of 1730). Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying are still standard works.

1. 19. The Fifteen Joys of Marriage' was originally written in French by one Antoine Lasale, about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was afterwards frequently printed and re-edited, with more or less variation from the original, particularly by Guillaume Cretin, a contemporary of Marot and Rabelais. Taking Cretin's, version as his basis, some anonymous English writer published in 1682 The Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony,' 'done out of French.' The work has a satirical aim, and the comforts are anything but comforts. A clever answer appeared in the following year, entitled The Women's Advocate, or, Fifteen real Comforts of Matrimony,' 'written by a Person of Quality of the Female Sex.'

6

P. 249, l. 18. Mr. Joseph Mede (1586–1638), a Cambridge man, and a friend of Bishop Andrewes, wrote two works on the book of Revelation, Clavis Apocalyptica and In sancti Joannis Apocalypsin Commentarius. To show how highly he was rated, how greatly over-rated, in Addison's time and long afterwards, it will be sufficient to quote the words of Bishop Hurd: The book [of Revelation] . . was on the point of being given up as utterly impenetrable, when a sublime genius arose, in the beginning of the last century, and surprised the learned world with that great desideratum, a "Key to the Revelation."

1. 21. Marshal d'Estrades, one of the most active and able of the French diplomatists in the seventeenth century, who negotiated the purchase of Dunkirk from Charles II, and represented the interests of France at the treaty of Nimeguen, dying at a great age in 1686, left behind him a voluminous collection of 'Lettres et Mémoires,' bearing on the negotiations in which he had borne a part.

1. 25. Dr. William Wall (1646-1728) published his well-known treatise on Infant Baptism in 1705. It is a fair and temperate, as well as learned, work, the object of which is, first, to prove what was the practice of the early Church with reference to baptism during the first four centuries, and then to urge upon the Baptists, or, as he calls them, Anti-pædo-Baptists, various considerations touching the evils of disunion, and the ease with which they might, if so disposed, rejoin the Anglican communion.' (Arnold's Manual of English Literature.)

1. 28. This correspondent must have been an admirer of passive obedience, and a believer in the divine right of kings; for the work here cited was written by Charles Leslie the non-juror (in this same year, 1711), against a treatise of the well-known liberal divine, Benjamin Hoadley (who afterwards became bishop of Bangor), which derived the 'Original and Institution of Civil Government' from popular election or consent. Leslie, with Sir R. Filmer, holds the patriarchal system, in which the family, clan, or tribe, is governed absolutely by its natural hereditary head, to be the only legitimate type of civil government.

P. 250, 1. 3. The first seven volumes of the romance of Pharamond,

k k

which described the establishment of the Frankish empire, were written by La Calprenède; some anonymous author completed it. Cassandra, in which it was attempted to describe the division of Alexander's empire among his generals, was by the same author. But the French title is Cassandre,' which means Cassander the son of Antipater, not Cassandra the daughter of Priam; either, therefore, Addison or the English translator of La Calprenède must have made a curious blunder.

1. 10. All for Love, or The World well Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, the plot of which is taken from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, was first produced in 1678. The Innocent Adultery is the second name of Southerne's celebrated play of The Fatal Marriage (1694). Aureng-Zebe, the last and finest of Dryden's heroic tragedies, as first produced in 1675. 'Alexander the Great' is a short way of describing Lee's play of The Rival Queens, or, The Death of Alexander the Great. Theodosius, or, The Force of Love (1680), is a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, said to be his masterpiece. Lee is also the author of Sophonisba, or, Hannibal's Overthrow, first acted in 1676, and of Mithridates, King of Pontus (1678).

P. 252, 1. 29. Thomas Betterton (1635-1710) was the first tragic actor of his day. Some particulars showing in what an admirable manner he understood and acted the part of Othello are given by Steele in the Tatler,' No. 167.

Hom. Il. vi. 490.

P. 253, 1. 27. P. 255, 1. 36. The brazen-faced perjurer, Titus Oates, was in fact no doctor; his diploma, like his Plot,' was a forgery. He was the principal witness for the existence of a Popish Plot against the life of Charles II and the independence of England, the excitement about, which filled the years 1678-1681. He was severely punished and imprisoned under James II, but released and pensioned after the Revolution. Perhaps it is this last epoch of his life that Addison here refers to. To the last Oates had many fanatical admirers. Lord Macaulay says that during his imprisonment, ‘while offenders who, compared with him, were innocent, grew lean on the prison allowance, his cheer was mended by turkeys and chines, capons and suckingpigs, venison pasties and hampers of claret, the offerings of zealous Protestants. (History, iii. 67.) The above remarks were written before I had seen the note in Tegg's edition, stating that the person really intended was not Oates, but Dr. Henry Sacheverel, the High Church champion of 1710. Mr. Morley adopts the same view, and upon the whole it may be accepted as probably true, especially as the dates, supposing the story of the visit to have any foundation in fact, would be all in favour of the objects of the lady's enthusiasm being Sacheverel and Toryism, rather than Oates and Whiggism. P. 258, 1.7. Davideis, Bk. III. 1. 401 (Tegg):

:

'So when a Scythian tiger, gazing round,

An herd of kine in some fair plain has found,
Lowing secure,-he swells with angry pride,
And calls forth all his spots on every side.'

P. 261, 1. 17. Addison derived all these particulars about the monk Connecte and the head-dresses of medieval ladies from the article on 'Conecte' in Bayle's Dictionary, and the notes to that article. Father Conecte, a Breton by birth, preached with great power and effect in Flanders, and afterwards in Italy, against the luxury and vanity of women, and also against the vices of the clergy. For his energy in this last particular, and for advocating certain radical changes in ecclesiastical discipline, he was burnt at Rome in 1434. Paradin, an old historian of Burgundy, and Argentré's History of Bretagne, supplied Bayle with the materials for his article.

P. 262, 1. 29. Perhaps this passage suggested to Lord Byron the fine line in Childe Harold, in which the hum. head is apostrophized as

'That dome of thought, that palace of the soul!'

P. 266, 1. 28. The word 'commode,' for a head-dress, is not now used by the French in that sense. 'At that time,' says St. Simon (quoted in Littré's Dict.), 'head-dresses were worn called commodes, which had no fastenings to them.' Hence evidently the origin of the word; it was a 'conveniency.'

=

P. 267, 1. 14. 'Next' 'last.' The word still often bore this sense in Addison's time, as nächste in German does now; but according to English modern usage next is only used in speaking of future time.

P. 268, 1. 17. The people lined the roads to see the princes and nobles who returned from Steinkirk [see note to p. 60, 1. 7]. The jewellers devised Steinkirk buckles, the perfumers sold Steinkirk powder. But the name of the field of battle was peculiarly given to a new species of collar. It became a fashion among the beauties of Paris to wear round their necks kerchiefs of the finest lace studiously disarranged; and these kerchiefs were called Steinkirks.' (Macaulay's History, quoted in Latham's Dict.) The Ramillie cock' was probably a new thing in cocked hats, invented after Marlborough's victory of Ramillies in 1706.

P. 270, 1. 7. It is now well known that it was through no process of ⚫ abbreviation' that es superseded -eth, at least in common use, in the third per. sing. pres. of English verbs, but because in this particular instance the usage of Northern English (influenced by Danish) prevailed over that of Southern English. See Kington Oliphant's Sources of Standard English.

1. 15. The s of the English gen. sing. does not, as before explained, represent the 'his and her of our forefathers,' but is the inflection of a particular Anglo-Saxon declension extended to English substantives generally.

1. 26. The full forms are, mobil, reputation, positive, incognito. 1. 39. I have looked through a number of L'Estrange's pamphlets, and can find no traces of the phonetic system of spelling here attributed to him, except that he introduces you'll' and 'we'll' and similar contractions more frequently than his contemporaries.

P. 271, 1.14. Compare Pope's lines-

The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,

Had he thy reason, would he skip and play?'

P. 272, 1. 36. Instead of Detur Pulchriori,'—'let it be given to the fairest.'

P. 273, 1. 7. Namur, on the Meuse, was taken by William III after a long siege in 1695.

1. 28. There is exquisite humour in the notion of tendering the oaths to the rustic who won the grinning match, lest a Jacobite and disaffected person should carry off the prize.

P. 275, 1. 39.

By Ela must be meant the note La, or A.

P. 278, 1. 7. The grand climacteric was a man's 63rd year. There was an old notion that every seventh, and also every ninth year, brought with it a critical stage to the human frame; the 63rd year therefore, combining the dangers of 9 and 7, could not but be a most perilous period, which having safely passed, a man might look forward to a long spell of life. The word is from the Greek кλμakтýp, literally, the round of a ladder. Dryden, in the dedication of his translation of Virgil, says, "He [Virgil] died at the age of fifty-two, and I began this work in my great clymacterique.'

1. 12. The Grand Alliance between England, Holland, and the Emperor, was concluded at the Hague in September, 1701, for the purpose of giving satisfaction to the Emperor in the Spanish succession, and securing the interests of the allies against French ambition.

P. 279, 1. 10. Hugo Grotius, a Dutchman, one of the finest minds that Europe has produced since the revival of letters, created by his great work De Jure Belli et Pacis the science of international law. Samuel Puffendorf,

6

a disciple of Grotius, was a native of Saxony; before his death in 1694 he had written his celebrated work, On the Law of Nature and of Nations,' besides many other useful treatises.

P. 282, 1. 26. As 'carte-blanche,' this has become since Addison's time a familiar English phrase.

1. 38. A Sir Ambrose Crowley, who had made a fortune as an ironmonger, is said to have changed his name from Crowley to Crawley, and thus to have suggested to Addison the change from Anvil to Enville, prompted by the lady's ridiculous vanity. But such changes are not so uncommon that any particular case need be supposed to have been in Addison's mind; in our own days we have known Buggs become Howards, Smiths Smythes, and Joneses Herberts.

P. 283, 1. 40. The first battle of the Civil War was fought at Edgehill, on the borders of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire, October 23, 1642. Buda, which had been captured by the Turks on their advance to Vienna in 1683, was retaken after a siege by the united German and Polish army in 1686. P. 286, 1. 27. See note to page 6, line 5.

P. 287, 1. 20.

poems.

The Mistress, by Cowley, is a collection of amatory

NOTES.

1. 32. Hudibras, Part I, 3, 311. (Tegg.)

501

P. 289, l. 11. Conniventia' properly means a closing, or half-closing, of the eyes'; whence the secondary meaning of connivance,' because people sometimes shut their eyes at things which they ought to take notice of. But Addison seems to mean by the term in this place assentings,' 'polite acquiescences,' made at the wrong time, or to the wrong person. P. 292, 1. 38. Boileau died in 1711, Racine in 1699, Corneille in 1684.

P. 293, 1. 7. Philip V of Spain, duke of Anjou, and grandson of Louis XIV, was the French claimant to the Spanish crown, in opposition to the Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor Leopold.

P. 295, 1. 39. Cicero, in his De Oratore, and Quintilian, relate this of Demosthenes. The 'antagonist' was Æschines, and the oration which had, not 'procured,' but indirectly caused his banishment, was the celebrated speech De Corona.

P. 299, 1. 9. Raile' is a loose upper garment, A.S. hrægl. The word occurs in the plays of Massinger and Beaumont and Fletcher. In Beowulf, 1. 1195, we read of 'hrægl and hringas,' apparel and rings.

P. 300, 1. 3. Mint. (Tegg.) P. 302, 1. 29. The passage is in Act V. Sc. 1 of The Fatal Marriage, by Southerne. See note to p. 250, l. 10.

Secretary at this time of the Treasury, and director of the

P. 303, 1. 9. Negotiations with a view to peace were opened at Utrecht on the 29th January, 1712, and were proceeding favourably, when the incident occurred which Addison speaks of in this paper. The servants of 'Count Rechteren, deputy for the Dutch province of Over-Yssel, having complained to him that they had been insulted by the lackeys of M. Mesnager, the senior French plenipotentiary, Rechteren instigated them to revenge themselves, and after they had maltreated Mesnager's people accordingly, openly approved of their conduct, and said that he would reward them every time they acted in the same manner, and dismiss them if they behaved otherwise. The affair made a great noise; and when Mesnager's representations proved of no avail, Louis XIV sent orders to all his three plenipotentiaries to suspend all negotiations till satisfaction had been obtained for the insult offered to one of them. The Dutch government, afraid to take the responsibility of preventing the peace, at last yielded, formally disavowed the proceedings of Rechteren, and superseded him.

P. 307, 1. 5. A 'whiffler' is a supernumerary engaged to swell the numbers in a pageant or procession. In his Animadversions on the Remonstrants' Defence, Milton says contemptuously of his opponent, 'Now he is at the pageants, among the whifflers.'

P. 308, 1. 30. Tillotson, Vol. II, Serm. 1, fol. ed. (Tegg.)

P. 309, 1. 20. This amusing letter may be classed with the supposed diary of one of the Indian kings in No. 50. Bantam, a province forming the western extremity of the island of Java, was the scene of continual