founded with the Jews, 88 and note; favourably regarded by Constantine, 310; description of, under Constan- tine, 311 sqq.; loyalty of, 315; yearly synods, 347; respect for Plato, 360 and note; doctrines of, 364 sqq.; Arian controversy, 368 sqq.; their sects, 370 sqq.; Julian's treatment of, 486 sqq.; influence of, on the Mahometans, v., 354; of the seventh century, relapse into sem- blance of paganism, 361; manners of, at time of first crusade, vi., 279 ; their discipline of penance, ib. sq. Christians of St. John, in Bassora, v., 353. Christmas day, origin of, ii., 432 note. Christopher, son of Constantine Co-
Christopher, son of Romanus I., made emperor, v., 222. Christopolis, pass of, vi., 523 note; on the Greek frontier, 524 note. Chrobatians, see Croats.
Chronicon Farfense, v., 293 note. Chronique du religieux de Saint Denys, vii., 38 note.
Chrysanthius the philosopher, ii., 464,
475; high priest of Lydia, 476 note. Chrysaphius, favourite of Theodosius the younger, iii., 467 and note; par- doned by Attila, 468; supports cause of Eutychius, v., 129; death, 132.
Chrysocheir the Paulician, v., 218; vic-
tories of, vi., 124 sq.; death, 125. Chrysologus, St. Peter, commends piety of Placidia, iii., 503 note. Chrysoloras, Manuel, professor of Greek
at Florence, vii., 128; death, 129; his pupils, ib. note; compares Rome and Constantinople, 138 sq.; epistle of, to John Palæologus, 138 note; death, ib. Chrysopolis, battle of, i., 475; ii., 152; Harun al Rashid at, vi., 36; Sultan Soliman entertained at, 259. Chrysostom, John, on the church at Antioch, ii., 63 sq.; eloquence of, 347; on earthquake at Jerusalem, 484; on the luxury of Constanti- nople, iii., 378 and note; protects Eutropius, 390; homilies in defence of Eutropius, 390 note; election and merit of, 395 sq.; administration, 396 sq.; extends the jurisdiction of Constantinople, 399; persecution of, by Eudoxia, 398 sqq.; exile, 400; death, 402; epistles of, ib. note; his relics brought to Constantinople, 402 and note; on monastic life, iv.,
68 note; opposes Apollinaris, v., 113. Chundo, chamberlain of Gontran, King of Burgundy, iv., 142 note. Church, Christian, government of primi- tive, ii., 41 sqq.; wealth of, 50; revenues of, 53; excommunication in, 54; property of, secured by edict of Milan, 339 and note; authority of, 363, 364; disendowed by Julian, 486; Eastern Church torn with discord, v., 134 sqq.; union of the Latin and Greek, 153; corrup- tion of the Latin, vii., 104; union of the Latin and Greek, concluded at Ferrara and Florence, 114 sqq.; treaty between the Greek and Latin, 117 sq.
Churches, Christian, under Constantine, ii., 340; privilege of sanctuary trans- ferred to, 343 and note.
Chu Yuen Chang, revolt of, vii., 21; founds Ming dynasty, ib. note. Cibalis, battle near, i., 464 and note. Cibossa, church of Paulicians at, vi., 117 note.
Cicero, De natura Deorum, i., 33 and note; attitude to religion, 34 note, 90, 178; on the immortality of the soul, ii., 20 and note; on Plato's Timæus, 361 note; aspired to the Augurate, iii., 200 note; on the Twelve Tables, iv., 475, 484 note; account of De Legibus, 487 sq. Cilicia, province, war in, between Severus and Pescennius Niger, i., 129; Per- sian conquest of, 292; invaded by Alani, 348; Cilician gates, v., 84 and note; subdued by the Saracens, 471; conquests of, by Nicephorus, vi., 61.
Cillium, or Colonia Cillitana, iv., 420 note; wars of Alexius in, vi., 336. Cimbri, iii., 39 note. Cineas, councillor of Pyrrhus, iii., 305 note.
Cingolani, his map of the Campagna, vii., 247 note. Cinnamus, historian, prejudice of, vi., 341 note.
Circassians, dynasty of, vii., 57 and
Circesium, site of, i., 207 note; forti- fied by Diocletian, 404; Julian at, ii., 517, 519; iv., 272; Chosroes at, V., 53. Circumcellions, sect of, ii., 410 sqq.; tumult of, in Africa, iii., 427. Circumcision, ii., 6, 12 note; practised by Mahometans on the Euxine, iv.,
400; condemned in Abyssinia by the Jesuits, v., 179 and note. Circus, Roman, iii., 322 and note; fac- tions of the, at Rome and Constan- tinople, iv., 233 sq.; factions of, abandon the Emperor Maurice, v., 66. Cirta, i., 445; ii., 135 note; opposes
Gaiseric, iii., 434; duke of, iv., 310. Citadels of the Alps, i., 449 and note. Citeaux, monastery of, vi., 346. Cities, in the Roman Empire, i., 52; in ancient Italy, ib.; in Britain, Gaul and Spain, 53; in Africa, 53; in Asia, 54; of Britain, iii., 373 and note, 374 and note; decay of the cities of the Western Empire, vi., 71; wealth of the Eastern cities, ib. sq. Citizenship under Caracalla, i., 179 and note.
Citron wood, valued by the Romans, v., 494 and note.
City of God, work of St. Augustine, iii., 341.
Civetot, crusaders at, vi., 286 note. Civilians, Roman, iv., 58 sqq. Civilis the Batavian, i., 251. Civitate, battle of, vi., 190. Cività Vecchia, see Centumvellæ. Clairvaux, monastery of, vi., 346 and note.
Clarissimi, Roman senators, ii., 170. Classics, Greek and Latin, vi., 34; losses,
and partial preservation, of, vii., 206. Classis, harbour of Ravenna, iii., 274 note; pillage by Duke of Spoleto, 22.
Claudia, miracle of, ii., 460 note. Claudian, portrait of Serena, iii., 238
note; on death of Rufinus, 242 and note; epithalamium, 251; poem on Getic war, 261 note; epigram on old man at Verona, 262 note; on battle of Pollentia, 269 and note; account of, 297 sqq.; on Eutropius, 380 notes; on auction of the state, 382.
Claudiopolis, baths at, i., 49 note. Claudius I., elected emperor, i., 79, 83 note, 115 note. Claudius II., at Thermopyla, i., 266
note; origin, 306 and note; reign, ib. sqq.; letter of, 310; victories over the Goths, 311; death, 312; relation- ship to Constantius, i., 381 sq. notes. Claudius, a freedman, ii., 507 note. Claudius Quadrigarius the annalist, iv., 504 note.
Clematius of Alexandria, ii., 264 and note.
Clemens, Flavius, ii., 44 note; execution of, 97.
Clemens of Alexandria, ii., 38 note, 70.
Clement III., Pope, vi., 213; vii., 238 note.
Clement V., Pope, at Avignon, vii., 254 and note; appoints cardinals, 255 note.
Clement VI., Pope, his negotiations with Cantacuzene, vii., 90; Lives of, ib. note; celebrates second jubilee, 257 and note; addressed by Rienzi, 270; confirms his title, 275; sum- moned by Rienzi, 280 and note; his Bulls against Rienzi, 286 note; his death, 288; Petrarch's exhortation to, 291 and note, 292.
Clement VII., Pope (Robert of Geneva), his election, vii., 295.
Clement VIII., invades Ferrara, vii., 307 note.
Clementines, the, ii., 358 note. Cleodamus, fortifies Piræus, i., 286. Cleopatra, daughter of Emperor Maurice, V., 69. Cleopatra, queen, library of, iii., 210 note; concubine of Mark Antony, iv., 513.
Clepho, King of the Lombards, v., 15. Clergy, distinction of, from laity, ii., 49
sq.; order of, 334; under the emperors, ib. sqq.; celibacy of, 337 and note; ordained by the bishops, ib.; exemptions of, 338 and note; number of, 339; wealth of, 339 sq.; civil jurisdiction, 342 sq.; spiritual censorship of, 344 and note; public preaching of, 346 and note; legisla- tive assemblies of, 347 sqq.; avarice of, restrained by Valentinian, iii., 29 and note; in Gaul, iv., 150 and note; clergy and bishops exiled and imprisoned by Justin, v., 163 and note; under the Carlovingians, 326. Clermont, estate of Avitus at, iv., 8 and note; besieged by the Visigoths, 41 sq.; council of, vi., 273. Cleves, Julian at, ii., 429. Clodion, King of the Franks, occupies Tournay and Cambray, iii., 479; death, 480.
Clotaire, son of Clovis, constitution of, iv., 133 note.
Clotilda, wife of Clovis, converts her husband, iv., 114; promotes his expedition against the Goths, 123. Clovis, King of the Franks, iv., 108 sqq.; birth of, ib. note; character, 110; defeats Syagrius, ib. sq.; adds Tongres to his dominions, 112; defeats the Alemanni at Tolbiac, 113; conversion of, 114; baptism of, 115 and note; subdues Armorica, 117; war with the Burgundians, 118 sqq.; victory of, near Dijon, 120; war with the Goths, 122 sqq.; conference with Alaric, 23; consul- ship of, 128 and note.
Cluverius on the Lombards, iv., 367 note. Cniva, King of the Goths, i., 265. Coaches, Roman (carruce), iii., 313 note. Cocaba, village of, ii., 97.
Coche on the Tigris, Julian at, ii., 530 sqq.
Cochin China, conquered by the Mon- gols, vii., 13.
Cochin, King of, grants privileges to the Christians of St. Thomas, v., 161. Codex Argenteus, Gothic, iv., 82 note. Codex Carolinus, v., 284 note. Codex, the Gregorian and the Herino- genian, iv., 482.
Codex of Justinian, iv., 493 sqq.; second edition of, 499.
Codex Nasiraeus, see Nasiraeus. Codex of Theodosius, iii., 159 note;
laws against the Donatists in, 427. Codicils, Roman law on, iv., 522 sq. Codinus, ii., 167 note, 223 note; his account of honours and officers, vi., 87 note.
Codrus, Roman poet, iii., 325. Coemption, iv., 507 and note.
Cœnobites, origin of, iv., 63 note; ac- count of, 78 and note.
Coenum Gallicanum, ii., 267 note.
Colchester, Roman colony, i., 40 note. Colchians, bravery of, iv., 401. Colchos, conquered by Trajan, i., 7; also called Lazica or Mingrelia, iv., 397; description of, 98 sqq.; man- ners of the natives, 399; Christians of, 400; revolutions of, 401; revolts of, 403 sqq.
Colias, Gothic leader, iii., 106. Coliseum, see Rome. Collaterals, or assessors, vii., 303. Collatio episcoporum proved a forgery by Havet, iv., 120 note.
College, electoral, of Germany, v., 327 and note.
Collyridian heresy, v., 361 and note. Cologne (Colonia), i., 236 note; Posthu-
mus at, 299 note; destroyed by Germans, ii., 290; pillaged by Clo- dion, iii., 480; archbishops of, their relation to Rome, vii., 223. Colonatus, i., 253 note.
Colonia, Sultanate of, v., 252. Colonies, Roman, i., 39, 40; in Britain
and Spain, ib. note; honorary colo- nies, ib. note.
Colonna, John, Marquis of Ancona, vii., 261; learning of, 334 note. Colonna, John, son of Stephen the Younger, vii., 284.
Colonna, Marco Antonio, vii., 261 note. Colonna, Otho, see Martin V. Colonna, Peter, senator of Rome, vii., 261; arrested, 276; death, 284. Colonna, Protonotary, vii., 307. Colonna, Roman family, vii., 260 sqq. ; splendour of, 309; quarrels of, with the Ursini, 332.
Colonna, Sciarra, vii., 253, 262. Colonna, Stephen, the Elder, vii., 261 and note, 262, 273 sq., 283.
Colonna, Stephen, the Younger, vii., 264; death of, 284.
Cogende (Khojend), city of, taken by the Colovion, tunic worn by the Greek em-
Mongols, vii., 9.
Cognats, iv., 519.
Cogni, see Iconium.
Cohorts, city, i., 19, 100 note. Coil, British king, i., 428 note.
Coimbra, treaty with Saracens, v., 512 note.
Coinage, depreciation of, under Gal- lienus, i., 303 note, 337; of Constan- tine the Great, ii., 207 and note; with head of Boniface, iii., 432 and note; under the Palæologi, vi., 502 and note; papal, vii., 221 and note; Roman republican, in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 237 and note; of the Popes, 301 and note.
Columba, St., Monastery of, iv., 67 and
Columban, St., iv., 449 note.
Columbanus, rule of, iv., 71 note, 73 note.
Columella, iii., 310 note. Columna Regina, at Rhegium, v., 24 note. Colzim (Mount), Monastery at, iv., 64; Anthony at, ib. and note. Comana, temple of, ii., 198 and note; Chrysostom at, iii., 402. Comans, Turkish tribe of, serve under
Bulgarian king, vi., 442 and note; under Alexius Strategopulus, 459 and note, 461; 40,000 families of
the, adopted by King Bela IV., | Conrad of Montferrat, takes part in third
Comes, see Count.
Comets, iv., 461 sq. and notes. Comitia, see Assembly.
Comito, sister of the Empress Theodora,
Commachio, morass of, v., 24 note. Commentiolus, general of the Emperor
Maurice, v., 62 and note. Commerce, despised by the plebeians of Rome, iii., 318.
Commodus, shared the imperial power,
crusade, vi., 362; death, 365; hus- band of Theodora Angela, 400 note; defends Tyre, ib.
Conradin of Swabia, invades France, vi., 496, 498; in Rome, vii., 241.
Consentia (Consenza), Isthmus of, land- mark of Autharis, v., 25; subdued by Robert Guiscard, vi., 195. Conservators instituted, vii., 303. Consilium Speciale and Generale, vii., 304.
i., 92; reign, 93 sqq.; Porphyro- Consistorium, ii., 196 note; at Treves, genitus, 93 note; death, 105; accuses Severus, 122 note; protected the Christians, ii., 117. Comneni, family of, v., 235; genealogy
of, ib. sqq.; extinction of, vii., 214. Comnenus, see Alexius, David, Hadrian, Isaac, John, Manuel.
Compiègne, Palace of the Merovingians at, vi., 13 and note. Compostella, shrine of, ii., 67. Compurgators, iv., 136.
Comum, town of Attila at, iii., 495; lake of, iv., 206.
Conception, doctrine of immaculate, v., 364 and note.
Conclave, institution of the, vii., 250. Concord, altar of, in Elephantine, iv.,
condemns Priscillian, iii., 161; secrets of, disclosed to Attila, 460. Constable, office of, vi., 86 and note; of French mercenaries at Constanti- nople, 481.
Constance, heiress of Antioch, vi., 359 note. Constance, treaty of, v., 324; council of, 330 note; synod of, 1095 a.d., vi., 272 note; vii., 105, 300. Constans I., son of Constantine, ii., 218; governs Italy and Africa, 226; Au- gustus, 237; reign, ib.; war with Constantine II., 245 sq.; slain at Helena, 247; protects Athanasius, 390; tolerates paganism, 416; visits Britain, iii., 45.
Constans II., son of Constantine III.,
type of, v., 150; emperor, 188 sq.; name of, ib. note; puts his brother Theodosius to death, 188; in Greece and Italy, ib.; murder of, in Sicily, 189; checked advance of the Sara- cens, ib. note; death of, 276; dream of, 472 and note; sends army to Africa, 493 note; visit to Rome, vi., 106; takes roof from the Pantheon, vii., 323.
Constans, son of the usurper Constan-
tine, put to death at Vienna, iii., 359.
Constantia, sister of Constantine the Great, i., 432 note, 459, 475; ii., 218.
Constantia, daughter of Roger of Sicily, vi., 228, 232.
Constantia, wife of Gratian, iii., 15 and note; escapes to Sirnium, 67. Constantian, general of Justinian, iv., 422 note. Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, crowns Vetranio, ii., 248 and notes; marries Gallus, 263; character, 264; death, 267. Constantina, sister of Eusebia, ii., 430 note.
Constantina, widow of the Emperor Maurice, v., 69; death, 70. Constantina (town), besieged by Cobad, iv., 275 note.
Constantine I. (the Great), i., 312; birth and family of, 428 and note; educa- tion, ib.; escape of, and journey to Britain, 430; elevation, 430 sqq.; marries Fausta, 436; named Augus- tus, ib.; besieges Arles, 442; in Gaul, 444; war with Maxentius, 447 sqq.; passes the Alps, 449; battles of Turin and Verona, 450 sqq.; vic- tory near Rome, 454; reception of, at Rome, 456; establishes senatorial tax, 458; alliance with Licinius, 459; civil war with Licinius, 464 sqq.; treaty of Peace, 466; laws of, 467 sqq.; in Julian's Cæsars, i., 470 note; clemency to the Christians, ii., 138; chooses Byzantium as site for Constantinople, 150; plans Con- stantinople, ib.; prodigality of, 166; character, 214 sqq.; family of, 217; edict of, encouraging informers, 220; visits Rome, 221; puts Crispus to death, ib.; punishes Fausta, 223; elevates his sons and nephews, 224; Gothic war, 230; alliance with the Chersonites, 231; death, 233; con- version of, 306 sqq.; conduct towards the Church and Christians, 307; pagan superstition of, 308 and notes; protects Christians of Gaul, 309; publishes Edict of Milan, 310; divine right of, 314; religious war against Licinius, 317 and note; dream of, 320; his conversion, 324 sqq.; his devotion, 327; his bap- tism, 328; at Council of Nice, 348; opposes the Arians, 377; and the Orthodox, ib., 378; his religious vacillation, 381; tolerates paganism, 414 sq.; donation of, v., 293 and note; imaginary law of, vi., 90 and 91 note; cured of leprosy, vii., 280 and note. Constantine II., i., 466 and note; ii., 218; elevation of, 225, 226; Augus- tus, 237; war with Constans, 245; death, ib. Constantine [III], son of Heraclius, made Augustus, v., 185 and note; at Caesarea, 468. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), defeats the usurper Mizizios, v., 189; revolt of his brothers, ib. sq.; reign, vi., 3
Constantine V. (Copronymus), reign, v., 198 sqq.; military prowess of, 199
note; abolishes the monks, ib.; pes- tilence in the empire, ib.; bones of, buried, 214; marries daughter of King of the Chozars, v., 201; vi., 91; introduces the Paulicians into Thrace, 126 sq.
Constantine VI., crowned, v., 201; marries Theodote, 202 note; blinded by order of Irene, 203 and note. Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), on the Chersonites, ii., 231 note; birth of, v., 221; title of, 221; deputes government to his wife Helena, 224; death, 224; on Greek fire, vi., 12; works of, 39 note, 65 sqq. and notes; Ceremonies, Themes, Administra- tion of Empire, Geoponics, Encyclo- pædia, Tactics, Hippiatrica, ib.; on the Franks, 104 sq.; on the Sclavo- nians, 138 note; on Russia, 157 note; his account of baptism of Olga, 169.
Constantine VIII., son of Romanus I., v., 222.
Constantine IX. [VIII.], v., 231. Constantine X. [IX.] (Monomachus), v., 233 and note.
Constantine XI. [X.] (Ducas), v., 237; policy of, ib. note; sons of, banish the mother of the Comneni, 239. Constantine XII., v., 238. Constantine XIII. [XI.] (Palæologus), last Greek emperor, vii., 161; crowned at Sparta, 162; message to Mahomet II., 172; signs act of union of Greek and Latin Churches, 182; defends Constantinople, 185 sqq.; last speech of, 197; death, 201. Constantine, African Christian, learning of, vi., 197; translates Hippocrates, 198 note.
Constantine Angelus, v., 258. Constantine, brother of Michael, vi., 202 note; letters of, to R. Guiscard, ib. ; commands in Greece, 490. Constantine Dragases, Prince of Servia, vii., 160 note.
Constantine, governor of Spoleto, iv.. 348; death, 349 and note. Constantine Paleokappa, author of the Ionia, vi., 111 note. Constantine, private soldier, tyrant,
elected in Britain, iii., 287 and note; besieged in Vienna, 288; claims ratified, 358; besieged in Arles, 359; death, 361.
Constantine, son of Bardas Phocas, v., 224 note. Constantine, son of Basil I., death of, V., 219.
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