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note.

subdued by Clovis, 118; British | Arshak, King of Armenia, iii., 56 and
settlement in, 160 and note; Britons
of, 161 and note; cavalry of, 168;
struggle against Clovis, 117 and

note.

Armoricans (Gallic tribe), iii., 487 and
note; iv., 112 note, 117 note.

Armour, use of, iii., 196.
Arms, Roman, i., 13 sq.; under Hadrian,
i., 18; stations of, ib.; under Augus-
tus, 79 sqq., 133; pay of, 149 and
note; attempted reformation of, by
Macrinus, 153; recruited from the
barbarians by Probus, 358; under
Constantine, ii., 190 sqq.; state of,
under Maurice, v., 63 sq.; discon-
tent of, 64.

Arnold of Brescia, his theories, vii., 229;
at Zürich, 230; at Rome, 231 sqq. ;
his death, 232 and note, 235; plan
of, 235 note.

Arnulph, Duke of Moravia, vi., 148.
Arnulph, Patriarch of Jerusalem, vi., 326
note.

Aromatics, use of, i., 60 and note.
Arpad, King of the Hungarians, vi., 143

note, 145; reign of, 149 note.
Arragon, etymology of the name, i., 21

note; house of, acknowledged in
Greece, vi., 506; kings of, buy title
of Emperor of Constantinople, vii.,
214.

Arras taken by the Germans, iii., 285.
Arrechis, Duke of Beneventum, subdued

by Charlemagne, v., 307.
Arrian, i., 26 note; Periplus of, iv., 397
note; visit of, to Colchos, 402.
Arrius Antoninus, i., 99.

Arsaces, reigns in Western Armenia,
under Arcadius, iii., 414; royal
house of, 415 note.
Arsaces, satrap, ii., 517 note.
Arsaces Tiranus, King of Armenia, char-
acter, ii., 516; treachery of, 534;
death, iii., 55.

Arsacides, of Armenia, i., 213, 220; ii.,

517.

Arsacius, made Archbishop of Constanti-
nople, iii., 400.

Arsenites, schism of, vi., 488 sq.
Arsenius, bishop, ii., 386 and note;
accompanied Athanasius, 386.
Arsenius, Patriarch of Constantinople;
crowns Michael Palæologus, 484;
excommunicates Michael, 487; ban-
ishment of, 488.

Arsenius, Patriarch of Nice, vi., 479,
484.

Arsenius, tutor of Arcadius, iii., 235 and
note.

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Arsuf, battle of, vi., 366.

Art, attitude of the Christians towards,
ii., 18.

Artaban, Armenian prince, in Africa,
iv., 418 and note; conspires against
Justinian, 435 and note; replaces
Liberius in command, 438; reduces
Sicily, 439.

Artaban, King of Parthia, i., 212.
Artabanus, Armenian prince, at court of
Leo I., v., 215.

Artabazus, Persian in service of Justinian,
iv., 422 and note.

Artasires, one of the assassins of Gon-
tharis, iv., 419 note.

Artasires, successor of Chosroes, iii.,
415; deposed, ib.

Artavasdes, commander of Armenian
army, i., 396.

Artavasdes, King of Armenia, i., 290
note, 294 note.

Artavasdus, Count of the Opsikian theme,

v., 198 note; supports images, 272.
Artaxata, Archbishop of, ii., 239; palace
at, iii., 414.

Artaxerxes I. (Ardeshir) restores Persian
monarchy, i., 212; reign, 213 sqq.;
declares war with Rome, 225; char-
acter, 228; laws of, revived by
Nushirvan, iv., 386.

Artaxerxes II., succeeds Sapor in Persia,
iii., 58 note.

Artemidorus of Ephesus, i., 34 n.
Artemita, residence of Chosroes II., v.,
78 and note; palace of, 97 and note.
Artemius, Duke of Egypt, death, ii., 448
and note.

Artemius, martyr, Acts of, ii., 324 note.
Artemius, see Anastasius II.
Artemon, followers of, ii., 71.
Arthur, King, iv., 161 sqq.
Artillery, Roman, i., 16.

Artogerassa, siege of, iii., 56 and note.
Artois, Count of, storms Massoura, vi.,
375.

Aruspices, edict of Constantine concern-
ing, ii., 308 and note.
Arvandus, prætorian præfect, trial of, iv.,
42 sqq.; exile, 45.

Arzanene, province of, ceded to the em-
pire, i., 404 and note.
Arzan Su, tributary of the Tigris, ii., 551
note.

Arzema (Azarmidocht), Queen of Persia,
v., 430 and note.

Arzingan, city of, taken by Timour, vii.,
56.

As, Roman, value of, iv. 476 note.

Asan, Bulgarian chief, revolt of, vi., 391 | Assemannus, Joseph Simon, account of,

sq. and note.

Asarhaddon, i., 415 note.
Asbad the Gepid, iv., 444.
Asburg, see Asgard.

Ascalon, v., 469 note; taken by the
Saracens, 469; battle of (A.D. 1099),
vi., 325; conquest of, 327 and note;
dismantled by Saladin, 366; de-
stroyed, 368.

Ascanias (Lake), vii., 193 note.
Ascansar (Aksunkur), governor of Aleppo,
vi., 349.

Ascellinus, traveller, his journey among
the Mongols, vii., 7 note.

Ascetics, Christian, ii., 40, 11; iv., 62
sq.

Asclepiades, philosopher, ii., 493 note.
Asclepiodatus, general of Probus, i., 354,
388.

Ascoli, conquered by the Normans, vi.,
185 note.

Asconius Pedianus, iv., 539 note.

Asena, see Bertezena.

Asfendiar (Persian hero), iii., 84.

Asfoeld, plain of, v., 5.

v., 155 note; vii., 119 note.
Assemblies of the people, i., 74 and note;
legislative, of the Visigoths in Spain,
iv., 152 sq.

Assessors, iv., 539.

Assise of Jerusalem, vi., 329 sqq.; intro-
duced into the Peloponnesus, 433
note.
Assyria, Roman province of, i., 7, 8; de-
scribed, ii., 522 and notes; revenue,
523 and note; invasion of Julian,
523 sqq.; Persian province, iv., 385;
conquered by Omar, v., 434.

Asta, in Liguria, retreat of Honorius, iii.,
266 and note.

Astarte, image of, brought to Rome, i.,159.
Asterius, St., of Amasea, on execution of

Tatian, iii., 231 note; on exile of
Abundantius, 383 note; Count As-
terius marches against the Vandals,
iii., 423.

Asti, citizens of, defeated by the Marquis
of Montferrat, vi., 401 note; see
Asta.

Astingi, ii., 229.

As-gard, residence of Odin, i., 260 and Astolphus, King of the Lombards, takes

note.

Ashik-pasha-zadi, Ottoman historian,

vii., 63 note.

Asia Minor, description of, i., 26; given
to Theodosius, iii., 125; settlement
of the Goths in, 135; desolated by
Tribigild, 387; security of, iv., 270
sq.; campaign of Chosroes in, v., 77
sq.; conquered by the Turks, vii.,

27 sq.
Asia, tribute, i., 173; ancient revolutions
of 211; seven churches of, ii., 61;
vii., 28.

Asiarch, ii., 58 note.

Asinius Quadratus, i., 278 note.
As-of, city of, see As-gard.
Asomaton, fortress at, vii., 171 and note;
description and dimensions of for-
tress, 172, 173 and note.
Aspacuras, King of the Iberians, iii., 56.
Aspalathus, i., 421.

Aspar, Prince of Lesser Scythia, iv., 222
note.

Aspar, son of Ardaburius, iii., 419; op-

poses the Vandals in Africa, 432;
Marcian in the service of, 470;
heresy of, iv., 31 and note; death
of, 184.

Asper, Turkish coin, vii., 80 and note.
Asprudus, river, i., 403.

Assassins or Ismaelians, Sheik of, vi.,

365 and note; extirpation of, vii.,
13 sq. and notes.

Ravenna, v., 284; besieges Rome,
285; defeat of, ib.

Astorga, sacked by Theodoric, iv., 13.
Astracan, Kingdom of, invaded by Mon-

gols, vii., 16; city of, destroyed by
Timour, 73.

Astrology, belief in, among the Romans,
iii., 318.
Astronomical Tables of Samarcand
[Gurganian], vii., 46 note.
Astronomy, science of, cultivated at
Babylon, v., 349; by the Saracens,
vi., 32 sq.
Asturians, i., 21.

Asturias, gold of, i., 174; survival of
Gothic kingdom in, v., 509 and
note.

Astytzion, castle of, on the banks of the
Scamander, vi., 482 note.

Atabeks (atabegs), vi., 258 and note; of
Syria, 348 and note.

Atelkuzu, Patzinaks driven out of, vi.,
248 note.

Athalaric, grandson of Theodoric, in-
herits Italy, iv., 217; education of,
322; death, 323.

Athanagild, King of the Visigoths, iv.,
99 note.

Athanaric, judge of the Visigoths, iii.,
61 and note; war with Valens, 64
sqq.; peace with Valens, 64; de-
feated by Huns, 97; at Constanti-
nople, 132 and note; death, 133;

his persecution of the Christian
Goths, iv., 83.

Shah, vi., 267 sqq.; takes Jerusalem,
A.D. 1070, 268 note.

Athanasius of Mount Athos, v., 226 Attacotti, Caledonian tribe of, iii., 46 and

note.
Athanasius, Patriarch of Constantinople,

vi., 509 sq.

Athanasius, Prætorian Præfect of Africa,

iv., 418 note.
Athanasius, St., ii., 344; supports Nicene
doctrine, 369; opposes Arianism,
370; banished by Constantine, 378;
character and adventures, 383 sqq.;
Archbishop of Alexandria, 384;
banishment, 388; restored by Con-
stantine II., ib.; second exile, ib.;
restoration by Constans, 391; third
expulsion, 397; retreat, 400; re-
turns to Alexandria, 499; persecuted
by Julian, 501; restored by Jovian,
iii., 3 and note; death, 27; intro-
duced monasticism at Rome, iv., 65,
66 and note; Festal Letters of, 66
note; Life of St. Antony, 67 note;
creed of, 96 and note.
Athaulf, see Adolfus.

Atheism, Christians accused of, ii., 82.
Athelstan, conquers Cornwall, iv., 161
note.

Athenais, see Eudocia.
Athens, resort of students, i., 33; popula-

tion of, 36 and note; school of the
Antonines at, 62 note; sack of, by
the Goths, 286; walls restored, ib.
note, 289; fleet of, 472 note; Church
of, ii., 61 note; Julian at, 270;
favoured by Julian, 452; taken by
Alaric, iii., 256; walls of, restored
by Justinian, iv., 269; schools of,
279; library of Hadrian at, 281;
supposed visit of Roman deputies
to, 474 and note; marriage laws
of, 513; law of inheritance at, 518
note; law of testaments at, 520;
revolution of, under the Franks,
vi., 504 sq.; dukes of, 505; state of,
506 sq.; taken by Turks, 506; cir-
cumnavigation of, vii., 139 and note.
Athos (Mount), Gothic fleet at, i., 310;
Great Laura founded by Athanasius
on, v., 226 note; opinion and prac-
tice of the monks of, vi., 529 sq.;
manuscripts in monasteries of, vii.,
134 note.

Athribis, bishopric of, v., 138 note.
Atlas, Mount, i., 28 and note.

Atmeidan, see Hippodrome.

note.

Attalus, Count of Autun, iv., 146 note,
147.

Attalus, Præfect of Rome, made emperor,
iii., 336; reign, 336, 337; Arian
baptism of, 336 note; deposed, 338;
at wedding of Adolphus, 354; am-
bassador, 362; banishment, 364.
Attica, territory of, wasted by Alaric, iii.,
256.

Atticus, successor of Chrysostom, iii.,
402 note; v., 118 note.

Attila (Etzel), King of the Huns, descrip-
tion of, iii., 442 sqq.; puts his
brother Bleda to death, 444; ac-
quires Scythia and Germany, 445
sq.; invades Persia, 446; invades
the Eastern Empire, 448 sqq.; de-
feats the Romans, on the Utus, at
Marcianopolis and in the Thracian
Chersonese, 449; ravages Europe,
ib. sq.; peace with Theodosius, 455
sq.; his embassies to Constantinople,
458 sq.; his village and negotiations
with the Romans described, 462
sqq.; receives Maximin, 464; royal
feast of, 465 sq.; conspiracy of the
Romans against, 467; sends am-
bassadors to Theodosius, 468;
threatens both empires, 471; alli-
ance with the son of Clodion, 481;
invades Gaul, 483; crosses the
Rhine, 483; besieges Orleans, 484;
defeated on the Catalaunian fields,
488 sqq.; invades Italy, 493; de-
stroys Aquileia, 494; makes peace
with Valentinian, 498 sq.; marriage
and death, 500; funeral, 501; empire
of, dismembered, ib. sq.
Attitianus, i., 323 note.
Attok, on the Indus, vii., 53.
Attuarii (tribe of Franks), ii., 429.
Atyras, river, iv., 455; fortress of, ib.
note.

Atys and Cybele, story of, ii., 461.
Auchenii, family of, iii., 307 note.
Auctions, tax on, i., 176.
Audax, friend of Sidonius, iv., 50 note.
Audefleda, sister of Clovis, iv., 321 note.
Audians, sect of the, iii., 160; v., 119.
Audoin, King of the Lombards, iv., 441
and note; v., 5.

Augsburg, battle of, vi., 148.

Atropatene, province, i., 405; ii., 240; Augurs, iii., 199 and note.

vi., 242, and see Aderbijan.

Atsiz, Shah of Carizme, vii., 8 note.

Atsiz, the Carizmian, lieutenant of Malek

Augustal Præfect of Egypt, ii., 180.
Augustin, St., a Manichæan, ii., 16 note;

teacher of rhetoric in Milan, iii.,

37 note; tutor of Gratian, 141
note; consul, ib. note; letters to
Paulinus, 348 note.

169; De Civitate Dei of, 222 note, | Ausonius, ii., 171 note, 172 note; iii.,
341 and note; on the defeat of
Radagaisus, 280 sq.; approves the
persecution of the Donatists, 427
and notes, 428 note; letter to Count
Boniface, ib. note; death, 430;
writings, 431 and note; his ignor-
ance of Greek, ib. note; canoniza-
tion, ib. note; relics of, carried to
Sardinia, iv., 308 note.
Augustina, daughter of Heraclius, v.,
185 note.

Augustulus (Romulus), emperor of the
West, iv., 52; banished to the
Lucullan villa, 56.
Augustus, moderation of, i., 2; testa-

ment of, 3; policy, 9; buildings of,
48 and note; after the battle of
Actium, 65; reforms the senate,
66; made emperor, 67; administra-
tion and policy, 68 sqq., 79 and
note; worship paid to, 76 note;
breviarium or register, 173 and
note; taxes, 175; at Jerusalem,
ii., 4; in Julian's Cæsars, 506;
temperance, iii., 321 and note;
makes the harbour at Classis, 273;
undermines the power of the popular
assemblies, iv., 477; modesty of,
V., 330.
Augustus, title, i., 77 and note; three
Augusti, 457 and note.
Auranitis, iv., 390 note.

Aurasius, Mount, citadel of, iv., 318 sq.
and note, 416.

Aurelian, consul, sentences Eutropius,
iii., 391.

Aurelian, Emperor, succeeds, i., 312;

origin and reign, 313 sqq.; cedes
Dacia to the Goths, defeats the
Alemanni, 319; superstition of,
321; fortifies Rome, 322; defeats
Tetricus, 324; captures Palmyra and
Zenobia, 330; defeats Firmus, 333;
triumph of, 333; magnificence and
superstition, 336; cruelty, 339;
death, 340; wore the diadem, 341
note; conduct to the Christians, ii.,

123.

Aurelius, Litua, i., 391 note.
Aurelius, see Antoninus, M. Aur.
Aureolus, emperor, i., 296; invades
Italy, 304, 305; death, 307 and
note.

Aureus (coin), ii., 207 note.

Auri Oblatio, ii., 212 note.
Aurum oblaticium, i., 458 note.
Aurungzebe, Great Mogul, camp of, iii.,
462 note; vii., 75.
Auruss (Urus) Khan, vii., 50.

Auspices, i., 69 note.
Autenti, battle of, iv., 417 note.
Autharis, son of Clepho, v., 15.
Autonomus, St., church of, Emperor
Maurice at, v., 66 and note.
Autun, vineyards of, i., 57 note; siege
of, 325 and note; rebuilt by Con-
stantine, 391 note; college of
rhetoric at, 423; visit of Constan-
tine to, 444 and note; capital of
the Edui, ii., 209 and note; school
of, iv., 107.

Auvergne, province of, opposes Euric,
iv., 41; ceded to the Visigoths, 50;
oppressed by Euric, 108; conquered
by Theodoric, son of Clovis, 144;
description of, ib. sq.; counts of,
vi., 274 and note.

Auxentius, Mount, v., 214 note.
Auxiliaries, i., 16; Barbarian auxiliaries

under Constantine, ii., 192; Ner-
vian, iii., 247; Barbarian auxiliaries
employed by Majorian, iv., 23;
British, levied by Anthemius to de-
fend Gaul, 42.

Auximum, see Osimo.
Avars, subdued by the Turks, iv., 377
sq.; embassy to Justinian, 378;
conquests of, 379; embassy to Justin
II., v., 3; alliance with the Lom-
bards, 5, 6; defeat the Gepida, 6
sq.; dominions of, 57 sqq.; wars
of, with Maurice, 61 sqq.; attack
Heraclius, 80; Heraclius treats with,
84; attack Constantinople, 91 sqq.;
defeat, 93; subdued by Charlemagne,
308.

Avernus, lake, iii., 314 note.
Averroes, Arabian philosopher, vi., 35
note.

Aversa, town of, foundation of, vi., 183;
county of, 183 note.

Avicenna, Arabian physician, vi., 33.
Avienus, Rufus, translator of Dionysius,
v., 458 note.

Avienus, senator, his embassy to Attila,
iii., 498; portrait of, ib. note.
Avignon, flight of Gundobald to, iv.,
120; translation of Holy See to,
vii., 254 sqq.; Petrarch at, 266;
the "Mystic Babylon," Petrarch on,
291; Urban V. returns from, 292.
Avitus, Bishop of Vienna, epistles of, iv.,
88 note; letter to Clovis, 115 note;
at conference of Lyons, 119 and
note.

Avitus, senator, minister of Aetius, iii.,
477 note; preceptor of Theodoric
II., ib. note; ambassador to Theo-
doric, 486; commands in Gaul, iv.,
8; character and reign, ib. sqq.;
estate of, in Gaul, 8; visits Theo-
doric, 9; made emperor, 10; con-
sent of Marcian doubtful, ib. note;
panegyric of, by Sidonius, 15;
deposed by Ricimer, 15; Bishop of
Placentia, ib.; flight and death, ib.
and note; burial at Brivas, 16.
Awsites, Arabian tribe of, adopt religion
of Mahomet, v., 380.

Axuch, a Turkish slave, v., 243, 245.
Axum, inscription of a king of, iv., 248
note; village of, 413 and note; de-
serted, v., 177.

Axumites, see Abyssinians.
Ayesha, wife of Mahomet, v., 399;
daughter of Abubekr, 403; enemy
of Ali, 407; flight of, with Talha
and Zobeir, 411; present at the
battle of Bassora, 412.
Ayoubites (Kurds), vi., 353 note.
Ayub, father of Saladin, vi., 354.
Azan, King of Bulgaria, vi., 452 and

note; peace with Eastern empire,
453 note.

Azimus, or Azimuntium, city of, opposes

the Huns, iii., 456 and 457; its
position in Thrace, 456 note; privi-
leges of, v., 62 note.
Azoph, see Tana.

Azymites, sect of, vii., 142.

Azyms, debate concerning the, vi., 383.
Azzadin (Izz-ad-Din), Sultan of Iconium,

flies to Constantinople, vii., 15;
taken by the Tartars, 22.
Azzo, Marquis of Lombardy, vi., 201
note.

BAALBEC, see Heliopolis.

Baanes, Paulician teacher, vi., 117 note.
Babag, Prince of Persis, i., 213 note.
Babain, battle of, vi., 351.
Babar, introduces guns in Upper India,

vi., 235 note; descent of, vii., 74 note.
Babec, father of Artaxerxes, i., 213 note.
Babegan, surname of Artaxerxes, i., 213
note.

Babolinus, St., life of, i., 384 note.
Babylas, St., Bishop of Antioch, ii., 493

and note, 494.

Babylon, name applied to Rome, ii., 227;

circumference of, 160 note; made
into a royal park, 523; licentious-
ness at, 527 note.

Bacchanals, ii., 65 and note.
Bacchus, St., account of, v., 56 note.

Bacon, Friar, on Greek fire, vi., 13 note.
Bacon, public distribution of, at Rome,
iii., 320.

Bactriana, Greek kings of, iii., 91 note;
Greeks of, iv., 380 note; vizier of,
appointed by Chosroes, 385.
Bacurius, Iberian prince, ii., 332 note;
at the battle of Hadrianople, iii.,
117; fights for Theodosius, 192.
Badaverd, chamber of Chosroes, V., 79.
Bader, village of, iv., 268 note.
Badoeri, Dukes of Venice, v., 16 note.
Baduarius, superintendent of the palace,
v., 16; family of, ib. note.
Baduila, name of Totila, q.v.
Bætica, province, of Spain, i., 21; Si-
lingi in, iii., 365; sea coast of,
subdued by the Saracens, v., 507.
Bagai, battle of, ii., 412.
Bagaude, i., 383 and note; iii., 288
note; in Spain and Gaul, 507 note;
allies of Majorian, iv., 24.
Bagavan, Mount, i., 396.
Bagdad, founded, vi., 24; etymology of
the name, ib. note; college at, 29;
disorders of Turkish guards at, 50;
Greeks retreat from, 63; Togrul
Beg at, 243; Malek Shah at, 257;
taken by Mongols, vii., 14; Hola-
gou at, 23; pyramid of Timour at,
60.

Baghisian, commander of Antioch, vi.,
311.

Bagrās, tower of, near Antioch, vi., 311
note.

Baharites, Mamaluke dynasty, vi., 352
note, 377 note.
Bahram, see Vahranes.
Bahrein, district of, v., 335; Carma-
thians in, vi., 52.
Baie, springs of, iv., 205.
Baian, chagan of the Avars, account of,
v., 57; wars of, 57 sqq.; empire of,
60; war with Maurice, 61 sqq.;
threatens Constantinople, 63.
Baikal, Lake, iii., 86.
Bailly, M., system of, iv., 197 note.
Bajazet I., Sultan (Ilderim), vii., 35 sqq.;

surname, ib. note; conquests, 36
sqq.; morals and manners at court
of, ib. note; wins the battle of Nico-
polis, 37; takes the French princes
prisoner, 40; threatens Constanti-
nople, 42; receives tribute, ib.;
builds mosque at Constantinople,
ib.; sends embassy to Timour, 55;
letters of, to Timour, 55; their
genuineness questioned, ib. note;
defeated at Angora, 61 sq.; his
captivity, 63 sqq.; death, 67.

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