13. Draw a map of the Baltic Sea, marking the countries on its shores, its openings, islands, rivers, and chief ports. 14. Draw a map of New Zealand, or British North America, or South Africa.

Arithmetic.

Two hours and a-half allowed for this Paper.

No candidate is permitted to answer more than ten questions. The solution must be given at such length as to be intelligible to the Examiner, otherwise the answer will be considered of no value.

1. Find the value of 10 tons 14 cwt. I qr. 4 lbs. at £17 14s. 8d. per ton.

2. What will be the cost of laying turf on a lawn 30 yds. 2 ft. 6 in. long, and 10 yards 1 ft. wide, at 2s. 3d. per square yardtwo flower-beds, 10 ft. long by 8 ft. wide, not to be turfed?

3. I sell tea at two prices, one being 50 per cent. higher than the other. A customer ordering I cwt. of each kind, I sell him the 2 cwt. for £38 5s. 4d., cheapening the better tea 20 per cent., and the inferior tea 15 per cent. What are the ordinary prices of my two teas respectively?

4. Multiply 395 68 by 4.804 :-from the product subtract 152595, and divide the remainder by 156 337.

He has just

5. I lent a friend a certain sum 28 years ago. paid me £866 5s., that being the principal and simple interest on my loan to him at the rate of 3 per cent. for 10 years, and 31 per cent. for the remaining ten years. What was the amount lent?

6. The diameter of the fore wheel of a bicycle is 4 that of the hind wheel, and the former makes 352 revolutions in travelling a mile. How many revolutions does the hind wheel make in a mile? and what is the circumference of each wheel?

7. What would be the gross rental of an estate for which the owner received £744 18s., after a deduction of 6d. in the for income-tax, and 4 per cent. on the remainder for collecting had been made?

8. A schoolmistress receives £58 a year guaranteed salary, and of a Government grant, averaging £59 10s. Her salary is subsequently increased by 7 per cent., and the Government grant rises 11 per cent. What is, then, her income?

9. Find the average of the six following numbers:-1, 8, 15, 08, 001, 893.

10. Two persons buy respectively with the same sum of money into the 3 per Cents., and into the 3 per Cents., and get the same amount of annual interest. The 3 per Cents. stand at 75; what do the 3 per Cents. stand at?

of of his share for of of the ship cost

II. The owner of of a ship sold $2 12; what would a share equivalent to 41 at the same rate?

12. If the 3 per Cents. are at 92, and the 4 per Cents. at 1234, what must be the amount invested in each in order that the difference of income arising from the two investments may be one shilling?

13. What is meant by discount? Find the true discount on £1,336 11s. 3d., due at the end of 3 years, at 5 per cent. per

Three hours allowed for this Paper.

No candidate is permitted to answer more than eight questions.

1. What facilities are offered by the Government to small investors in order to enable them to save? Describe one of them fully.

2. What are building societies and co-operative stores? On what principles are they conducted, and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

3. English cookery among the poorer classes is generally considered wasteful. Give any examples you know in proof of this, and suggest any remedies that occur to you.

4. How would you conduct a cookery class? How can the dishes, when cooked, be most advantageously used?

5. What are the changes that food undergoes from the time it is eaten till it is absorbed in the system?

6. Name any filters you may be acquainted with for purifying water. Describe the one you think best, and state its cost.

7. What are the symptoms of measles, scarlet-fever, and small-pox? Describe the treatment in each case.

8. Describe the process of vaccination. On what grounds do some people object to the efficacy of vaccination?

9. Write notes of a lesson on the choice of a dwelling. 10. What is a penny-bank, and how should it be worked in connection with a school?

11. All disinfectants act chemically. They either decompose or they combine with the noxious substances, and produce new compounds, which, if not void of smell, are comparatively harmless in their action on the human body.'

Mention a few of those which are most efficacious and most easily accessible, and state the manner in which they should be used in cases of infection.

12. Describe the course of needlework and knitting exercises adapted for infants, and for Standards I., II., and III. Say how you would graduate your early lessons in hemming; and whether any diagram or other illustration shown to the whole class would be useful, in addition to individual help and guidance.

FIRST AND SECOND YEARS.

FEMALE CANDIDATES.

Dictation.

For the Examiner.

One passage is given for candidates of both years. The passage should be read once distinctly, and then dictated once, in portions as marked.

If the room is large, and there is danger of your not being heard at its extremity, you may permit one of the officers of the college to stand half way down the room, and repeat the words after you, exactly as you give them out.

It is essential that there be no complaint on the part of the candidates that they could not hear or understand: you can prevent this only by clearness, accuracy, and audibility.

The contests of parties in England | had long been carried on with a ferocity unworthy of a civilized people. | Sir Robert Walpole was the Minister who gave to our Government that character of lenity | which it has since generally preserved. It was perfectly known to him that many of his opponents had dealings with the Pretender. | The lives of some were at his mercy. He wanted neither Whig nor Tory precedents | for using his advantage unsparingly. | But, with a clemency to which posterity has never done justice, he suffered himself to be thwarted, vilified, and at last overthrown, by a party | which included many men whose necks were in his power.

VOL. II. No. 5.

School Surgery.

BY ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D. (LOND.), C.S.S. (CAMB.), Vice-President of the British Medical Association.

IT

is

V.

ERYSIPELAS-(continued).

seen, therefore, that erysipelas may arise in a person prone to it without there being necessarily a seed, or germ, or potent factor, from an antecedent case; some always pre-existing germ having been hatched, so to speak, by abnormal and unusual conditions of the body, and then propagates itself, if circumstances favour it ; particles from such a case may then be transferred from it to the tissues of another person. If these particles find damaged material in these tissues, such as are present when a cutaneous injury has been inflicted, and there is the usual reaction which follows injury, viz., an attempt to throw off the damaged tissue, erysipelas may be set up in that tissue, and it then spreads itself from that case to the inmates of the establishment, attacking any one who may happen to be wounded, even if it be only by a scratch. It is very necessary, therefore, when a case of erysipelas arises in a school, that the same rules be adopted for isolation and disinfection as are used against scarlatina or measles, and thus now and then a serious mischief may be altogether prevented. It is not usual for all medical men to look upon erysipelas in the same light that I do, but evidence on this point is too strong to be much longer overlooked. I therefore urge managers to take the safe course, and act in the only way which can prevent the extension of the disease.

Boils. It is not unusual to find several children in a given school to be suffering from a crop of boils, arising either at the same time or in rapid succession one after another. Boils may be described as hard, prominent swellings, with a deep redness in the surrounding skin, exceedingly painful, and eventually terminating in an imperfect kind of suppuration. They commence in two or three different ways. one class, a slight itching begins in the skin, which, being scratched, the head of a small papule is taken off and a wound is thus made, from which a minute drop of serum, or blood, exudes; but very soon the base of

VOL II.

In

PRICE 6D.
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the papule gets harder, and extends its borders, both on the surface and into the tissue of the cutis vera, or true skin, and spreads to the cellular tissue underneath. Several may appear at the same time. They may arise on the back and about the arms and the neck and legs; indeed, scarcely any part of the body is entirely free from their possible inroads. Another class commences in the cellular tissue beneath the skin, and the first knowledge of the commencement is the discovery of a lump, which is tender when touched. It may be some days before a blush of redness on the skin shows that it is about to break out and discharge. The third kind are deeper still, and form about the fundament and other loose parts, giving rise to abscesses of a considerable size. The figure of the ordinary boil is a small cone, the base of which is below the surface of the skin, and the apex is like the top of a volcano in miniature. This has a whitish speck, under which is a small depression. If the head is removed, a little dead cellular tissue is exposed, with a minute quantity of imperfect pus, or matter, and presently a little serous, or bloody fluid, is discharged. They are generally about the size of a sixpence in superficial area, but the surrounding redness may extend over a much larger surface, and the superficial hardness sometimes exceeds half-acrown in diameter. They are exceedingly painful when they happen to be in the nape of the neck, or about the joints, as the wrist or armpit, or wherever the skin is liable to friction from the movements of the body or the limbs. In very young children they are often not nearly so painful. I have frequently seen boils of considerable size in teething infants without apparently any suffering attending upon them; but such kinds must be different altogether in character from those which commence in the cutis in the way I have mentioned, and which are capable of propagation from one to another. In some they come singly, and as one gets well another forms, and the crop is kept up for several months; in others a single boil is followed by a regular crop, many appearing together. In some cases they follow attacks of febricula or gastric and other forms of fever. I have seen an establishment in which typhoid fever has attacked several of the inmates, and boils have accompanied the cases, and after the typhoid has been removed some of those who did not suffer from

P

typhoid have suffered from a crop of boils, similar to those which appeared on the typhoid cases. They appear in the young as well as in the old, they attack the plethoric or the feeble, and no kind of constitution is certain to be free from their ravages. They are in a manner infectious, and capable of being transferred from one to another. It has happened to myself on several occasions, to have small boils upon my own arms when I have had to treat several other persons, and I have reason to believe that I have caught the disease from my patient; so that in the end I learnt caution, and took care not to get any of the discharges from boils or from their exaggerations, 'carbuncles,' upon any part of my own skin.

Sometimes they are very acute and rapid in their progress, at others they are indolent and slow. These latter have a more hardened base, and are much less painful than the acute variety. There is much difficulty in obtaining any kind of suppuration, and the hardness may remain for several weeks after they have ceased to discharge. Even in the acute form, after discharge has taken place, there is a hardness left behind, and whilst any part of this hardness remains in the cellular tissue, the patient is not free from the chance of a return of his complaint in some other place. The cause of boils is said to be some kind of cacozyme, which develops in the cellular tissue. It is doubtless of parasitic origin. Some excessively minute particles of degenerated protoplasm have been described by several writers, but the exact pathology has not yet been thoroughly worked out. It is very probable that they are connected in their origin with the introduction of some vitiated article of food, such as milk or butter, from a cow which has some defect in its constitution, or from some food which has not been cooked enough to destroy the parasitic germs which may possibly infect it.

Those boils which arise on the surface of the body, and then get deeper in, may be arrested by the action of tincture of iodine. If a drop or two be inserted in the itching papule two or three times in the course of the day, the majority of them will abort, and not develop into typical boils. The point of a stick of lunar caustic is sometimes used, but I prefer the iodine. If it is not successful in preventing the development, it is better not to continue its application for more than a day or two, but to leave the boil to take its course, covering it up with a little resin ointment, or yellow basilicon, as it is commonly called. A small portion of the ointment should be put on the top of the volcano, then a little fluffy cotton wool and a pad of cotton, shaped like a bird's nest; put wool over it, and keep it in its place by a loose bandage, a handkerchief, or a slip or two of adhesive plaster, so that all pressure may be taken off the sore, and friction altogether prevented. This kind of treatment is much more satisfactory than that which is so often used, viz., by poulticing the boil. It will always be noticed that a boil which has been poulticed for any time is certain to be followed by a crop of secondary boils around the first. It is also certain that the warmth and moisture which a poultice promotes places the surrounding skin in the most favourable position for the growth of the parasite, upon which I believe that the extension of the boil depends. have given up the use of poultices for a long time past. Still, when the boil is close to one of the orifices of the body, and liable to be rubbed, it may be

I

useful and very comforting to poultice for a few hours just before the time of discharge, if there is retained matter; but as soon as it commences to discharge, the poultice should be at once discontinued and the yellow basilicon applied. The ointment should be continued as long as there is the least appearance of discharge from the place. Some persons put a a piece of plaster over the boil and leave it alone altogether. It is a successful practice sometimes, after treating a boil with tincture of iodine for a day or two; and if the place shows signs of departure, it may'speed the going guest,' and save it from friction and irritation; but to put a plaster on a boil which is really developing is an uncomfortable proceeding, and not nearly so satisfactory in its results as keeping the top of the boil moistened with yellow basilicon. If the place is small, a portion of chamois-leather soap plaster may cover it, first putting on a small piece of wool having ointment upon it covering the boil. In that case the plaster should be cut crossways just over the boil, so as to prevent any pressure upon the top of the boil itself. When they form in the neighbourhood of the fundament, the victim should keep in bed, and occasionally foment the part with a sponge wrung out of hot water. Boils in that position may be dangerous, and lead to other troubles.

It used to be the custom to lance boils. I have had them cut across with a crucial incision, and treated others in the same way. It is a barbarous custom, and does not help the case forward a bit, except in those which are indolent and will not suppurate, and are in awkward situations, as in the armpit or between the thighs. In any case, I think it bad practice to cut them crucially. It never does to produce a greater injury to cure a lesser one, and a great injury may be done by cutting into flesh which should not be interfered with. The surgeon may sometimes see the necessity for incision from the possibility of other mischief, such as may arise from pressure upon an important organ, or because there may be a tendency to extend in the deep tissues, especially those in the neighbourhood of the anus or armpit; but, except in such situations, it is far better to leave nature to perfect her own work, and to let the tissue in which the parasite has spread its venom be thrown off out of the body by natural means. Neither do I think it of any use to give medicine to those who suffer from boils, unless some function is improperly performed, or some evident defect of power is present. If there is foul tongue, loss of appetite, confined bowels, and other constitutional disorders, each symptom should be treated according to the rule which will be laid down hereafter for each departure from natural states. really useless to give the medicines which are sometimes highly recommended, such as yeast, porter, and wine. Such things don't really help the case. The general condition of the patient should be dealt with according as to whether he is well nourished or enfeebled and anæmic.' Quinine and iron, in some form or other, will be beneficial if the face is pale and the patient weak, and mineral acids may be useful, but they should be only prescribed under medical direc tion, and stimulants as a rule are worse than useless.

It is

Carbuncle. It is not unusual for a so-called carbuncle to develop out of an ordinary boil. The hardness at the base of the boil does not resolve itself in the usual manner, but vitality ceases in a large part of it, and it is thrown off as a slough, several holes ap

pearing upon the surface. There is gangrene in the skin and the cellular tissue underneath, in consequence of a complete blockade of the circulation, through a number of the capillaries or minute vessels which supply the skin. This block is effected by a more extended development of the same or a parasite similar to that which gives rise to a crop of boils. The carbuncle may appear as a small speck at first, but it sometimes rapidly develops itself, especially in the nape of the neck, and often sets up serious mischief. If the place is only an inch or so in diameter, it may be treated precisely in a manner similar to that prescribed for boils, viz., with yellow basilicon and cotton wool. If there is much slough, it is a good plan to sprinkle upon it at each dressing a few grains of animal charcoal. This application destroys the foul odour which sometimes arises, and clears the wound imperceptibly of the slough and its disagreeables. It must be done carefully, otherwise it creates a black-looking patch, and tends to frighten the patient into a belief that there is general mortification. Carbuncles, as well as boils, easily bleed if they are rubbed, or if the slough is dragged away by violence. The core or slough should be allowed to separate without using any force, and if the hole which forms in consequence of the destruction of skin is filled with soft cotton, first applying on the place a little softened basilicon, it will be the best kind of treatment that can be used. When the place is excessively painful, it may be fomented occasionally with some hot water in which a few poppy heads have been boiled. Some prefer a poultice made with boiled carrots. It is useful when there is much slough, and may be applied for two or three hours a day with advantage, especially in those cases in which charcoal powder has been used. It is very important to keep a case of this kind very clean, and to burn up all the dressings which have been used or any rags which have been soiled.

THE

PART V.

HE Cacajao (Pithecia melanocephala), another of the Brazilian monkeys, may be easily distinguished from all the other American quadrumana by the black head, to which the specific title refers, and, more particularly, by the extreme shortness of the tail. This organ is of wonderfully small dimensions, occupying little more than five inches in a cacajao of adult size, measuring, perhaps, two feet six inches in total length.

For some years after this animal was discovered, the abbreviated tail was thought to be due to the attacks of other monkeys, who are much in the habit of nibbling the caudal appendages of their comrades whenever a convenient opportunity for so doing presents itself. Upon looking at a cage where a number of monkeys are confined together, we are sure to notice that the tails of the smaller and more weakly inmates are reduced often to half their proper dimen

sions, owing to the persevering attacks of their larger and more powerful brethren.

It has since been proved, however, that with regard to the cacajao, nature alone is responsible for the seemingly imperfect character of the tail, which appears never to occupy more than one-sixth of the entire length of the animal.

The head of the cacajao is of a rather peculiar form, the temples being flattened, instead of rounded, as is the case with monkeys in general.

With the exception of the head and the fore-paws, which are of a deep black, the fur of the cacajao is a bright yellowish-brown. The ears are devoid of hair, and are very large in proportion to the size of the head.

This is by no means one of the most plentiful of the monkey tribe, and, owing in part to its scarcity, and also to its quiet and retiring disposition, we know very little of its habits when in a state of freedom. It appears to be chiefly or entirely a vegetable feeder, fruits of various kinds seeming to form the major part of its diet.

THE pretty little Douroucouli (Nyctipithecus trivirgatus) is very seldom seen at large, its habits being almost entirely nocturnal. Indeed, its eyes are so sensitive as to be unable to endure the light of day, and not until darkness has fairly set in does the animal leave its place of repose in order to prosecute its search for food.

This food consists chiefly of small birds and insects of various kinds, in the capture of which it displays considerable address. It is even able to catch the night-flying insects when upon the wing, striking them down with a blow of its ready paw as they flit past its perch.

The douroucouli is remarkable for the small size of the ears, which indeed are quite invisible unless the fur be pushed aside. Owing to this peculiarity, the animal was formerly placed by itself in a distinct family, under the title of Aotes, i.e., 'earless.'

The douroucouli is by no means uncommon in various parts of Brazil, but owing to its nocturnal habits is only very occasionally seen. It is not gregarious, like the generality of the monkey tribe, but appears to pass an almost solitary existence, contented with the society of the members of its own family.

There are several species of douroucouli, three of which, namely, the Three-banded Douroucouli, the Feline Douroucouli, and the Red-footed Douroucouli, have been kept in the Zoological Gardens within the last few years. No less than nineteen specimens of the Feline Douroucouli have been placed in the Gardens since 1857.

ONE of the prettiest and most graceful of all the monkey tribe is the common Marmoset (Hapale jaichus), a native of Guiana and Brazil. It is quite a small animal, its length being seldom more than seven or eight inches, exclusive of the tail, which measures about a foot.

The ground colour of the fur, which is singularly long and fine, is partly white and partly reddish-yellow, boldly variegated with streaks of blackish-brown. The tail is white, banded at short intervals with rings of a deep blackish hue. From either side of the head springs a tuft of radiating white hairs which impart a very singular appearance to the countenance,