defeat, 431; death, 432; medals struck in honour of, ib. note. Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, leads fourth crusade, vi., 401; adopts cause of Alexius, ib. note, 404 and note; clemency, 422; sells Candia, 435 and note; acquires Macedonia, ib. and 435; defends Thessalonica, 445; death, 445. Boniface IV., Pope, consecrates the Pantheon, iii., 209 note; vii., 322 note.
Boniface VIII., Pope, i., 208 note; his Sexte of the Decretals, vii., 242 note, 250 note; his quarrel with Philip, iv., 252 sq.; institutes jubilee, 256 sq.; metrical history of his corona- tion, 260 note; adds a diadem to the papal mitre, 294 note.
Boniface IX., Pope, vii., 286; restores mausoleum of Hadrian, 327 note. Boniface, St., iv., 84 note. Bonifatius, Roman charioteer, medals in honour of, iii., 432 note.
Bonn, fortified by Julian, ii., 301 note. Bononia, on the Danube, i., 470; Julian at, ii., 435.
Bononia, see Bologna.
Bononia, see Gessoriacum.
Bonosus, general of Aurelian, i., 316 note; revolt of, in Gaul, 360.
Bosnia, i., 24; King of, opposes the Ottomans, vii., 34 note. Boso of Vienne, founds kingdom Lower Burgundy, v., 313 note. Bosphorus, city of, siege of, by the Turks, iv., 376 and note.
Bosphorus, kingdom of, subdued by
Trajan, i., 7; Goths in, 281 sqq. Bosphorus, Strait of, ii., 151. Bossuet, Universal History of, i., 32 note.
Bostra or Bosra, Julian's epistle to people of, ii., 469 note; fairs of, v., 339
and note; siege of, by the Saracens, 444 sq.; fortifications of, ib. note. Botaniates, see Nicephorus Botaniates. Botany, ancient knowledge of, vi., 34. Botheric, commandant of Thessalonica, iii., 181 sqq.
Botrys, iv., 464 and note. Boucher, silversmith, at Caracorum, vii., 20 note.
Boucicault, Marshal, commands an army against Bajazet, vii., 37 note, 39; ransomed, 39; relieves Constanti- nople, 43; returns to France, ib.; Memoirs of, 37 note, 65 note. Bouillon in the Ardennes, vi., 289. Boulainvilliers, Count de, Life of Ma-
homet, v., 79 note, 375 note. Boulogne, see Gessoriacum, iii., 45. Boursa (Brusa), residence of Bajazet, vii., 39; pillaged by Mehemmed Sultan, 63; royal schools at, 83; decline of, 209; see Prusa. Bova (territory), Greek dialect spoken in, vii., 123 note.
Bowides, Persian Dynasty of, v., 519
note; vi., 57 and note; war with the Sultan of Gazna, 237.
Boyardo, Count, forgery of, vi., 292 note; Orlando Inamorato of, vii., 136 note.
Brabant, Franks in, ii., 290; duchy of, vi., 289 note.
Bracara in fourth century, iii., 364. Bracca, i., 334 and note.
Brachophagos, battle of, between Greeks and Genoese, vi., 536.
Braga, metropolis of the Suevi in Spain, pillaged by Theodoric, iv., 13. Brahmanābād, town of, taken by the Arabs, v., 440 note. Brahmapootra, river, vii., 54 note. Bramante, architect, vii., 337. Brancaleone, podesta of Rome, vii., 240 and note; death, 241; destroys
palace of Severus, 317 note; de- molishes towers of Rome, 327. Brandenburg, Vandals of, iv., 316 note. Braniseba, duchy of, v., 248. Bread, distribution of, iii., 320. Breakspear, Nicholas (Hadrian IV.), vii.,
Bregetio, on the Danube, Valentinian at, iii., 69.
Bremen, bishopric of, v., 308; town of, destroyed by Hungarians, vi., 149. Brenckmann, Historia Pandectarum of, iv., 498 note.
Brenta, Hungarian camp on the, vi.,
Breones, Gallic tribe, iii., 487 and note.
Brequigny, M. de, his life of Posthu- | Bructeri, i., 252.
Brun, on Palace of Serai, vii., 18 note. Brescia, i., 451; dukes of, v., 27; revolts Brundusium, port of, fleet of Guiscard
against her bishop, vii., 230.
Bretagne, see Armorica.
Bride-show, at the marriage of the Czar, v., 211 note; held for Leo VI., ib. note.
Bridges, Roman, i., 55 and note.
Bridget, St., of Sweden, vii., 293 and note.
at, vi., 214 and note.
Brunechild, mother of Ingundis, iv., 99 and note.
Bruno, St., brother of Otto the Great, v., 313 note.
Brunswick, house of, origin of, vi., 202 note.
Brusa, see Boursa and Prusa.
Brienne, Walter de, Duke of Athens, see Bruttium, gold mines of, iv., 206; name
Walter de Brienne.
Brigantes, i., 22.
Britain, conquest of, i., 3; province of, described, 22; colonies of, 40 and note; Vandals in, 358; importance of, 385 sq.; revolt of Carausius, 386 8qq.; Christianity in, ii., 68 note; invaded by Picts and Scots, 422; how peopled, iii., 42, 45 sq.; Theo- dosius in, 47 sq.; Maximus in, 143 sq.; Stilicho recalls legions from, 265; invaded by Scots from Ireland, 286 and note; various emperors, 286 sq. and note; revolt of, 371 sq. and note; independence of, confirmed, 372; state of, 373 sq.; cities of, 373 and note; Church and bishops, 375 and note; revolution of, iv., 155 sqq.; Saxon invasion, 156 sqq.; Lesser Britain, 161; desolation of, 163; fabulous accounts of, 168 sq., Christianity introduced by Gregory, v., 38; mentioned by Anna Comnena [Thule], vi., 336 note; revenue of, in thirteenth century, 424 and note; herring fishery of, vii., 17 note; description of, by Chalcondyles, 99 sq.; feelings of English clergy to- wards the Popes, 240 note; eight kingdoms in British Islands, 300 note.
Britons of France, subdued by Charle- magne, v., 306.
Britons, state of, iv., 159 sqq.; flight of,
into Wales, 160; in Gaul, 161 note; servitude of, 165; manners of, 167; in Cinnamus, vi., 340 note. Brittia, Island of, mentioned by Proco- pius, iv., 168 and note.
Brittii, mentioned by Cinnamus, vi., 340 note.
Brivas or Brioude, burial of Avitus at, iv., 16; taken by Theodoric, 146. Brosses, Président de, iv., 397 note; vii., 176 note.
Brotomagus (Brumath), battle of, ii., 293.
Bruchion in Alexandria, i., 301.
changed to Calabria, v., 26 note. Brutus, i., 78 note; founds consulship, iv., 285; judgment of, 532. Brutus the Trojan, legend of, iii., 42 note.
Bryennius, see Nicephoras. Buat, Comte de, on German invasion of Gaul, iii., 283 note; on destruction of Metz, 484 and note; on defeat of Attila, 491 note; on the Slavonians, iv., 370 note.
Bubalia in Pannonia, birthplace of Decius, i., 257.
Bucelin, Duke of the Alamanni, invades
Italy, iv., 448 and note; defeated by Narses, 450; death of, 451. Bucentaur, ship of John Palæologus II., vii., 110.
Buchanan, ii., 314 note; iii., 45 note. Bucharia, province of, iii., 75 note; Magian worship in, v., 439. Buda, city of, ii., 281; Ladislaus at, vii., 149.
Buffaloes introduced into Italy by the Lombards, v., 28 and note. Buffon, iv., 259 note; description of Guyana by, vii., 320 note. Bugia, city of, taken by the Saracens, v.,
Bukulithos, battle of, v., 230 note. Bulgaria, kingdom of, position of, vi., 136 and note; first kingdom of, 139; Greek præfect of, in first crusade, 286; relations with Nicholas I., 384; joins the Greek Church, 385; foundation of second kingdom of, 390-1 and note; invaded by Theo- dore Lascaris, 478; wasted by the Mongols, vii., 18 and note. Bulgarians, first mention of, iv., 186
note; ethnology, 369 and note sq.; threaten Constantinople, 372; pil- lage Greece, ib.; threaten Constan- tinople, 454 sq.; retire, 456; besiege Constantinople with Justinian II., v., 193; approach Constantinople in reign of Philippicus, 195 note;
besiege Constantinople in reign of Leo V., 206 note; kingdom of, over- thrown by Basil II., 231 sq.; assist the Emperor Leo against the Sara- cens, vi., 9; name of, 129 and note; emigration of, 136; war of, with Nicephorus, 139; defeated by Basil II., 142; colonies of, in Hungary, 153 note; war with the empire of Romania, 445 sqq.
Bull fight in the Colosseum, vii., 331 and note.
Bulla, near Carthage, iv., 305, 417. Bullets, stone, use of at Rome, vii., 328 and note.
Bundicia, death of R. Guiscard at, vi., 216 note.
Buonaccorsi, Philip (Callimachus), on Varna campaign, vii., 153 note. Burcard, J., Diary of, vii., 312. Burckhardt, on the Renaissance, vii., 136 note.
Burdigala, i., 324 note; see Bordeaux. Burgesses, court of the, at Jerusalem, vi., 333.
Burgundians, i., 262, 263 note; con- quered by Probus, 354; on the Elbe, iii., 38 and note; feud with the Ala- manni, 39; invade Italy, 277; invade Gaul and settle there, 369 and note; subdued by Attila on the Rhine, 445; invade Belgium, 476; invade Belgic provinces and settle in Savoy, 476; join Theodoric against the Huns, 487; betray Rome to Genseric, iv., 5 note; conversion of, 83; on Lake Leman, 112; boundaries, 118; conquered by the Franks, 120 sqq.; laws of, 132 and note; judicial combats among, 137; assist Odoacer, 190. Burgundy, Duke of, opposes Bajazet Sultan, vii., 37; pays ransom to Bajazet, 39. Burgundy, Duke of, uncle of Charles VI.,
vii., 96; at Council of Ferrara, 112. Burgundy, i., 57; two provinces of, iii.,
369; kingdom of, iv., 110 note; wars of Clovis in, 118 sqq.; final conquest of, by the Franks, 121 sqq. ; three Romans command in, 149; Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, v., 313 note; of Upper Burgundy, ib.; vassals of, called "provincials,” vi., 291; wines of, vii., 292 and note. Buri, i., 253 note.
Būrji (Mamlūks), vi., 352 note, 377 note. Burnet's Sacred Theory of the Earth, ii., 28 note.
Burning glasses, iv., 258, 259 and note.
Busbequius, ambassador at court of Soli- man, vii., 66; on slavery and rights of war among Turks, 205 note. Busiris in Egypt, i., 392; camp of Caliph Merwan at, vi., 22; four places of same name in Egypt, 22 note. Bussorah, Nazarenes at, ii., 10 note; see Bassora.
Bust, conquered by Subuktigin in 978 A.D., vi., 234 note.
Busta Gallorum, iv., 442 and note. Butler, Lives of the Saints of, v., 36 note.
Buwayh, vi., 57 note. Buwayhids, see Bowides. Buzentinus (Bazentinus), river, course of, diverted for burial of Alaric, iii., 351. Buzes, colleague of Belisarius, iv., 362. Buzurg Mihur, Persian Philosopher, v., 46; account of, ib. note. Bynkershoek, on Roman law, iv., 530 note.
Byrrhus, senator, i., 99.
Byssus, cloth made from pinna squa- mosa, iv., 245 and note. Byzacena, see Byzacium. Byzacium, i., 189 note; Moors in, iv., 316.
Byzantine empire, see Roman empire. Byzantine writers, collections of, vii., 217 note.
Byzantium, besieged by Severus, i., 130;
fortifications demolished, 131 note; taken by Maximin, 459; by Con- stantine, 473; situation, ii., 150; fisheries, 157 and note (see Constanti- nople).
Byzas, ii., 150 note.
CAAB, Arab, v., 348 note. Caaba, temple of Mecca, v., 350; plan of, ib. note; idols of, broken, 392. Cabades or Kobad, King of Persia, wars
with the Romans, iv., 275; restora- tion and death, 383.
Cabul, subdued by Nushirvan, iv., 411. Cadarigan, Persian officer, second in com- mand, v., 95.
Cadesia, battle of, v., 431 and note; situation of, ib. note; periods of the battle of, 431 and note.
Cadhi, office of, vii., 36 and note. Cadijah, wife of Mahomet, v., 357; ac- cepts the religion of Mahomet, 375; affection of Mahomet for, 405. Cadiz, see Gades. Cadmus, Mount, battle of (1147 A.D.), vi., 343 note.
Cæcilian, Bishop of Africa, ii., 352 and note.
Cæcilius (see Lactantius) on the dream | Calabria, loss of, v., 26 note; name
of Constantine, ii., 321 and note. Calestian, senator of Carthage, iii., 436. Cælius, Mons, i., 322 note. Carmarthen, iv., 167. Carwys, iv., 167 note.
Cæsar and Augustus, titles of, i., 77;
applied to Bruttium, ib.; province of, made by Constans II., 189 note; taken by the Iconoclasts from Rome, 299 and note; towns of, pillaged by the Saracens, vi., 42; state of, in tenth century, 178; reduced by Manuel, 223.
(Callistus Athomannus), vii., 169 note.
Calchas, the soothsayer, vi., 182 note. Caled [Khalid], iv., 412 note; at Ohud, v., 387; conversion of, 391; mas- sacres, ib.; at battle of Muta, 395; victories of, 425; in Persia, 429; Syrian war of, 430 sq., 448 sqq.; takes Damascus, 452; defeats the Gassanites, 461; death, 471. Caledonia, description of, iii., 43 sq. and notes.
under Greek emperors, vi., 83, 84. Cæsar, Julius, i., 65 note; ii., 506; Com-Calapin mentaries of, iii., 121 note; æra of, v., 504 note. Cæsarea, capital of Cappadocia, siege of, i., 292; residence of Hannibali- anus, ii., 226; temple of Fortune at, 503; Hospital at, iii., 28 and note; sacked by Chosroes, v., 75; Togrul at, vi., 245; occupied by Timour, vii., 61. Cæsarea in Mauretania, iii., 51; iv., 308; duke of, 310. Cæsarea, in Syria, surrenders to the Saracens, v., 469; date of, ib. note; crusaders at, vi., 321 and note; fief of Sidon, 331 note; recovered by crusaders, 365. Cæsarius, Bishop of Arles, iv., 207 and note.
Cæsarius, consul, iii., 407 note. Cæsarius, imperial physician, ii., 476 and note.
Cæsarius, master of the offices, iii., 179, 180.
Cæsarius, Roman magistrate, i., 56 note. Cæsarius, son of Duke of Naples, his conquests over the Saracens, vi., 44.
Cæsars of Julian, ii., 444, 505 sq. and notes.
Caf, mountain, iv., 374 and note, 380 and note.
Cafarello, Italian family, vii., 331. Caffa, Genoese colony of, vi., 533 and
note; inhabitants of, transported to Constantinople, vii., 210 note. Cagan, see Khan.
Cagliari, Vandal fleet at, iv., 306. Cahina, Queen of the Moors, v., 500 sq. Caietan, Cardinal (of St. George) Jacopo, vii., 255 note, 263 note, 328 note. Cairo, v., 476; New and Old, ib. note; inhabitants of, repulse the Turks, vi., 267; attacked by Amalrig, 352; fortified by Saladin, 356. Cairoan, foundation of, by the Saracens,
v., 496 and note; attempt to revive Christian religion at, 520.
Caius, Roman presbyter, iii., 220 note.
Caledonian war of Severus, i., 141, 142. Caledonians, i., 141. Calendar, reformed by Malek Shah, vi., 256; Julian, at Constantinople, vii., 207 note.
Caligula, i., 78; statue of, at Jerusalem ii., 4.
Calil Basha, vizier of Mahomet II. (Khalil Pasha), vii., 170; treasonable correspondence of, 175, 191. Caliph, title of, v., 406; first four
caliphs, 407 sqq.; characters, 425 sq. Caliphate, division of the, vi., 23 note; extinction of Abbaside, vii., 14 sq. Calisia, i., 355 note. Calixtus II., Pope, on romance of Turpin, vi., 273 note; his pontificate, vii., 228 and note. Calligraphes, epithet of Theodosius the younger, iii., 408.
Callimachus, see Philip Buonaccorsi. Callinicum, religious riots at, iii., 183 and note.
Callinicus of Heliopolis, inventor of Greek fire, vi., 10 and note. Callixene, priestess of Ceres, ii., 474. Calmucks, black, iii., 93 and note; iv., 177.
Calocerus, ii., 227 note. Calocyres, ambassador of Nicephorus,
vi., 164; assumes the purple, 166. Calo-John, King of Bulgaria, corre- spondence of, with Pope Innocent III., vi., 391 note, 391; assists the Greeks against the Latins, 441 sqq.; Scythian army of, 442; defeats Baldwin and imprisons him, 443.
Caius, the civilian, authority of, in juris-Caloman, Hungarian king, vi., 286 note;
prudence, iv., 491; Institutes of, 500
treaty with Godfrey of Bouillon, 296.
Calpurnius, date of, i., 335 note; first | Candia, or Crete, vi., 40, see Crete. eclogue of, 365 note, 369-72 notes. Candidian, minister of Theodosius, in- Caltabellotta, taken by the Saracens, vi., sulted by the Council of Ephesus, v., 123; received by John of Antioch, 124.
Calvary, Mount, fair at, vi., 263.
Calvin compared to Augustine, iii., 431 Candidianus, i., 460.
note; doctrine of, vi., 131.
Calycadnus, river, vi., 345 note. Calydonian boar, iv., 331 and note. Camalodunum, i., 40 note. Camare, i., 282 and note.
Camarina, taken by the Saracens, vi., 41 note.
Cambrai, i., 391; taken by Clodion, King
of the Franks, iii., 479; residence of Chararieh, iv., 109 note. Camden, iii., 42 note; iv., 160 note. Camel, Arabian, i., 331 note, 370; v., 337; of Chosroes, 78 and note; use of, introduced into Sicily by the Arabs, vi., 200 note. Camelopardalis, i., 103 note; presented to Timour, vii., 69. Camenday, in the mountains of Cilicia, vi., 246 note.
Cameniates, John, v., 220 note. Camillus, Roman general, iv., 443 note. Camisards of Languedoc, ii., 412 note. Camp, Roman, i., 17.
Campania, i., 23; desolation of, ii., 205; towns of, pillaged by the Saracens, vi., 42.
Campania, or Champagne, iii., 488 and note.
Camphire in Persia, v., 434; in China
Campi Canini, or Valley of Bellingzone, Alamanni defeated by Majorian in, iv., 17 and note. Campona, i., 470.
Campsa, fortress of, defended by the Goths, iv., 452.
Camus, a liquor distilled from barley, iii., 461.
Canabus, Nicholas, phantom emperor, vi., 418 note. Canada, i., 232.
Canals, in Europe, begun by Charle-
magne, v., 309 and note; between Nile and Red Sea, 485 and note.
Candish, Avar ambassador, iv., 378. Canidia of Horace, iii., 18 note. Canighul, gardens of, vii., 70. Caninian law, i., 346 note.
Canna, battle of, vi., 175; date of, 185 note; Normans defeat the Saracens,
Cannibalism of the Crusaders, vi., 305 and note.
Cannon of Mahomet II., vii., 176 sq. Canobin, Monastery of, residence of the
patriarch of the Maronites, v., 167. Canoes of the Goths, iii., 134 note; v., 80 note.
Canon Nameh of Soliman II., vii., 180 note.
Canons of the church, ii., 46; fifteenth, of Nicæa, iii., 158. Cantabrians, i., 21.
Cantacusino, T. Spandugino, vii., 201 note.
Cantacuzene, Demetrius, defends Con- stantinople, vii., 199 note. Cantacuzene, John, History of, vi., 511 and note; supports the younger Andronicus, 513; Great Domestic, 519; regency of, ib.; despatches letters to the provinces, 519; as- sumes the purple, 521; flies to Thessalonica, 521; alliance with the Servians, ib.; victory of, 522; reign of, 526 sq.; continues his his- tory, ib. note; Servian expedition of, 527; defeats John Palæologus, 527; abdication of, 528; death, ib. note; four discourses of, ib. note; his war with the Genoese, 533 sqq.; his treaty with the Venetians, 535; solicits help from the Turks, vii., 29; his friendship with Amir, 29 note; negotiations of, with Clement VI., 90.
Cantacuzene, Manuel, governor of Mi- sithra, vi., 525 note.
Cananus, John, his account of siege of Cantacuzene, Matthew, abdication of, vi.,
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