apostle of novel moral ideas. His relation to his own countrymen is that he expresses, divested of mysticism, the practical religion which animates a large proportion of Russian sectarians, Dukhobortsi, Molokani, Stundists and Vagabonds. How far he is right in declaring that the masses of his countrymen are informed by the same spirit is another question. And even if he is right in this, is he right in regarding racial conditions as the determining factor, and not merely a low stage of culture? Either view seems to strike at the general applicability of his doctrines. If the Russian peasant is really the spiritual salt of the earth by history and race, what of the other races? If he is merely a better man because he leads a primitive life, what of his future, and what of the future of the advanced races? For Tolstoy is no dreamer, and he knows very well that the machine even of "false civilization" cannot be stopped. The answers to these questions put to Tolstoy, the practical man, are given by Tolstoy, the academic thinker, who replies that consequences matter nothing, as they mattered nothing to the preacher of asceticism in "The Kreutzer Sonata." Let each man settle with his own conscience. The rest may perish.-From "Count Tolstoy in Thought and Action," by R. E. C. Long, in the "American Monthly Review of Reviews" for July.

KEEPING TRACK OF YOUR BOOKS.

If you wish to keep a list of the books you own, says ST. NICHOLAS, it will be found an excellent plan to buy one of the small boxes of index cards that are advertised in so many magazines. This will be found much more convenient than a blank book. By writing the name of each book on a separate card, you can jot down on the card any information concerning the book. Thus, when it is lent, write lightly in pencil the name and address of the borrower, and the date. If the book contains anything to which you may wish to refer, it is an easy matter to make a note of the page on the card. If the book is given away, lost, or sold, the card can be taken out of the box and filed elsewhere or destroyed. These index cards may be classified according to subjects, in alphabetical order, or in any way you please, whereas the blank book system is not changeable. By the cards you may always know just where every book is. The time to begin the use of any system is when one is young, and before the library grows. Your librarian will be glad to tell you the best ways of using a card system.

EXPOSITION OF HYGIENE, MARITIME SECURITY, AND FISHERY AT OSTENDE.

The Department of State has received a note from the Belgian Embassy, dated Washington, May 21, 1901, requesting the participation by the Government and the people of the United States in the international exposition of hygiene, maritime security, and fishery to be held at Ostende, Belgium, during August and September next. An international congress will be organized in connection with the exposition for the discussion of questions of maritime hygiene and maritime and colonial security.

The object of the exposition is to make known the measures adopted by different governments for the organization and working service of succor on battlefields, and in cases of great catastrophes on sea or land-as the use and working of life-saving apparatus, etc.

Demands for admission should be addressed, not later than August 1, to the committee of organization at 18 rue des Sœurs Blanches, Ostende, Belgium.

The price for sites will be as follows:

Isolated sites, 40 francs ($7.72) per square meter (1.196 square yards); sites not isolated, 25 francs ($4.83) per square meter— payable within fifteen days after receipt of the certificate of admission.

Expenses of unpacking, installing, repacking, etc., will be charged to exhibitors. Articles exhibited may be sold, but not removed, before the close of the exposition.

The exposition will be divided into three divisions:

DIVISION I.-HYGIENE.

SECTION 1. Applications for physical and natural science to the hygiene of seamen and of the inhabitants of the coast.-Apparatus for the study of maritime phenomena; registers of tides, apparatus for collecting and transmitting tidal forces, for exploring the depths of the sea; means for putting beaches in order, for the maintenance of downs; instruments for studying the physical and chemical properties of water and of air; barometers, hydrometers, thermometers, electrometers, microscopes, etc.; collections referring to seacoast or marine flora, to maritime fauna, etc.; herbariums, plants, or animals, preserved or imitated; artificial anatomy,

etc.

SECTION 2. Applications of civil or maritime engineering.Plans and rough drafts of halls, slaughterhouses, fish markets, etc., for bathing resorts; management and improvement of ports; types of houses, villas, etc.; special materials for maritime buildings, glazes impervious to water, etc.; lavatories, public and private bath houses, water-closets, means of ventilation, heating, lighting; plans for furnishing maritime localities and boats with potable water; special pumps (Norton and others), distilling apparatus, aqueducts; distribution of water, artesian wells, etc.; removal and utilization of refuse-ashes, filth, night soil.

SEC. 3. Application of medical science.-Ambulances, marine hospitals; installations to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases by sea; hygiene of naval transports; disinfection of premises, of boats, of residue of every kind; destruction of parasites; special pharmacies, medicine cases, articles for dressing wounds; remedies for seasickness; natural and artificial mineral waters; artificial foods; peptones, meat powders, etc.

SEC. 4. Applications for bromatology and the domestic arts.Food in general; apparatus for the preparation of food in houses and on board vessels; ovens for baking bread and sea biscuit; special foods for children, nursing bottles, condensed and sterilized milk, lacteal flours; installations for the preparation of preserved foods by every process; refrigerating apparatus; installations or apparatus for the preparation and the preservation of alcoholic drinks, milk, wines, liquors, etc.; extracts, coffee, tea, mate, chocolate, etc.; process and products for destroying injurious animals, etc.; dress for sailors and fishermen, hats, helmets, waterproof boots and shoes or those with insulating soles, fishing and hunting boots, waterproofs, etc.; gymnastics, shooting galleries, fencing, etc.; models of tents, shelters, bath houses, urinaries, etc.; luminous and glazed papers, bedding, and hangings.

SEC. 5. Publications relating to hygiene.

DIVISION II.-SECURITY.

SEC. 6. Coast and maritime security.-Lazar houses, Red Cross, light-house signals, luminous signals, sirens, equipment and dress for salvors, apparatus for salvage, cork jackets, life buoys, safety dress, fires, explosions, saving ports, transports for wounded and shipwrecked.

SEC. 7. Colonial hygiene and security.-Colonial food products, models of houses, means of transport, dismountable steamers;

means of destruction of injurious animals; fabrics and clothing for colonists; charitable establishments, hospitals, intellectual and moral development of the colored races.

DIVISION III.—FISHERY.

SEC. 8. Fishing and the physical, intellectual, or moral development of fishermen and sailors.-Auxiliary sciences of fishing; collections of animals useful or injurious to fishers; alive, preserved, or artificial; destroyers of the products of fisheries; zoophytes; sponges and corals; asteroids (starfish), sea urchins; worms; arthropodes, crustaceans; shrimps, lobsters, sea crayfish, etc.

MISSISSIPPI VALLEY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

It is announced that the dates of the next meeting of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association have been changed from the 10th, 11th and 12th of September to the 12th, 13th and 14th of September. This change has been made necessary because the dates first selected conflicted with another large association meeting at the same place.

The meeting is to be held at the Hotel Victory, Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, O., and the low rate of one cent a mile for the round trip will be in effect for the meeting. Tickets will be on sale as late as September 12, good returning without extension until September 15. By depositing tickets with the Joint Agent at Cleveland and paying 50 cents the date can be extended until October 8. This gives members an opportunity of visiting the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, to which very low rates by rail and water will be in effect from Cleveland.

Full information as to rates can be obtained by addressing the Secretary, Dr. Henry E. Tuley, No. 111 West Kentucky Street, Louisville, Ky. Members of the profession are cordially invited to attend this meeting.

Those desiring to read papers should notify the Secretary at an early date.

THE SANITARIAN.

SEPTEMBER, 1901.

NUMBER 382.

SOME PHASES OF RIVER POLLUTION.

By HARVEY B. BASHORE, M. D.

Ages ago, when primeval forests lined the banks of our streams and human beings were so few and far between that there was hardly one person to a square mile, there was no such thing as river pollution. Then it was safe to drink from any stream you happened to meet; but civilization has wrought a great change, sc that there exists to-day, in the inhabited parts of the country, scarcely a stream that is not polluted with sewage in one form or another.

In reviewing this subject it is apparent that the amount of sewage poured into a stream does not necessarily represent the pollution at any given time, but that there are other factors, such as dilution, floods, self-purification, etc., which have to be taken into consideration.

For one year monthly records of the river pollution (as shown by excess of chlorine) at Harrisburg have been kept, and it is interesting to note the relation this bears to the floods and fluctuations of the stream, records of which were also taken at the same time.

The normal chlorine of the Susquehanna at this point must be somewhat below 0.1 per 100,000, for this is about the normal for pure water at this place, and the sources of the river and many of its branches come from a region yet lower. Last July (1900), when the observations were begun, the city tap water yielded 0.7 per 100,000, and then gradually rose to 0.9 during the following months of September and October; this was during the great drought, when the river was lower than it had been for a hundred years. The current was sluggish, and filthy pools and ponds were formed at many places along its banks.

In November, with the coming of the floods, the stream was