canon of St. Paul's in 1871. With a degree of learning exceeding that of any other English clergyman, he combated the conclusions of the Tübingen school of biblical critics, and arrested the defection of English scholars from the old beliefs. In 1879 Dr. Lightfoot became the successor of Dr. Baring as Bishop of Durham. Among his publications were an edition of "St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp"; commentaries on St. Paul's epistles to the Galatians (1865), Philippians (1868), and to the Colossians and Philemon (1875); and a series of controversial essays in defense of revealed religion (1874-'77). He was influential in bringing about the revision of the translation of the New Testament, and had a share in the work.

Löwenstein, Baroness Sophie, an Austrian author, born in 1811; died in Vienna in May, 1889. She was a daughter of Archduke Karl's friend Von Kleyle, and was celebrated for her beauty and intellect, and for the passion that she inspired in the poet Lenau, who immortalized her in his poems addressed to "Sophie." She published a novel entitled "Unglückliche Ehe."

Luis I, King of Portugal, born Oct. 31, 1838; died in Cascaês, Oct. 19, 1889. He was a son of Queen Maria II da Gloria and Prince Ferdinand of SaxeCoburg-Gotha, of the branch of the family that adopted the Catholic faith, his father having married the Princess of Kohary. In 1861 Dom Luis came unexpectedly to the throne through the sudden death (from typhus, cholera, or perhaps poison) of King Pedro V and two other brothers, while he and the Duke of Coimbra were permanently debilitated by the same mysterious malady. The political disturbances from which Portugal had suffered for nearly a century were not entirely allayed by the progressive rule of his father, the King-Regent, and for some time after his accession he was unable to form a stable Government, the last insurrection occurring in 1870, when the Duke of Saldanha forced his way into the palace with four battalions of soldiers, and by his threats forced the King to dismiss his Liberal Cabinet. Although he was quiet and retiring, devoted to literary and scientific studies, and devoid of the positive qualities of an ambitious ruler, Dom Luis conceived his public duties in a spirit of earnest patriotism, and by his diligent attention to affairs and his enlightened views and his wise and self-denying resolves did more than any other man to keep Portugal in the path of salutary progress. Gen. Prim, after the overthrow of Queen Isabella, pressed upon him the acceptance of the Spanish throne, but he was too patriotic to sacrifice his country's independence for personal and family ambition, although the inheritor of the Braganza blood and name only through the female line. Toward the restoration of the disabled finances of the Government he voluntarily relinquished a large part of the civil list. The public works that he promoted and the improvement in the finances and internal administration trebled the commerce in twenty-five years. The fleet and the army were reorganized and public instruction was developed, although the King was called upon to exercise à degree of combativeness and resolution that was not native to his character to withstand Clerical influences and machinations from within and without. The Republican movement he resisted with prudence without sacrificing popular liberties or throwing himself into the arms of the reactionaries. He cherished the hope of reviving the colonial greatness of Portugal, and through a long series of years promoted the explorations that had for their object the uniting of the Portuguese possessions on the east and west shores of Africa by a railroad and the economical development of one of the richest zones of the continent. In the numerous parliamentary and political crises that disturbed his reign he kept himself above the parties, and to this fact he owed his popularity. During his reign the finances were reestablished, slavery in the colonies was abolished, church estates were sold, the kingdom was divided into departments, and passports were abolished. He resisted the pretensions of the priesthood at the begin

ning of his reign, and the quarrel was renewed after his marriage with Maria Pia, the youngest daughter of Vittorio Emanuele, on Oct. 6, 1862. King Amadeo was not allowed by the clergy to stand godfather to his sister's child when a son and heir was born. In 1864-'65 the Portuguese Government forbade the bishops to promulgate the encyclicals of the Pope and the syllabus. Dom Luis was President of the Academy of Sciences in Lisbon, and kept himself informed of the progress in all fields of positive science and philosophical speculation, but took the keenest interest in geographical explorations, having in view fresh opportunities for Portugal in the sphere in which she won her past greatness and historical renown. was also a man of artistic tastes, and as a literary scholar he produced a work of merit, a translation of several of the plays of Shakespeare, "Hamlet" appearing first in 1877 and the "Merchant of Venice" and "Richard III" in 1880. He is succeeded by his elder son, Carlos I, born in 1863.

He

MacDonald, John Cameron, an English journalist, born in Fort William, Scotland, in June, 1822; died near Croydon, Dec. 10, 1889. He became a reporter on the London "Times" at the age of twenty. In 1856 he became manager of the printing office of the paper, and on the retirement of Mowbray Morris he was made managing editor. As he was responsible for the publication of the forged Parnell letters, he worked indefatigably to gather evidence against the Irish leaders in the case before the special commission, until, in the autumn of 1889, his health broke down from the effects of exhaustive labor and chagrin.

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of, an English statesman, born March 25, 1807; died May 17, 1889. He was graduated at Oxford in 1827, and traveled for several years. He entered politics in 1841, when, as Lord Fitzharris, he was elected to Parlia ment. In September of the same year he passed into the House of Peers as his father's successor. It was not till the Corn-Law crisis that he began to take an earnest part in politics, becoming one of the practical managers of the Tory party. Although his ignorance of history and politics, of the courtesies of debate, and even of grammar, was notorious, Lord Derby, his friend of long standing, made him Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet that he formed in 1852, and in that office Lord Malmesbury was able to render a great service to his old personal friend, Louis Napoleon, by recognizing the French Empire while all the other governments of Europe were still hesitating. This act and other parts of the foreign policy of the Government were subjected to severe examination. It was Mr. Disraeli's financial schemes, however, that caused the fall of the Cabinet at the end of ten months, and when Lord Derby again formed a Cabinet in February, 1858, he called Lord Malmesbury to his old post. In this capacity he endeavored to avert the Italian war, but was charged by Lord Palmerston with unduly sustaining Austrian despotism, and in June, 1859, the Government was overthrown on this question. When Lord Derby became Prime Minister for the third time in 1866, he again offered Lord Malmesbury the Foreign Office, but the troublesome post was this time declined, and that of Lord Privy Seal accepted in its stead. This office he likewise held in the Disraeli ministries of 1868 and 1874. until 1876, when he resigned on account of deafness. In 1869 Lord Malmesbury made a series of vigorous speeches against the measure to create life peerages, which had the effect of defeating the bill by a majority of 106 to 77 votes in the House of Lords. Lord Malmesbury edited the "Diplomatic Journal and Correspondence" of his grandfather, the first Lord Malmesbury (London, 1844), and "The First Lord Malmesbury and his Friends: a Series of Letters from 1745 to 1820," and published "Memoirs of an ex-Minister" (1884).

Marie, Queen-Dowager of Bavaria, born in Berlin, Oct. 15, 1825; died in Hohenschwangau. May 17, 1889. She was the youngest daughter of Prince Wil helm of Prussia, brother of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, and his wife, the Princess Maria Anna of Hesse

Homburg. On Oct. 12, 1842, she married the Crown Prince Maximilian, who on the abdication of his father, Ludwig I, ascended the Bavarian throne on March 21, 1848. Her husband died in 1864, and her son Ludwig, then eighteen years old, became King. In 1874 the widowed Queen, who till then had adhered to the Protestant faith in which she was reared, publicly embraced Catholicism.

Marilley, Bishop, a Swiss ecclesiastic, born in Chatel St. Denis, Oct. 29, 1804; died in Freiburg, in January, 1889. He was educated in the Jesuit college at Freiburg, took priest's order on May 29, 1831, and was pastor and principal of the diocesan seminary at Geneva. When he was named city preacher in 1843 the Government opposed the selection, and expelled him from the canton. On Jan. 19, 1846, Gregory XVI nominated him Bishop of Geneva, and he was consecrated as such at Freiburg on March 15. In consequence of the conflict between him and the Radical Government of Geneva, he was arrested in the night of Oct. 25, 1848, and taken over the border of the canton Vaud, where he was confined in the Castle of Chillon for forty-seven days. On Oct. 30 Bern, Freiburg, Vaud, Neufchâtel, and Geneva decreed his removal from office and his banishment. When released from prison, he fixed his residence in Divonne, near the Swiss frontier, near Geneva. On May 18, 1855, the Radical Government of Freiburg rescinded the decree of banishment. He was likewise permitted to revisit Geneva. He was bishop of the diocese of Geneva till 1879, when he was discharged by the Pope. In 1883 he was advanced to the dignity of an archbishop in partibus.

Massai, Guglielmo, Cardinal, an Italian missionary. born in Piova, near Asti, June 8, 1809; died near Naples, Aug. 5, 1889. He entered the order of Franciscan Capuchins after a brilliant university career, became a lecturer in theology, and when Gregory XVÍ committed to the Capuchins the task of spreading Catholic Christianity in Abyssinia, he departed in 1845 as the head of the mission, having been created titular Bishop of Casia and Vicar-Apostolic of Upper Ethiopia. He labored among the Gallas of Shoa. On the suspicion that he and his priests were spies and emissaries of ambitious European powers, the bishop was many times thrown into prison and threatened with death, and was expelled from the country eight times. After the last decree of banishment, he returned to Europe, and at the invitation of Leo XIII, recounted his thirty-five years of missionary work in a volume entitled "I miei trente cinque anni di missione nell' Alta Etiopia." He was made a cardinal on Nov. 10, 1884.

Mayer, Karl, a German politician, born in Esslingen, Sept. 9, 1819; died in Stuttgart, Oct. 14, 1889. He was a son of the poet Karl Mayer, Uhland's bosom friend. He attended the gymnasia at Heilbronn and Stuttgart, and studied law at Tübingen, where he consorted with a group of students who cherished democratic convictions. At the age of twenty-five he was elected to the Frankfort Parliament as a representative of the Würtemberg People's party, of which he was the founder and leader, and he went with the Rump Parliament to Stuttgart, and into exile when the reaction finally triumphed. On being amnestied after ten years, he returned from Switzerland to Würtemberg, and defended his ideas of a liberal and united German federation in the "Beobachter." He appealed to the south Germans to resist Prussian domination and militarism after Sadowa, and by his speeches and writings attained such popularity that King Karl once said: "I do not know whether I or whether Karl Mayer is King of Würtemberg"; and this popularity was not lessened by his incarceration at Hohenasperg for having offended Count Bismarck. By an alliance with the Clericals, his party had a temporary success at the elections that were held after the desertion of the National Liberals by Prince Bismarck, and Mayer returned to public life for a season, being elected to the Reichstag in 1881 and again in 1884, but in 1887 he was defeated.

Meyer, H. A., a German naturalist, born in Hamburg, Sept. 10, 1822: died in Kiel, May 1, 1889. He was the son of a Hamburg manufacturer, and, after receiving a commercial training, he came to the United States, and established a branch concern, returning on his father's death in 1848 to assume the direction of the entire business. At the age of thirty-six he retired from mercantile life in order to devote himself to science; and after studying in Kiel and Berlin, he gave his attention to the study of the sea and marine life. His "Contribution on the Physics of the Ocean" gave him a wide reputation. He was placed at the head of the commission for the exploration of German seas in 1870, and devised apparatus and methods of investigation that have been copied in other countries. In 1877 and 1878 he was elected to the Reichstag.

Monaco, Charles III, Prince of, born Dec. 8, 1818; died near Laon, Sept. 11, 1889. He succeeded his father, Florestan I, June 20, 1856. His family, the Grimaldis, dates as a sovereign house from the tenth century. Two years after his accession the first stone was laid of the Casino of Monte Carlo, which, after the suppression of public gaming-tables in Germany, was almost the only open gambling resort in Europe. The revenues from this source enabled the prince to abolish all taxes in 1869 and to spend large sums in beautifying his small dominion of eight square miles and improving the condition of his 8,000 subjects. He was nearly blind during his later years, living in retirement in Paris and at the Chateau Marchais.

Monts, Count Alexander von, a German naval officer, born Aug. 9, 1832; died Jan. 19, 1889. Entering the navy as a midshipman at the age of seventeen, he distinguished himself on March 17, 1864, in a fight with the Danish squadron off Jasmund, having risen to the rank of lieutenant. He was commander of the "Grosser Kurfürst" when that frigate went down in the English Channel on May 31, 1878, and was the last man to leave the sinking ship. He was brought twice before a court-martial, and both tribunals acquitted him of blame for the loss of the vessel. He was promoted rear-admiral, and in 1883, when Gen. von Caprivi became Chief of the Admiralty, he was placed in command of the marine station on the North Sea, where he won the confidence of the Prince of Prussia, who, when he dismissed Gen. von Caprivi, after becoming Emperor, made Count Monts Admiralin-Chief of the Navy in July, 1888, with provisional charge of the naval department of the Government pending its reorganization.

Murska, Ilma de, a Hungarian singer, born in Budapesth, Hungary, in 1843; died in Munich, Jan. 14, 1889. She was the daughter of an officer in the Austrian army. She made her debut at the Pergola, Florence, in 1862, and sang in Buda-pesth, Vienna, Berlin, and Hamburg until 1865, when she first appeared at Her Majesty's, London, on May 11 of that year as Lucia in Bellini's "Lucia di Lammermoor." She gave a new reading to this part-that of an impulsive and excited Lucia, whose madness in the great scene of the third act was wild, passionate, and flighty, and she sang the brilliant music with great skill. Between 1865 and 1873 she was engaged at Her Majesty's, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane, London, and traveled on the Continent between the opera seasons. In 1873-79 she visited the United States, Cuba, and Australia, and appeared first in New York as Amina in "La Sonnambula" in October, 1873. She achieved peculiar success in portraying the fantastic, and her best parts of this class were: Astrafiammenta, in "Die Zauberflöte"; Dinorah, in "Le Pardon de Ploërmel" "; and Senta, in "Der Fliegende Hollömder." She was also successful as Marguerite de Valois in "Les Huguenots," as Linda in Linda di Chamounix,” and as Ophelia in Thomas's "Hamlet." Her voice was a light soprano of nearly three octaves' compass, and she sang the most elaborate and difficult phrases of ornamentation with taste, skill, and certainty. She possessed a remarkable memory, and frequently learned her part

1

by reading the notes while lying in bed. In 1887-'88 she taught vocal music in Mrs. Thurber's National Conservatory of Music, New York, and her last appearance in public in that city was at a concert at Chickering Hall, Dec. 29, 1887. She was married several times, once to Count Nugent.

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Noiré, Ludwig, a German philosopher, born in Alzey, March 26, 1829; died in Mayence, March 26, 1889. He was for many years a teacher in the gymnasium at Mayence. His chief works are "Die Welt als Entwicklung des Geistes" (1874); "Der monistische Gedanke" (1875); "Die Doppelnatur der Causalität" (1876); Einleitung und Begründung einer monistischen Erkentnisstheorie " (1877); “Ursprung der Sprache"; "Das Werkzeug und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit" (1880); "Logos" (1855); and "Die Entwicklung der abendländischen Philosophie bis zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft.'" In his philosophical system he sought to bring into harmony teachings of Spinoza, of Schopenhauer, and of modern natural science. Dr. Noiré was a practical teacher whose methods were celebrated. He was the author of French and Italian grammars and reading books for German learners.

Norquay, John, a Canadian statesman, born near Fort Garry, Manitoba, May 8, 1841; died in Winnipeg, July 5, 1889. He was of mixed Scotch and Indian parentage, and was educated at St. John's Academy, Red River Settlement. He secured the confidence of both the authorities and the half-breeds during the negotiations after the Red River Rebellion, and on the formation of the Government was elected to the first Manitoba Parliament in 1870. In December, 1871, he was appointed Minister of Public Works and Agriculture. He resigned in 1874, joined the Davis administration in 1875, and in May, 1876, was made Minister of Public Works. In October, 1878, he formed a ministry, becoming Premier and Colonial Treasurer. From 1874 till his death he sat in the Legislature, of which he was the only member that held a seat from the beginning. He continued at the head of the provincial administration for nearly ten years, resigning in January, 1888. He promoted the legislation on municipalitities, drainage, and county His vigorous railroad policy brought him into conflict with the Dominion Government. He represented the province on several delegations to the Federal Government at Ottawa, and secured the enlargement of its boundaries and an increase of the subsidy from the Dominion.

courts.

Ouseley, Frederick Arthur Gore, an English musician, born in London Aug. 12, 1825; died in Oxford, April 6, 1889. In 1844 he succeeded to the title of his father, Sir Gore Ouseley, who was an eminent Orientalist, and at one time ambassador to Persia, and afterward to St. Petersburg. At an early age the son exhibited musical talent, and in 1850 he received the degree of Mus. Bac. from Oxford, where he was graduated B. A. in 1846 and M. A. in 1849. In the latter year he took orders and officiated as curate in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge. In 1855 he became Professor of Music at Oxford, which office he held until the time of his death. In the same year he was ordained priest and appointed precentor of Hereford Cathedral. In 1856 he became vicar of St. Michael's, Tenbury, and warden of St. Michael's College, an institution for the training of choristers, to which he gave a large part of his private fortune. In 1855 Oxford gave him the degree of Mus. Doc., for which event his oratorio "St. Polycarp," was written and performed. At Oxford he effected several improvements. The office of choragus was re-established and the standard for qualifications for musical degrees was raised. He also persuaded the university to grant honorary degrees in music. Sir Frederick was a skilled pianist and organist; in his extemporaneous playing of fugues and themes in contrapuntal treatment he was unexcelled. His compositions are chiefly for the Church. He wrote eleven services, one with orchestral accompaniments; seventy anthems: preludes, fugues, and sonatas for the organ; two string-quartets; glees,

songs, and part-songs; and two oratorios, "Hagar," performed at the Hereford Festival in 1873 and at the Crystal Palace, London, in 1874, and "St. Polycarp," given at Oxford in 1855 and at the Hereford Festival in 1888. He also edited the works of Orlando Gibbons, and the English edition of Naaman's " Ilistory of Music," and was the author of treatises on music, including "A Treatise on Harmony" (Oxford, 1868, 3d ed., 1882); "Counterpoint, Canon, and Fugue,' based on Cherubini's theories (1868; 2d. ed., 1884); and "Musical Form and General Composition" (1875; 2d. ed., 1886). He possessed one of the most valuable musical libraries in England.

Patti, Carlotta, an Italian musician, born in Florence in 1840; died in Paris, June 27, 1889. She was the daughter of Salvatore Patti, and the sister of Adelina and of Amalia Patti, who was married to Maurice Strakosch. Her early life was spent in America, and she was educated for a pianist by Henri Herz, but afterward gave her attention to singing. She made her debut in New York at a concert in 1861, and also appeared in Italian opera, in which she was successful; but, owing to lameness, she was obliged to abandon the stage. She first appeared in London at a concert in Covent Garden, April 16, 1863. Subsequently she made concert tours on the Continent and in the United States. Her voice was a light soprano, of wide range, and of great facility in execution. On Sept. 3, 1879, she married Ernst de Munck, of Weimar, a violoncellist of reputation.

Pellegrini, Carlo, an Italian artist, born in Capua about 1830; died in London, Jan. 22, 1889. He fled from Naples after taking part in the unsuccessful rising under Garibaldi, and finally settled in London. In 1868 he began to contribute to "Punch" caricature portraits of eminent men, under the signature" Ape." These cartoons, which made the fortune of that journal, were continued till within a few months of his death.

Peroy, John, an English metallurgist, born in Nottingham, England, March 23, 1817; died in London, June 19, 1889. He was graduated at the medical department of the University of Edinburgh in 1838, studied in the medical schools of Paris, and settled in Birmingham, where he became physician to the Queen's Hospital. He investigated the effect of alcohol on the animal economy, and in 1845 read before the British Association some "Contributions to the Chemistry of Diabetes." His attention was directed to the study of the chemical principles involved in metallurgical processes, and in 1851, when the Royal School of Mines was established, he was given the chair of Metallurgy, which he held until 1879. After settling in London, he abandoned the practice of medicine and devoted his leisure to technical research, taking special interest in the early development of photography. Dr. Percy also lectured on metallurgy to the advanced class of officers of the Royal Artillery, and for many years was Superintendent of Ventilation in the Houses of Parliament. In 1877 the Iron and Steel Institute conferred on him its Bessemer medal, and later he become president of that body. The Albert medal of the Society of Arts was awarded him two days before his death. His great work was the production of standard books on smelting. For more than a quarter of a century he directed all the metallurgical teaching in England, and nearly every English assayer of scientific reputation has been his pupil.

Peters, Karl, a German explorer, born in Neuhaus, Hanover, Sept. 27, 1856; died in Massailand in September, 1889. He studied in Tübingen, Gottingen, and Berlin, making solid acquirements, in spite of dissipations, and obtaining the gold medal of the philosophical faculty at Berlin in 1877 for a historical dissertation. Falling heir to a fortune by the death of his uncle Engels, the writer on music, in London, he published a philosophical work entitled "Willenswelt und Weltwille" (Leipsic, 1888), and traveled over Europe for a time. He then threw himself into the colonization scheme, founded the Society for German Colonization, guided the aims of the society in

19, 1889. He entered the army when only twelve years old, and served with distinction in the Morocco campaign. He was a stanch supporter of the Bourbon dynasty, and was placed on the retired list after the abdication of Queen Isabella, but in 1875 was called into active service by King Alfonso, and, as commander-in-chief of the Army of the North, put a speedy termination in 1876 to the second Carlist war. Although a strong Conservative in his sympathies, and a Senator by right of his rank as captain-general in the army, he was not a party man. In the last Ministry of Canovas del Castello he held for a short time the post of Minister of War. He was created a marquis by King Alfonso, and a grandee of Spain.

Quesneville, Gustave Augustin, a French chemist, born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1810; died there, Nov. 14, 1889. He was the son of a chemist, and studied under Louis N. Vauquelin and Michel E. Chevreul. In 1834 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, but soon entered the laboratory of Vauquelin. At that time chemistry and pharmacy were closely allied, and much of his work was in the preparation of medicinal compounds. His researches included investigations on the analytical separation of iron and manganese; preparation of binoxide of barium; of pure oxide of cobalt; of volatile chlorides; and of oxide of uranium with ammonia carbonate; combinations of chromic acid and silica; bismuth in large crystals; and the medical uses of oxygenated water. In 1840 he began the publication of the" Revue Scientifique," a monthly magazine devoted to theoretical and applied chemistry, of which he was editor, publisher, and manager. The name was changed in 1857 to "Moniteur Scientifique," and its publications under that title continued until December, 1889. A few weeks before his death he gave a banquet to his collaborators, in celebration of the half-centenary of the magazine, and announced his intention to discontinue its publication at the close of the year, being himself unequal to further efforts and unwilling to intrust it to other hands.

Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav, a German botanist, born in Leipsic, Saxony, in 1822; died in Hamburg, May 6, 1889. He was a son of Heinrich G. L. Reichenbach, a distinguished botanist, and became professor of botany at Leipsic. During his early professional life he served as his father's assistant and aided him in the production of the later volumes of "Icones Floræ Germanicæ et Helvetica." In 1862 he became Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Garden in Hamburg, which place he held until his death. His great life work was the study of orchids, in the knowledge of which he held the first rank. He became the accepted authority on all questions of nomenclature, and fresh specimens were constantly submitted to him for inspection. With the passion for the cultivation of orchids, the practice of hybridization has grown very largely, and the resulting hybrids were sent to Prof. Reichenbach to be compared with the parental forms from which they had been derived. While his analytical powers were greatly developed, his synthetic faculty was not so great, in consequence of which his rich stores of specimens still remain for his successor to collate.

Respighi, Lorenzo, an Italian astronomer, born in Busseto, Parna; died in Rome, early in December, 1889. He completed his studies in Paris, and taught astronomy in the University of Bologna, whence he was called by the Holy See to the University of Rome, in which he was continued as Professor of Astronomy by the Royal Government. He was also Director of the Astronomical Bureau at the Capitol. His writings on physics gave him a European reputation.

Ritschl, Albrecht, a German theologian, born March 22, 1822; died in Göttingen, March 20, 1889. He took degrees in the theological, philosophical, and juristic faculties, and became Professor of Christian Dogmatics at Göttingen. His most important works were "Die christliche Lehre von der Recht fertigung und der Versöhnung" (Bonn, 1870); and Geschichte des Pietismus" (1880).

Rosa, Carl August Nicholas, a German musician, born in Hamburg, March 22, 1843; died in Paris, April 30, 1889. He was educated at the Leipsic Conservatory for a violinist, and appeared at the Crystal Palace, London, March 10, 1866. After remaining in London a short time, he came to this country, and during a concert tour met Mme. Parepa, whom he married in New York, in February, 1867. Subsequently he formed an opera company, including Mme. ParepaRosa, Wachtel, Santley, Ronconi, and Formes, with which he traveled extensively and visited California. After Mme. Parepa-Rosa's death, he organized an English opera company in London, in 1875, which he conducted until the time of his death. Rosa's name was originally Rose, but he changed it to Rosa, in order to insure the correct pronunciation. He founded a scholarship of five thousand dollars in memory of Mme. Parepa-Rosa, in the Royal Academy of Music, London.

Rumpff, Karl, a German, industrialist, born in Pyrmont in 1839; died in June, 1889. He was trained in business pursuits, and when a young man settled in New York city, where he founded a large drug business, with branches in Philadelphia and Boston. In 1865 he established at Albany the first aniline factory in the United States. Returning to Germany, he directed an establishment for making aniline colors at Elberfeld-Barmen, and also aided in developing the export trade in German pharmaceutical products. He acquired much popularity by devoting a part of his immense fortune to works of benevolence and public utility, and was a prominent member of the National Liberal party and a deputy in the Prussian Chamber.

Saltykoff, Michael, a Russian author, born in 1826; died in St. Petersburg, May 11, 1889. His satires and provincial sketches, published in the principal Russian reviews, gave him a place in the contemporary literature of the country. He was educated at the lyceum of Tsarskoe-Selo, and began his career in 1843. His papers appeared under the pen-name of "Stchedrin." The articles that he considered his best work were invariably suppressed by the censors, and at one time he published a piece of stupid nonsense, and explained at the end that it was a specimen of the only kind of writing that the authorities would allow to be printed.

Santos, Gen. Maximo, ex-President of Uruguay, born in 1848; died in Buenos Ayres, May 10, 1889. The former dictator of the republic was dreaded by the party in power even when he was in exile. He was the possessor of great wealth.

Scherer, Edmond, a French critic, born in Paris, April 8, 1815; died there, March 16, 1889. He was descended from a Swiss Protestant family, his father being a wealthy banker. After completing his course at the College Bourbon he pursued theological studies at Oxford and Strasburg, and in 1843 accepted the professorship of Exegesis at the Ecole Evangélique in Geneva, where he also edited "La Réformation au XIX Siècle." His theological views having changed, he resigned his chair in 1850, became a leader in the liberal movement in French Protestant theology, and took up his residence at Versailles. When his friend Nefftzer founded the "Temps," about 1860, Scherer became the chief literary critic of the new republican paper, and after Nefftzer's death he acted for a time as editor-in-chief. During the occupation of Versailles by the German troops, Scherer was elected to the municipal council. On July 2, 1871, he was elected a member of the National Assembly, and took his seat, with the majority of his friends, in the Left Center, of which group he was for a time vice-president. He exerted considerable influence on the side of moderate republicanism. He caused embarrassment to the Clericals by taking to task the Duc de Broglie's Government for stopping a telegram that he had sent to the London "Daily News" pointing out the danger that France ran in keeping the war vessel "Orenoque" at Civita Vecchia. After aiding by his voice and his vote in the adoption of