First. Concerning the constituent; Individual right to representation.

Second. Concerning the first branch, the Legislature; or the best means of securing good representatives.

Third. Concerning the second branch, the Executive: How much of Individual action is compatible with freedom, and what system of Representation will secure the best administration ? Of these in due course.

But the all-involving test is that of NATION

ALITY.

A complete nation is one that has complete and sound its Material Bases, its Individuality and Unity, and its Organic Functions.

By the first it exists; by the second it exists as a nation; and by the third it thinks, administrates, and acts.

The Material Bases of a nation consist of its Territory, Labour, and Population.

Its Individuality or Unity consist of a oneness of circumstance, ideas, and interests, and this results from a oneness of Institution, Race, Boundary, Language, and Religion.

Its Organic Functions are its Legislature and Executive.

And leaving out the mechanical items of Territory and Boundary, it is manifest, as to "Material Bases," that Democracy develops Labour and Population. As to "National Individuality," that Democracy tends to oneness of Institution, Race, and Language, for all are equally interested in

the first; there are no castes to separate the second; and all study the third, while Religion, being free, secures the essential condition of its own life. Also as regards "Organic Functions," the collective universal educated reason is undoubtedly the best means of choosing the best Legislature, and procuring the best Executive.

.

If Democracy be the best system, it must combine the "right," the "means," and the "end." It must satisfy Individual Right, select the best representatives, and secure the best system of Government; or, at the least, it must do these things, on the whole, better than other systems.

First, then, this book contends throughout that Democracy satisfies Individual Right in the only possible way,-by preparing men to exercise it satisfactorily. The only Democracy in the world has established universal free common schools. All other systems deny Individual Right as a Principle, and defy it as a power, and confide it either to the one, the few, or the many in trust for the all. Democracy says the franchise right is as much, and no more, a trust than any other right.

In the second place, Democracy, thus understood, secures on the whole the best representation, —of material interests, political truth, and moral right. Material interests, for every man can judge of his own. Political truth, for the Collective Reason is its highest exponent. Moral Right, for the interest of all is the right of each.

As to the best Executive, the system that can organise the will and the Power of the all must be the strongest, as the system that develops the Intellect of the all must be the wisest.

To combine intensest Unity with completest Freedom, is the perfection of Executive, for it supplies the greatest amount of power, and the best organisation of it. It will, in fine, be seen that Democracy alone can meet the requirements of advanced civilisation. With interchange instant and constant, of ideas, men, and things, systems that do not or cannot represent, express, and enact the universal, will soon become mere Governments of revolt, and administrations of chaos or obstruction.

The completer the freedom, the more intricate and involved the relationships, the more centralised will be the administration, and the greater the nation for “right," "representation,” “Government,” and “nationality," all support and complement each other.

The objects of the scheme of Hare, namely, representation of minorities, and representation by the eclectic intellect of the country, are better attained by the principles of Democracy, which represent minorities" in the only practicable way, by preparing the People to comprehend all just ideas entertained by the few. To enable voters to remove their names from the local registry and enter them on the national one, with a view to the certain election of the foremost intellects, would be a good substitute for Democracy if that system did not exist. And as to minorities, they would pro

bably obstruct equality, and fail to elect the best

men.

Democracy, as an organised system, maintains the maximum of the three essentials of Government, Security, for the all consent; Power,-for the all think, and act, and govern; Honesty,—for they will govern for themselves. It makes a truer nation than can otherwise be made. It makes a nation of men, instead of a nation of classes and corporations.

The fact is that as Manhood, the essence, culminates, Diplomacies and forms recede. With the majority of souls in a nation incapable of self-control and restraint, you must have your Blondins of Statecraft with their long poles of elaborated Institutions to balance withal. With the majority educated and free, the People will stand as men, not only not by means of, but in spite of all Statecraft to the contrary. Systems which seek to govern for and by the Few, are forced to balance one mistake by another,-mobs by Primogeniture, Ignorance by standing armies. Democracy leaves Truth and Principle to balance themselves.

There are many American regiments that, give them but materials, can, amongst themselves, build boats, bridges, pontoons; construct railways, engines, carriages; conduct newspapers or magazines preach, pray, and build chapels; make garments, books, or constitutions. Such being the citizens, what sort of Statesmen would it take to enslave them ?

The nation that does not adopt Democracy is either in a rudimentary or a falling state,-it is slowly labouring up to the true ideas of right, representation, good Government, and nationality, or it is going slow or fast, but surely, to destruction.

Democracy, or Government of, by, and for the whole People, is that system which begins in a free and therefore a varied Development of the qualities of citizenship, which sees all the complex forces and functions of its manhood thus matured and prepared for Association, and by association for self-Government or political Equality; which having thus created a national manhood, finds it a living organism of intense vitality and unmatched power, perfect in the completion of its Individual forces, compact in a loyalty to itself, strong in an all-pervading habit of Association, immutable in an equality which makes every man royal, with an Executive as intense as the will and the arm of one man can make it, with an administration based on the universal will and upheld by the universal voice, yet everywhere and always free as the living soul called public opinion, which lightens through and leavens the mass.

Behold at last the making of a complete nation and of a settled Government. That is Democracy. Add to it the principle of Federation now settled upon a due adjustment of local and general interests and jurisdictions, and of local and imperial Sovereignties, and you have a principle which may encircle the world with Federations, whilst it gives