of the Greek Church by the Otto-
mans, 211 and note.
Canterbury, Emperor Manuel at, vii., 97.
Capelianus, i., 194.

Capernaum, Latin pilgrims besieged in,
vi., 266.

Caphargamala, village near Jerusalem,
iii., 222.

Capiculi, Turkish troops, vii., 180 and
note.

Capistran (John Capistrano), vii., 156

note.

Capitation tax in Gaul, i., 444; levied
on the Jews, ii., 96; under Constan-
tine, 207 and note; levied by Leo
III., v., 278 and note.

Capito, Ateius, iv., 486, 489 and note.
Capitol of Rome, ii., 95 and notes; see
Rome.

Capitoline games, see Games.

Capitoline Mount, i., 322 note.
Capitolinus, i., 106 note, 110 note.
Capizucchi family, vii., 260.
Capoccia family, vii., 331.
Caporioni, chiefs of militia, vii., 304.
Cappadocia, invaded by Alaric, i., 348;
domains of, ii., 198 sq. and note;
proconsul of, iv., 272; Paulicians
of, vi., 120.
Capranica, vii., 276.
Caprara, iv., 444.

Capraria (Island), monks in, iii., 248.
Capreolus, Bishop of Carthage, on de-
solation of Africa, iii., 430 note.
Capsia, taken by Roger of Sicily, vi., 220.
Captain, title of, in Rome, v., 323 note.
Capua, i., 23; amphitheatre at, 48, 53;

vii., 329 note; destroyed by Alaric,
iii., 348 and note; Belisarius at, iv.,
333; Lombard princes of, vi., 177;
besieged by the Saracens, 179; taken
by Roger, 218.

Caput Vada, Belisarius at, iv., 299 and
note.

Capuzzi, Roman family of, vii., 238 note.
Caracalla, i., 133 note; names of, 139

note; reign, 143 sqq.; titles of, 143
note; edict concerning freemen, 171
and note; taxation of Roman citi-
zens by, 179; baths of, iii., 321 sq.;
laws of, iv., 482 note; edict of, con-
cerning the name of Romans, vi.,
105.

Caracorum or Holin, residence of Zingis
Khan, vii., 19 and note sq.
Caractacus, i., 4.

Caracullus for Caracalla, i., 140 note; in

the poems of Ossian, 141 note.
Caramania, Emir of, military force of
the, vii., 27; state of, rivals the

Ottomans in Asia, ib. note; Sultan
of, defeated by Murad, ib.; con-
quered by Bajazet, 35; war with
the Ottoman Turks, 148, 150.
Carausius, i., 385 sqq.

Carashar Nevian, ancestor of Timour,
vii., 45.

Caravans, Sogdian, iv., 246.

Carbeas, the Paulician, vi., 123 sq.
Carbonarian forest, iii., 479 and note.
Carcassonne, iv., 126 note; Church of St.
Mary at, v., 510; taken by Anbasa,
vi., 14 note.

Carche, ii., 547 and note.
Cardinals, titles of, v., 316 and note;
their right to elect a Pope, vii., 249;
sacred college of, ib. note; conclave
of, 250 and note; predominance of
French, 255 and note.

Cardonne, De, his History of Africa, v.,
488 note; on Aglabites and Edrisites,
vi., 55.

Carduchians, subdued by Trajan, i., 7,
404.

Carduene (Corduene), i., 404 and

note.

Caribert, King of Paris, iv., 170 note.
Carinus (M. Aurelius), i., 364; Cæsar,

365, 366 note; emperor, 368; char-
acter, 368 and note; celebrates the
Roman games, 369; death, 375 and
note.
Carizme [Khwarizm], city of, taken by
the Saracens, v., 441 and note; re-
duced by Malek Shah, vi., 254; pro-
vince of, invaded by Mongols, vii.,
8; city of, taken by Mongols, 9;
by Timour, 73.

Carizmians, invade Syria, vi., 373.
Carloman, brother of Charlemagne, v.,
303.

Carlovingian dynasty, v., 286 sqq.
Carmath, an Arabian preacher, vi., 51
and note.
Carmathians, Arabian sect, rise and pro-
gress of, vi., 52 sqq., 53 note.
Carmel, Mount, battles near, vi., 363.
Carmelites, iv., 63 note.
Carnuntum, on the Danube, Severus de-

clared emperor at, i., 122 note; Con-
gress of, 439 note.
Carocium, standard of the Lombards, v.,

323 note; placed in Capitol by
Frederic II., vii., 246.

Carpi, i., 263, 391 and note, 470 note.
Carpilio, son of Aetius, educated in the

camp of Attila, iii., 474 and note,
503 note.

Carpini, John de Plano, friar, visits court
of the great Khan, vii., 6 note.

Carpocrates, v., 110.
Carpocratians, ii., 86.
Carrago, circle of waggons, iii., 108 note.
Carrhæ, temple of the Moon at, i., 150,

206 note; ii., 515 and note; Roman
colony at, i., 224 note; taken by
Sapor, 290; Paganism at, ii., 69
note.
Carrier pigeons, introduced into Sicily
by the Arabs, vi., 200 note.
Carsamatius, meaning of the word, vi.,
82 note.

Carthage, i., 28, 53; taken by Capeli-

anus, 194; buildings of Maximian
at, 408 note; wasted by Maxentius,
445; Council at, ii., 46 note; taken
by Genseric, iii., 434 sqq.; temple
of Venus at, 208; conference at, 426
and note; description of, 434 sqq.
and notes; conference of bishops at,
iv., 91; cathedral at, restored by
Hunneric, 95; buildings of Justinian
at, 265; Belisarius at, 303 sqq.;
neighbourhood of, 304 note; fortifi-
cations of, 305; synod of, 309 sq.;
saved by Belisarius, 326 and note;
conspiracy against Solomon at,
416; patrician of, v., 493; taken by
Hassan, 497; burnt, 498; bishop
of, in eleventh century, 520, poverty
of, relieved by Charlemagne, vi., 263.
Carthagena, silver mines at, i., 174;
taken by the Vandals, iii., 424; fleet
of Majorian destroyed at, iv., 25.
Carthaginiensis, province of, Alani
iii., 365.

in,

Carun, i., 141.
Carus, general of Probus, i., 354; em-
peror, 363 and note; reign, ib. sqq.;
eastern expedition, 365; death, 366.
Carushomo, Benedict, vii., 240 note.
Casaubon, i., 96 note, 100 note.
Casbin, city of, Heraclius at, v., 89 and
note.

Cascellius, Roman lawyer, iv., 498 note.
Cashgar, under Malek Shah, vi., 255;

Khedar Khan at, 255 note.
Casia, see Icasia.

Casilinum, battle of, iv., 450 and note.
Casiri, v., 515 note, 516 note.
Caspian or Albanian gates of Mount
Caucasus, iv., 277 and note.
Caspian Sea, explored, v., 45; two
navies on, ib. note.

Cassano, battle of, i., 305 note.

Cassian, Duke of Mesopotamia, ii., 281.
Cassian, on monastic institutions, iv.,
70 note; on anthropomorphism, v.,
109 note.

Cassians, legal sect, iv., 490.

Cassianus Bassus, Geoponica of, vi., 66
note.

Cassini on comets, iv., 463.
Cassiodorus, Gothic history of, i., 258;
account of embassy to Attila, iii.,
474 and note; of battle of Châlons,
490; history of, abridged by Jor-
nandes, 483 and note; epistles of,
iv., 193; minister of Theodoric, 202
and note; at Squillace, ib.; his
account of the toleration of Theo-
doric, 207 note; announces to the
senate the accession of Theodatus
and Amalasontha, 324.
Cassius, Avidius, i., 80 note, 91 note,
223 note.

Cassius, Dion, see Dion Cassius.
Cassius, Roman General, ii., 492 note.
Castalian fountain of Daphne, ii., 492.
Castamona, estate of the Comneni, v.,
235.

Castellæ, explanation of name, v., 515
note.

Castile, see Castellæ.
Castinus, master-general, marches against
the Vandals, iii., 424.
Castles in Africa, iv., 267 note; in Bal-
kan Peninsula, 268 and note.
Castor and Pollux, apparitions of, ii.,
323 note.

Castoria, duchy of, v., 248.
Castra Herculis (Heraclea), fortified by
Julian, ii., 301 note.

Castricia, persecutes Chrysostom, iii.,
397 note.

Castriotes, George, see Scanderbeg.
Castriotes, John, vii., 156.
Castruccio Casticani, Life of, vi., 77 note.
Catacalon, veteran, v., 235.
Catalafimi in Sicily, vi., 40 note.
Catalans, service and war of, in the

Greek empire, vi., 500 sqq., 501 and
note; annual pension of, 502; con-
quests of, in Greece, 505 sqq.; ally
themselves with the Venetians
against Genoa, 536.

Catalaunian Plains, iii., 35, 488 and note.
Catana in Sicily, Belisarius at, iv., 325;
taken by the Saracens, vi., 41 note.
Cataneo, on Capistrano, vii., 156 note.
Catapan, governor of Theme of Lom-
bardy, vi., 177 and note.
Catechumen, ii., 307 note.
Cathay, name of Northern China, vii.,
11 and note.

Catherine, grand-daughter of Baldwin
II., marries Charles of Valois, vi.,
462 and note.
Catherine, St., of Sienna, vii., 293 and
note.

note.

Cenni, on imperial coronations, vii., 219

note.

71;

revived

Censors, last, i., 267 note.
Censorship of Augustus, i.,
by Decius, 267, 268.
Census of the Roman people, iii., 305
note.

Catti, i., 275, 357 note.

Cattle, horned, in the Vosges, iv., 352
note.

Catullus, poem of, on Atys, ii., 462 note.
Catulus, gilds the roof of the capitol, iv.,
6 note.

Catus, see Aelius Paetus.

Caucaland (Hauha-land), iii., 132 and
note.

Caucana in Sicily, iv., 298 and note.
Caucasus, Mount, iv., 277.

Caucha (or Coca), Theodosius at, iii., 127
and note.

Cava, daughter of Count Julian, v., 502
and note.

Cavalry, Roman, i., 15; arms of, 16; of

the crusaders, vi., 303.
Caviar, exportation of, vi., 533 and note.
Cayem (Kaim), Caliph, delivered by
Togrul, vi., 243.

Cazan, Khan of Persia, collects Mongol
traditions, vii., 5 note; death and
character, 23 and note.

Cazan, kingdom of, invaded by Mongols,
vii., 16.

Cea, island of, taken by the Venetians,
vi., 435 note.

Ceaulin, grandson of Cerdic, iv., 160.
Cecaumenos, Strategicon of, vi., 155 note,
390 note.

Ceccarelli, Alphonso, vii., 311 note.
Cecrops (Cecropius), i., 305.

Cedars, of Mount Libanus, v., 167 and
note.

Cedrenus, the historian, ii., 161; vi.,
245 note.

Celer, consul (508 a.d.), v., 136.
Celestine I., Pope, receives embassy from

the Egyptian Church, v., 121.

tila, 439; inhabitants of, transported
to Leopolis, vi., 45.

Centuries, assembly of at Rome, iv.,
476.

Ceos, isle of, manufacture of silk at, iv.,
244 and note.

Cephallonia, taken by the Venetians,
vi., 435 note.

Cephisus, river, battle of the, vi., 506.
Ceramis, battle of, vi., 200; fortress of,
ib. note.

Cerca or Creca, wife of Attila, iii., 463.
Cerceau, Père du, on Rienzi, vii., 269
note.

Cerdic the Saxon, iv., 160.
Ceremonies, pagan, attitude of the Chris-

tians towards, ii., 18; adopted by
Christians, iii., 225 sq.

Cerinthus of Asia, his theory of the

double nature of Christ, v., 110 and

note; adopted by the Catholics, 113.
Cerroni, tribune, vii., 287.
Cerularius, Michael, Patriarch of Con-
stantinople, v., 235 and note; letters
of, vi., 384 note; excommunicated
by the Pope, vi., 385.

Cesena, city of, iv., 449.

Cethegus, the Patrician, appears to Jus-
tinian in a dream, iv., 438.
Ceuta, see Septem.

Ceylon, see Taprobana.

Chaboras, river, ii., 518 note.

Chagan (King), of the Avars, iv., 379;
alliance with the Lombards, v., 7;
Dacian empire of the, 8; policy and
power of, 57 sq.

389;

nepotism of, vii., 263 sq.

Celsius, i., 235 note.

Celsus, Emperor, i., 295 note, 296.

Celsus, friend of Lucian, ii., 71 note, 73
note, 83 note.

Celta, legion, ii., 421.
Celtiberians, i., 21.
Celtic Gaul, i., 22.

Chalcedon, i., 284; Roman legions at,

374; founded, ii., 153; tribunal of,
448; church of St. Peter and St.
Paul at, iii., 232; of the martyr
Euphemia, 392; taken by Chosroes,
V., 77.

Chalcis, in Syria, granaries of, ii., 510;
Julian's settlement near, 521; be-

sieged by Nushirvan, iv., 392; trib-
ute of, to Saracens, v., 459; taken by
the Saracens, 465 note; death of
Soliman at, vi., 8.

Chalcondyles, Demetrius, vii., 135 note.
Chalcondyles, Laonicus, vi., 108 note;
vii., 67; Greek and Turkish history
of, 98 note; description of European
countries, ib., 130; on schism of
Constantinople, 141 note; on Varna
campaign, 153 note; on sack of
Constantinople, 202 note.

Chaled, see Caled.

Châlons, battle of, i., 324; ii., 209 and
note; description of, iii., 489 and
note and sqq.; 35.
Chalybians, or Chaldæans, iv., 273 and
note.

Chamavians, Frankish tribe (pagus Cha-
mavorum), i., 391 note; subdued by
Julian, ii., 298, 299; code of (lex
Chamavorum), iv., 132 note.
Chameleon, surname of Leo V.,
q.v.
Champagne St. Hilaire, village of, iv.,
126 note.

Chancellor, see Cancellarius.
Chang-Tsong, Emperor of China, death
of, vii., 7 note.

Chanse, province of, iii., 91.
Chanson d'Antioche, vi., 270 note.
Chao-wu, the great Khan, invades Persia,
v., 48.

Chapters, the Three, controversy of, v.,

146 sq.

Chararich, dominions of, iv., 109 note.
Chardin, Sir John, on Islam, v., 369

note; on Hosein, 417 note; on
Persia, 519 note.

Charegites, or Kharejites, revolt of, v.,
410.

Charigites or Khazrajites, Arabian tribe,
adopt Islam, v., 380.

Chariot races, ii., 443 and note; iv., 233
sqq.

Charito, wife of Jovian, iii., 6.
Charlemagne, studied laws of the Franks,
iv., 131; rustic code of, 140 note;
falconers of, v., 28 note; conquers
the Lombards, 286; alliance with
Hadrian I., 289; at Rome, ib.;
donation of, 291 and note; holds
synod at Frankfort, 298; assemblies
of, ib. note; church of, at Aachen,
ib. note; book of, 298 and note;
pilgrimages to the Vatican, 299;
coronation of, 300; reign, sqq.;
character, 302; name of, ib. note;
cruelty of, to the Saxons, 303; laws
of, ib.; Spanish expedition of, 304;
literary merits of, 305; extent of

his empire in France, 306 sq.; in-
stituted the Spanish March, 307;
founded eight bishoprics, 308; pro-
tects the Latin pilgrims, vi., 263; on
the filioque question, 382 and note;
palace of, at Aix la Chapelle, vii.,
323, 324 note.

Charles Martel, receives embassy of Pope
Gregory I., v., 284; made patrician
of Rome, 289 and notes; defeats
the Saracens, vi., 16 sqq.
Charles of Anjou in Sicily, vi., 495 sqq. ;
defeat and death, 500; senator of
Rome, vii., 241 and note.
Charles the Bald, grants charter to
monastery of Alaon, v., 306 note.
Charles the Bold, gives right of coinage
to Zürich, vii., 230 note.
Charles the Fat, v., 312 sq.
Charles IV., of Germany, weakness of,

v., 328 sqq.; founds University of
Prague, 328 note; ostentation of,
329 sq.; compared with Augustus,
330; receives Rienzi, vii., 288 and
note; imperial coronation of, 291.
Charles V., emperor, i., 415; sack of
Rome by, iii., 347; in Northern
Africa, v., 521; struggle of, with
the popes, vii., 308.

Charles V. of France, defended by Baluze,
vii., 296 note.

Charles VI., gifts of, to Sultan Baja-
zet, 39; assists Emperor Manuel,
43; receives Emperor Manuel, 96,
298; see Histoire.

Charles VIII., of France, receives titles
to empires of Constantinople and
Trebizond, and assumes title Au-
gustus, vii., 214 and note.
Charles XII. of Sweden, i., 151.
Charmoy, M., account of Timour's cam-
paigns, vii., 51 note.

Charon, name of a patrician, v., 235.
Charondas, laws of, iv., 474 and note.
Châteaubriand, on the assembly of the

seven provinces, iii., 377 and note.
Chauci, i., 275.
Chazars, tribe of, in Hungary, vi., 153
note; see Chozars.
Chazrajites, see Charigites.
Chelebi, Turkish title, v., 247.
Chemistry, science of, revived by the
Arabs, vi., 34 and note.
Chemnis, in Upper Egypt, Nestorius
buried at, v., 128; description of,
129 note.
Cherefeddin Ali, panegyrist of Tamer-
lane, iii., 452 note.
Cherson, city of, ii., 231; Wolodomir at,
vi., 170; capture of, ib. note.

Chersonesus (Tauric), i., 281; Justinian

II., banished to, v., 192.
Chersonesus (Thracian), defeat of the
Romans by Attila in, iii., 450;
fortifications of, iv., 269.
Chersonites, allies of Constantine against
the Goths, ii., 231; exemption of,
from duties, ib.

Cherusci, i., 275.

Chess, iv., 389 and note; improved by

Timour, vii., 72 and note.
Chester, Roman colony, i., 40 note.
Chiauss, office of, vi., 85 and note.
Childebert, laws of, iv., 135 note; at-

tempt to conquer Auvergne, 144;
invades Italy, v., 23 sq.
Childeric, exile of, iv., 28 and note;
marries Basina, 108 and note.
Childeric, last Merovingian king, de-
posed, v., 286 and note.
Chiliarchs, of Vandal army, iii., 425.
China, in the third century A.D., i., 396
and note; iii., 85 sqq. and notes;
invaded by the Topa, 275; silk in,
iv., 243; early Chinese chronicle,
ib. note; trade in, 248; Turks in,
376 sq.; Christianity in, v., 159 sq.;
friendship of with the Arabs, 441;
paper manufacture in, 441; invaded
by Zinghis Khan, vii., 7 sqq.;
northern and southern empires of,

11 sq.
Chingiz, see Zingis.

Chionites, in the army of Sapor, ii., 285
and note.

Chiorli, town of, vi., 454.

note; character of, 384 sqq.; ap-
points four viziers, 385; endless
peace with Rome, 390; makes war
against the Romans, ib.; invades
Syria, 392 sqq.; ruins Antioch, 393;
negotiations with Justinian, 409
sqq.; empire of, 411; palace of, v.,
434 sq.

Chosroes II., son of Hormouz, accession
of, v., 51; flies to the Romans, 53;
restored by Narses, 55; letters of,
56 note; invades the Roman Em-
pire, 72 sqq.; conquers Syria, 74;
threatens Constantinople, 84; re-
treats before Heraclius, 88; flight,
97; murder of, 99 and note.
Chosroes, King of Armenia, i., 227 and
note, 289.

Chosroes, son of Tiridates, ii., 240.
Chosroes, vassal of Persia, rules over
Eastern Armenia, iii., 414.
Chosroiduchta, sister of Otas, i., 396 and
note.

Chozars or Khazars, relations of, with
Heraclius, v., 93 and note; Jus-
tinian II. seeks refuge with the,

192.

Chrabr, monk, vi., 140 note.
Christ, date of birth and crucifixion of,

ii., 91 note; miraculous image of,
v., 47 and note, 71 note; sepulchre
of, burnt, 75; opinions concerning
the nature of, 104 sqq.; statue of,
264 and note; correspondence with
Abgarus, 264; picture of, 265 sq.;
how regarded by Mahomet, 363 sq.

335; Giustiniani in, vii., 200.

Chiozza, Isle of, iii., 497.

Chishul, traveller, iii., 393 note.
Chivalry, vi., 292.

Chlienes, Armenian prince, v., 215.
Chlodwig, see Clovis.
Chlorus, see Constantius.

Chlum, prince of, vii., 34 note.
Chnodomar, King of the Alamanni, ii.,

295 and note; taken prisoner by
Julian, 296.

Chodai-nama or book of Lords, iv., 387
and note.

Chorasan, see Khurāsān.

Chorasmia, province of, iii., 91 note.
Chorepiscopi, or rural bishops, ii., 335
note.

Chosroes I., Nushirvan, King of Persia,
i., 228 note; seven philosophers at
his court, iv., 285; accession of,
ib. note; date of accession, 384
note; proposed adoption by Justin,
383; meaning of "Nushirvan," 384

note.
Christianity, inquiry into its progress

and establishment, ii., 1 sqq.; Jew-
ish converts to, 8; causes of, and his-
torical view of, its progress, 57 sqq.;
in the East, 61; in Egypt, 63; in
Rome, 64; in Africa, 66; beyond
the empire, 67; attitude of Hadrian
to, 100, 101; under Constantine,
310 sqq., 330 sqq.; under Jovian,
iii., 1 sq.; in Rome, 201 sqq.; Pagan
ceremonies in, 225 sq.; a cause of
the fall of the western empire, iv.,
175 sq.; propagation of, in Asia, v.,
158 sqq.; in the north of Europe,
vi., 171 sqq.
Christians, peculiar opinions of primitive,
ii., 16 sqq.; their belief in miracles, 30
sqq.; virtues and customs of primi-
tive, 35 sqq.; community of goods
among, 50 sqq.; tithes, 51; under
Nero, 65; proportion to Pagans,
65 note, 69; poverty of, 72; con-