so generally manifested by the Yeomanry, that they will again most cheerfully come forward, if their services should be required, with the same zeal by which they were actuated during the late war-The corps under your command may be assured, that if it should be necessary to equip them completely for service, no exertion will be wanting on the part of govt. for that puspose. I have the honour to be, &c.-E. B. Littlehales.

SUMMARY OF POLITICS. MALTA. By a reference to p. 555 of the present sheet, our readers will perceive, that Buonaparté has had the goodness to communicate a part, at least, of that information, for which we have in vain called upon our ministers. The correspondence between Sir Alex. Ball and the Commander Busy (not a bad name for such an agent) will, we believe, discover to our readers the immediate cause of the present armament. It was on the 9th of February, that the Bailli Thomasi was appointed; so that there was just about time enough for an account of his appointment to have reached Paris, and for a demand and menace of the Consul to have been communicated to the ministers, by the 9th of March, the day on which they brought down the Message from the King. This, then, being the cause of their armament, and of their war, if they are

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to carry on a war (for the pretext of new and extraordinary hostile preparations in the ports of France and Holland really appears to have been unfounded), now would be the time to remind them of the principle upon which they and their partizans defended the peace, and, according to which, every single thing, surrendered by us, ought, if peace had not been made, to be considered as the sole object of the continuation of the war, and, as no single thing was worth a continuation of the war, they were justified in yielding every thing for the sake of peace. But, to sting, to goad, to lash them and their ignorant, selish, peace-loving partizans, opportunities enough will be offered us: at present, we shall confine ourselves to a few remarks as to the justice of our cause, if we should go to war for the retention of Malta, that being, as it is alleged by the enemy, the only point in dispute between England and France, an allegation hitherto uncontradicted by either the ministers or their slaves. In the present volume, p. 433, et seq. we defended the retention of Malta upon the ground, that the Order, to which the Island was to be restored, had, in fact, ceased to exist, previous to the time stipulated for the restoration; and, that it had been destroyed, not by Great Britain, but by Spain, one of the parties to the treaty of Amiens. If further justification had been necessary, we should have urged, that the Order, (such as it was to be according to the treaty) having been annihilated, a due election of a Grand Master could not possibly take place, seeing that, by the terms of the treaty, the Knights of the Order were to be the electors. Here, then, we stood upon ground as firm and impregnable as Valetta itself; but, upon reading the state papers of Mr. Busy and Sir Alexander Ball, together with the information now communicated therewith through the obliging Moniteur, (1) we find this ground sink from beneath us. That "safe," molelike politician, Lord Hawkesbury, has been at work, and has completely undermined us: for, it now appears, that a new ar rangement has been made, by which arrangement the Pope, and not the Knights, is to elect the Grand Master, and that, this arrangement was, on the 8th of June, 1802, only about six weeks after the exchange of the ratifications, "consented to by his Britannic Majesty !!!" On what con ditions, or with what reservations, this consent was given, the mole-like Hawkesbury will, in time, perhaps, inform the Parlia

(1) See p. 555, of the present sheet.

ment and the nation; but, from the note of Sir A. Ball, we are naturally to conclude, that there were no conditions or reservations at all; for the only justification that he puts forward, is, the want of a guarantee, (which, by the by, is now said to be obtained) (2) on the part of some of the powers, invited thereto by the 10th article of the treaty of Amiens. This ground alone is very weak indeed; and, unless something stronger can be urged by the ministers, they ought instantly to be put upon that respon sibility, which they have hitherto held up as a shield against every call for information. It is a fact too evident, too notorious, too universally acknowledged, to be for one moment doubted of, that the Pope is the creature and the instrument of Buonaparté ; that he is, to all intents and purposes, as much under his command as is any one of the Prefects of France. To consent, therefore, that the Pope should appoint the Chief Magistrate of Malta, was, in reality, to consent that Malta should be placed in the hands of France. In corroboration of this opinion, the ministerial paper, the True Briton, of the 14th instant, says: "Thomasi is said to be perfectly in his "dotage, and a complete tool of Buonaparte; " and, indeed, there is a moral certainty "of this island falling into the hands of the "French whenever we evacuate it, if it be given

up either to the Order, or to the Nea"politans to defend; and our government "cannot be ignorant of this."-Very true; but why, then, did the ministers consent to leave the appointment of the Grand Master in the hands of the Pope? If Lord Hawkesbury can prove, that this consent was clogged with any conditions, which have not been fulfilled, or, that the suppression of the langues took place at a time and in a way to render this consent nugatory, (3) he will thereby obtain, perhaps, some little palliation; but, nothing he can devise will possibly justify the having given this consent, which, under whatever restrictions, must finally have had an obvious tendency to place this invaluable possession, this means of dreadful annoyance to us, this key to Egypt, to Turkey, and to India, in the hands of our formidable and inveterate foe.

(2) See p 562, of the present sheet.

(3) The passage in the Moniteur is rather equi vocal. It may mean, that the new arrangement was made on the 3th of June, 1802, and consented to by England at some epoch since, which would agree with the statement of our correspondent J. B. in the present sheet, p. 552.-If this be the case, and if the consent was given so late as in October last, the conduct of ministers admits of no possible defence.

To possess the entire mastership of the Mediterranean; to seize hold of Sicily, Candia, and to repossess Egypt; to open a way overland to India; to have Turkey at her absolute command; to secure, by force and for ever, the friendship of Russia; to expel us, in short, from the Levant, from Asia, and from Africa; to effect all these objects of aggrandisement to herself and of degrada. tion and ruin to us, France has only to get and to maintain the Island of Malta. And, is the base surrender of a place like this, or the expenses of a war to preserve it; is an object like either of these to be sacrificed merely to gratify the vanity and selfishness of the Hawkesburies and Addingtons? Will the Parliament, whose duty it is to render weak, or wicked, ministers responsible; will they longer be silent on this subject Will they, can they so shamefully neglect their duty, their sworn duty, the sacred trust reposed in them by their country and their Sovereign? We hope not. We confide in them for an ample enquiry into this dark transaction, and for strict justice on all and every one of the parties therein concerned; and, if we could believe, that this our confidence were misplaced, we should, then, indeed, despair of the British constitution.

FLUSHING AND HOLLAND.-The declaring of Flushing in a state of siege has excited a good deal of indignation, real or affected, in almost all the London Journalists. But these mongrel writers, who, unlike your true"blood-hound," or bull-dog, unthinkly fly at all sorts of game, do, in their random assaults, frequently exemplify the vulgar saying, and " get the wrong sow by the ear." So has it happened in the present instance; for, it may not only be excusable in the French to declare Flushing in a state of siege, but she has, in the strictest sense of the word, a right so to do, according to the treaty of peace and alliance between her and the Batavian Republic, of which treaty England gave her tacit recognition by her conclusion of the treaty, the poisonous, the all-coroding and all-destroying treaty of Amiens.-The Morning Post says: "Such an outrage upon state decorum has "not occurred during the French revolu

tion. If Flushing can be put in a state "of siege by a decree from Paris, so may "Hamburgh, Copenhagen and Lisbon. "How the powers of the Continent will "view this violation of good faith, this insult "to public decency, this step which, more "than any other, extends and establishes "Buonaparte's power, we know not; but every man of common sense and impartial

feeling, must execrate it as the most tyranni – "cal and alarming that has stained the history of Buonaparte's reign. To place 66 a town in a state of siege is the most severe act of a government, the greatest "exercise of power it can practice over "the subjects it has in charge."-The True Briton, in an article of the 13th inst. evidently inserted by order of the ministers, after declaiming in the same way with the Morning Post, complains of the act in question, as being, on the part of France, a violation of the "neutrality and indepen"dence of the Batavian Republic." To expose the barbarous, the more than Hottentot ignorance, of these people, we have only to quote three of the articles of a compact which they themselves have, as we just now observed, tacitly recognised and sanctioned. "Art. III.-There shall be "between the two Republics, to the end "of the war, an alliance offensive and de"fensive against all their enemies, without "distinction.-Art. IV. This alliance, of"fensive and defensive, shall always exist "against England, in every case when one "of the two Republics shall be at war "with her." (4)-So much for the " neu"trality" of the Batavian Republic; that neutrality, which, in our letters to Lord Hawkesbury, previous to the conclusion of the definitive treaty, we besought him to provide for, not by crouching to Mr. Otto, but by placing in the entire possession of the Dutch, "Ruremonde, Juliers, Guel"dres, Cleves, together with the fortresses

on the left bank of the Scheldt, those of "Flushing and Maestricht." (5) This was the pledge of Dutch neutrality, which we demanded; but his lordship preferred that of the friendship of the Consul, which we now find to be as brittle as his tawdry, his well-bestowed porcelaine de Seve. As to the independence of the Batavian republic, the following article of the same treaty, will show that the measure under the consideration is not, in the least, a violation.-" Art. XIII. There shall be in the town and port of

66

Flushing a French garrison exclusively, whe"ther in peace or in war, until it shall be "otherwise stipulated between the two na

(4) Il y aura entre les deux Républiques, jusqu'à la fin de la guerre, alliance offensive et défensive contre tous leurs ennemis, sans distinction.Cette alliance offensive et défensive aura toujours lieu contre l'Angleterre, dans tous les cas où l'une des deux Républiques sera en guerre avec elle.

(5) See Letters on the Preliminaries of peace, 2d edition, p. 89 et seq.-These letters should now be read.