27 sqq.; marries daughter of Canta- | Osius, Bishop of Cordova, ii., 333 note,
cuzene, 30; death, 33.
Orchoe, in Assyria, ii., 522 note.
Orda, grandson of Zingis, vii., 50
note.
Ordeals, trial by, abolished by Michael
VIII., vi., 483; compared with
judicial combat, 483 note.
Ordination of clergy, ii., 337 and note.
Orestes, præfect of Egypt, persecuted by
Cyril, v., 116.
Orestes, Roman patrician, iv., 431.
Orestes the patrician, ambassador of
Attila, iii., 459 sq.; at Constanti-
nople, 468; deposes Nepos, iv., 51;
account of, ib. sq.; refuses to divide
Italy, 52; put to death by Odoacer,
53.
Orhihuela, given by Theodemir to the
Saracens, v., 511.
Oribasius, physician of Julian, ii., 427
note.
Origen, ii., 15 note, 39; account of the
number of Christians, 69; of the
martyrs, 104; tries to convert Ma-
mæa, 119; opinions of, v., 146 and
note.
Origenism, controversy in Egypt con-
cerning, iii., 398 note.
Orlando (Rutland or Rolando), v., 304
note.
Orleans, Duke of, brother of Charles VI.
Orleans, colony of Alani at, iii., 474 and
note; besieged by Attila, 484; siege
of, raised, 487; Egidius defeats
Ricimer at, iv., 41.
Ormusd, principle of good, i., 215 and
note.
Ormuz, city of, vii., 49 and note.
Orosius, i., 276; iii., 280; in Palestine,
351 and note; history of, Africa, 357
note; on an inundation of Rome, vii.,
319 note.
Orpheus, Christian forgery of, ii., 74 and
note.
Orthogrul, father of the Caliph Othman,
vii., 24.
Ortok, hereditary Emir of Jerusalem,
vi., 268.
Ortokides, expulsion of the, vi., 267 note.
Ortous, territory of, iii., 91.
Orvieto, taken by Belisarius, iv., 350;
bishop of, vicar of pope, vii., 272,
275, 281.
Osimo (Auximum), taken by Belisarius,
iv., 350, 352 and note.
Osiris, Egyptian deity, iii., 210 and note.
Osisimi, tribe of, iv., 161.
353; presided at Council of Nice,
377; banishment, 395 sq. and note.
Oskold, Slav hero, vi., 155 note.
Osnaburgh, bishopric of, v., 308.
Osrhoene, conquered by Trajan, i., 7; by
Severus and Caracalla, 224.
Osset, or Julia Constantia, in Bætica,
font at, iv., 101 and note.
Ossian's poems, i., 141 and note; ii., 68
note.
Ostia, port of, i., 56; taken by Alaric,
iii., 334; description of, ib. note;
an episcopal city, 335 note; held by
the Goths, iv., 429 note; Cæsarius
at, vi., 44; bishops of, their part in
imperial coronations, vii., 220 note;
in the twelfth century, 247.
Ostius, L., first parricide in Rome, iv.,
530 note.
Ostrogoths, see Goths.
Ostrogotha, i., 265 note.
Otas, satrap, i., 396.
Othman (caliph), revises the Koran, v.,
365; reign, 408; forged document
bearing the seal of, 410 and note;
death of, 410; recalls Amrou, 473.
Othman, first Ottoman Sultan, reign, vii.,
24 sq.
Otho, Roman Emperor, i., 81, 115 note.
Otho (Otto) I., or Great, Emperor of the
West, v., 313 and note; restores the
Western Empire, ib. sq.; nominates
the Popes, 317; war with the Hun-
garians, vi., 151 sqq.; defeats the
Hungarians at the battle of the Lech,
152; Zürich walled in his reign,
vii., 230 note.
Otho (Otto) II., Emperor of the West,
marries Theophano, v., 225 and
note; massacres the senators, 321
and note; vi., 92.
Otho (Otto) III., removes bones of
Boethius, iv., 216 and note; revolt
of Rome against, vi., 321; defeat of,
by the Saracens, vi., 177; spurious
diploma of, vii., 234 note.
Otho (Otto) of Freisingen, historian, on
Italian cities, v., 323 note; vi., 343
note; leads part of Conrad's army,
ib.; his Works, vii., 242 note; on
the Franks, 245 note.
Otho de la Roche, Duke of Athens and
Thebes, vi., 505.
Otranto (Hydrus, Hydruntum), Greek
dialect spoken in, vii., 123 note;
capture by Turks, 217 and note.
Otrar, massacre of Moguls at, vii., 8
and note; taken by Zingis, 9 and
note; death of Timour at, vii., 71.
Otter, on Africa, v., 488 note; travels in
Theodosius, ib. and 218; conversion
of, under Justinian, v., 144.
Turkey, vi., 309 note.
Ottomans, origin of, vii., 23; etymology Pagi, chronology of, iv., 333 note.
Pagus Arebrignus, i., 57 note.
Painting, in Italy, in sixth century, v.,
36.
of name, 24 note; æra of Ottoman
Empire, 26; their conquests under
Orchan, ib. sqq.; coinage of the, 26
note; cavalry, ib. ; causes of success
of, 29 note; establishment of, in
Europe, 31; conquests of, under
Bajazet, 36 sqq.; threaten Constanti-
nople, 42; attack Constantinople,
79; besiege Constantinople, under
Amurath II., 80; hereditary suc-
cession and merit of the, 81 sq.;
education and discipline of, 82 sq.;
levy tribute on the Christians, ib.
note; principle of Ottoman law, that
Sultans may abrogate treaties, 170.
Outlaws, in Gaul, ii., 429 and note.
Ovid, i., 90 note, 246 note; his Fasti, ii.,
19 note; description of the Sarma-
tians, 228 and note.
Oxford, number of students at university
of, vii., 122 note.
Oxus or Gihon, river, iv., 382, 397; v.,
438 and note.
Oxyrhynchus, city of, monasteries at, iv.,
65 and note.
PACATUS, his panegyric of Theodosius the
Great, iii., 175 note.
Pachomius, Abbot, in the Isle of Tabenne,
iv., 65.
Pachymeres, George, historian, on Or-
deals, vi., 481 note; perspicuity of,
482 note, 511 and note.
Pacts, in Roman law, iv., 524.
Palaces of the Merovingians, iv., 140.
Palæologi, end of the, vii., 212 sq. and
note; of Montferrat, extinction of
the, 212 note.
Palæologus, Andrew, son of Thomas,
despot of the Morea, vii., 214 and
note.
Palæologus, Andronicus, Regent of Con-
stantinople, vii., 94; receives Thes-
salonica, 103.
Palæologus, Andronicus, son of John, vii.,
40; blinded, 41; made Emperor,
ib.
Palæologus, Demetrius, despot of the
Morea, vii., 162; pays tribute to
Turks, 212; civil war with his brother,
212; submits to Turks and receives
islands in North Aegean, ib.
Palæologus, George, v., 240; defends
Durazzo, vi., 204; besieges Bari,
223; death, 226.
Paleologus, John, brother of Michael
VIII., vi., 459 note.
Palæologus, John, son of Andronicus,
vii., 40; blinded, 41; made Em-
peror, ib.; held Selymbria, 41; civil
war with Manuel, 42; receives Otto-
man support, 43.
Palæologus, Manuel, son of Thomas,
despot of the Morea, vii., 214.
Palæologus, Theodore, vii., 199 note.
Pacuvius, of Brutus and Decius, iii., 322 Palæologus, Thomas, despot of the Morea,
Paderborn, camp of Charlemagne at, v.,
301; bishopric of, 308.
Padua, destroyed by Attila, iii., 495;
wealth of, 496.
Pæanius, i., 390 note.
Pæderasty, laws against, iv., 535 sqq.
Pætus, Lucas, vii., 304 note.
Pætus, Thrases, i., 147 note.
Pagan, history of the word, ii., 417 note.
Paganism, toleration of, by Constantine
and his sons, ii., 414 sqq.; restored
by Julian, 469 sqq.; fall of, under
Jovian, iii., 4 sq.; tolerated by Val-
entinian, 25; account of, under
Theodosius, 198 sqq.; prohibited,
214 sqq.; extinguished, 217; in the
fifteenth century, vii., 136.
Pagans, zeal against the Christians, ii.,
126; favoured by Julian, 476; they
persecute the Christians, 495 sq.; of
the West, iii., 217; tolerated by
vii., 162; son of, 174; pays tribute
to Turks, 212; war with his brother,
ib.; flees to Italy, 214.
Palamas, Gregory, his theological views,
vi., 530 and note.
Palamites, see Palamas.
Palanders, or horse transports, vi., 406
and 410 note.
Palatine, Mount, i., 322 note; iv., 36.
Palatine palace, i., 48 note.
Palatines, ii., 188; auxiliaries, 421 note;
or borderers, in Africa, iv., 310.
Palermo, sack of, by Genseric, iv., 2;
taken by Belisarius, 326 sq.; Sara-
cens at, vi.. 41 and note; silk manu-
facture at, 76 note, 77; coronation
of Roger at, 218.
Palestine, i., 27; invaded by the Isau-
rians, iii., 403; taxes remitted after
Samaritan revolt, iv., 253 and note;
monasteries built by Justinian in,
265; corruption of, 537 note.
Palestrina (Præneste), overthrown by the
Romans, vii., 247; seat of the
Colonna, 262.
Palim bothra (Patna), see Kinnoge.
Palladium, i., 158; iii., 199 note; of
Edessa, v., 265; brought to Con-
stantinople, 267 and note.
Palladius, Bishop of Helenopolis, de-
fence of St. Chrysostom, iii., 395
note; iv., 70 note.
Palladius, son of the Emperor Petronius
Maximus, marries daughter
Valentinian III., iv., 4.
Palladius, messenger, iii., 413.
Palladius, a notary, sent to Africa, iii.,
49 and note.
Pallas, son of Evander, discovery of his
tomb, vii., 335 note.
Pallas, i., 99 note.
Pallium, vii., 331 and note.
Palma, A. Cornelius, lieutenant of Tra-
jan, v., 340 note.
432; occupied by the Ostrogoths,
502; campaign of Majorian in, iv.,
23 note; evacuated by the Goths,
366.
Pannonia Secunda, iv., 267 note.
Pannonians, character of, i., 121.
Pansophia or Irene, v., 133.
Pansophia, matron of Florence, iii., 280
note.
Pantheon at Rome, i., 48 note; made
into a Christian Church, iii., 209
and note.
Pantomimes, Roman, iii., 323 and note.
Panvinius, Onuphrius, vii., 337 note.
Paolo, Fra, ii., 148 note; on the Papal
System, vii., 104 note, 308 note.
Paper, manufacture of, at Samarcand,
V., 441 and note.
Paphlagonia, invaded by legionaries, ii.,
409; seized by David Comnenus,
vi., 438 note.
Papianilla, wife of Sidonius, iv., 42 note.
Palmaria (Island), Sylverius at, iv., 424 Papias, the Great, office of, vi., 85 note.
Palmyra, i., 293 and note, 329 sqq.
Paltogles, admiral of Mahomet II., vii.,
Pambo, the monk, iv., 75 note.
Pampeluna, taken by Euric, iv., 41.
Pamphronius, Roman patrician,
mission to Constantinople, v., 22.
Pamphylia, peasants of, resist Tribigild,
iii., 387.
Pan, Altar of, on the Palatine, iv., 36.
Panatius, friend of Scipio, iv., 487 note.
Panaretos, Michael, historian of Trebi-
zond, vi., 439 note.
Panchatantra, collection of fables, iv.,
389 note.
Pandects, or Digest of Justinian, iv.,
482, 494 and notes, 495; Latin of,
496 note; faintly remembered at
Rome, vii., 235.
Pandetaria, ii., 97 note.
Pandulph of Capua, vi., 183 note.
Pandulph of Pisa, vi., 271 note; vii., 224
note.
Pandulph, nephew of Hugh of Alatri,
vi., 271 note.
Paneas in Palestine, image of Christ at,
v., 264 and note.
Panhypersebastos, title invented
Alexius Comnenus, vi., 84.
Pankalia, battle of, v., 230 note.
Pannonia or Hungary, description of,
i., 24; submits to Roman yoke, 121;
settlement of Suevi, 280; colony
of Sarmatians in, ii., 233; invaded
by the Quadi, iii., 66; falls to the
Emperor of the East, 421; Etius in,
VOL. VII.-30
Papinian, Prætorian præfect, i., 135;
death of, 147; legal work of, iv.,
486; authority of, 491 and note.
Papirius, i., 62 note; iv., 472 note.
Papirius, Pætus, friend of Cicero, iv., 61
note.
Papua, Mount, iv., 311 and note.
Para, son of Arsaces Tiranes, acknow-
ledged King of Armenia, iii., 57;
adventures of, 58 sqq.; assassinated
by the Romans, 60 and note.
Parabolani, or visitors of the sick, ii.,
339; v., 115 and note.
Paradise, Persian garden, iv., 300 and
note; of the Moslems, v., 374.
Parakœmomenos (chamberlain), v.,
note.
Paraspondylus Zoticus, vii., 153 note.
Paris, Matthew, on Baldwin II., vi., 454
note.
Paris, description of, ii., 303 sq.; palace
of the baths (Thermarum) at, 424
and note; siege of, by Clovis, iv.,
112 note; University of, vii., 122
note, 267, 298 and note.
Parma, reduced by the Greeks, v., 23.
Parricide, laws concerning, iv., 529.
Paros (Island), taken by the Venetians,
vi., 435 note.
Parsees, i., 216 note.
Parthia, subdued by Trajan, i., 7; by
Artaxerxes, 212; feudal government
in, 220; summary of war with Rome,
Parthians, subdued by Artaxerxes, i.,
212; wars of, with the Romans, 221,
222.
Partholanus, the giant, i., 234 note.
Paschal II. (Pope), his coins, vii., 221
note; sedition against, 226 sq.; con-
test with the Colonna, 260.
Paschal chronicle, account of Attila in,
iii., 472 note; v., 81 notes.
Passia Sigismundi, edition of, iv., 121
note.
Pasitigris, or Shat-el-Arab, ii., 522 note.
Paspates, on the transport of Turkish
ships, vii., 192 note.
Patara, in Lycia, iv., 424 note.
Paternus, Proconsul of Africa, ii., 107.
Patras, Basil I. at, v., 216.
Patriarch, title of, iv., 94 note.
Patria Potestas, iv., 503 sq.; limitation
of, 504 sq.
Patrician of Rome, title granted by the
Senate to Charles Martel, v., 289.
Patricians, Roman, revived by Constan-
tine, ii., 174, 175 and notes; v.,
288 sq. and note.
Patricius, name of, iv., 56 note; title of,
in Burgundy, 149 and note.
Patricius, Augustin, historian, vii., 119
note.
Patrick, St., iv., 56 note.
Patripassians, ii., 367 note.
Patrocles, admiral of the Kings of Syria,
fleet of, in the Caspian Sea, v., 45
note.
Patzinaks, invasion of, under Constan-
tine IX., v., 234 note; besiege Kiev,
vi., 165 note.
Paucton, M., his Métrologie, iv., 507
note.
Paul Catena, ii., 258, 447.
Paul of Cilicia, deserts to Totila, iv., 437.
Paul the Civilian, i., 137; iv., 486;
authority of, 491.
Paul, commissioner in Africa, ii., 410
and note.
Paul, orthodox bishop of Constantinople,
banished, ii., 378; persecution, flight
and death of, 407.
Paul, the deacon of Aquileia, on the
Seven Sleepers, iii., 439 note; on
the provinces of Italy, 495 note.
Paul, the hermit, ii., 103 note.
Paul, brother of the Patrician Orestes,
iv., 49.
Paul II. (Pope), persecutes Roman Aca-
demy, vii., 136 note.
Paul III. (Pope), vandalism of his
nephews, vii., 333 and note.
Paul IV. (Pope), vii., 308 note.
Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch,
ii., 122; his degradation, 123; vi.,
117 note.
Paul the Silentiary, iv., 261 note, 263 note.
Paul of Tanis, Patriarch of Alexandria,
v., 171.
Paul Warnefrid, the deacon of Friuli, on
the Lombards, v., 6 note, 7 note.
Paula, pupil of Jerome, family of, iii.,
306 and note; owned Nicopolis,
310; founds hospital and monas-
teries in Palestine, iv., 69; epitaph
of, by Jerome, ib. note; generosity
of, to the monks, 75.
Paulicians, Christian sect, description
of, vi., 116 sqq.; derivation of name,
117 note; seven teachers of the, ib. ;
belief and worship of, 119 sq.; in
Armenia and Pontus, 120 sq.; per-
secuted, 121; revolt of, 123; in Asia
Minor, 125; in Thrace, 126; in
Italy and France, 128; vii., 229; set-
tled among the Albigeois, vi., 130 sq.
Paulinus of Bordeaux, iii., 371 and note.
Paulinus, Suetonius, i., 3 note.
Paulinus, Bishop of Antioch, iii., 157.
Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, iii., 264, 278
note.
Paulinus, secretary of Ambrose, iii., 169.
Paulinus, master of the offices, execution
of, iii., 411.
Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia, v., 11.
Paulinus, Bishop of Trèves, banishment,
ii., 395.
Paullini, family of the, conversion of,
iii., 205.
Paullina, wife of Maximin, i., 187 note.
Paulus, Julius, on Roman law, iv., 519
note.
Paulus the Secutor, i., 104 and note.
Pautalia, iv., 267 note.
Pavia, battle of i., 321; pillaged by
Attila, iii., 495; Honorius at, 294;
siege of, by Odoacer, iv., 53; build-
ings of Theodoric at, 205; Boethius
at, 215; taken by Charlemagne, v.,
286; burnt by the Hungarians, vi.,
149.
Paximacia, monastic loaves, iv., 73
note.
Peace, temple of, at Rome, see Rome.
Peacock, a royal bird, vii., 215 note.
Pearl fishery in Britain, i., 3 and note;
in Ormuz and Cape Comorin, i., 60
note; large pearl in caliph's treasury
at Cairo, vi., 350 note.
Pears, on the transport of Turkish ships,
vii., 192 note.
Pegasians, legal sect of the, iv., 490 and
note.
Pegasus, slave of Domitian, iv., 490 and
note.
Pegu, kingdom of, conquered by Zingis,
vii., 13.
Pehlvi language, i., 214 note.
Peking, besieged by Zingis, vii., 8 and
note; royal residence of the Khans,
11 note, 21.
Pelagian controversy, iii., 285 and note.
Pelagianism in Britain, iii., 375 and note;
decay of, iv., 105
Pelagius, papal legate in Egypt, vi., 370;
his measures at Constantinople, 447.
Pelagius, archdeacon, embassy to Gothic
camp, iv., 430 and note; appeals to
Totila, 431; Pope, ib. note; v., 148.
Pelagius, Prætorian præfect, oppresses
the people of Pavia, iv., 59 note.
Pelamides, or thunnies, ii., 156 note.
Pelekanon, position of, vii., 27 note.
Pella, Nazarene church at, ii., 10 and
note; iv., 184 note.
Peregrinus, the philosopher, ii., 36 note.
Perennis, minister of Commodus, i., 96
and note.
Perfectissimus, rank of, ii., 171 note.
Pergamus, ancient splendour of, i., 54
and note; library of, iii., 210 note;
taken by the Saracens, vi., 7.
Peristhlava, Sviatoslav at, vi., 165 note.
Perinthus, i., 131; Belisarius at, iv., 296.
Periplus, of Sallust, iv., 397 note; of
Arrian, ib.
Perisabor, or Anbar, on the Euphrates,
destroyed by Julian, ii., 524 and
note.
Perjury, Roman law concerning, iv.,
530.
Pernice, A., on Heraclius, v., 73 note; on
Persian wars, 74 sq. notes.
Pellegrino Camillo, history of the Lom- Peroun, god of thunder, vi., 171.
Peloponnesus, state of, in eighth century,
vi., 73 sqq.; cities and revenue of,
72; manufacture of silk in, ib. and
75; families of, transported to Con-
stantinople, vii., 210; condition in
fifteenth century, 212 and note;
Albanians in, ib.; conquered by
Turks, 213.
Pelso, lake, i., 443 and note; iv., 182
note.
Pelusium, plague at, iv., 466; taken by
Chosroes, v., 76; taken by Amrou,
475; evacuated by Shiracouh, vi.,
351.
Pempton (gate), at Constantinople, attack
on, vii., 186.
Penance, public, ii., 55.
Pendragon, or British dictator, iii., 375.
Pengwern, or Carmarthaen, iv., 167.
Peniscola, Benedict XIII. at, vii., 300.
Penitentials, Greek, vi., 279.
Pentadius, master of the offices, ii., 428.
Pentapolis, the inland (in Italy), v., 24.
Pentapolis, the maritime (in Italy) of
Ravenna, v., 24, 290.
Pepin, son of Charles Martel, delivers
Rome, v., 284 sq.; King of France,
coronation of, 287 and
note; donations of, to the Pope,
290 sq.; recovers Narbonne, vi., 18
note.
Pepin, John, Count of Minorbino, vii.,
286 and note.
Pepper, price of, iii., 329 note.
Pera, ii., 159; Latins in, vi., 417; Geno-
ese in, 531; siege of, 534 sq.; power
of the colony at, 537; royal school
of the Turks at, vii., 83.
Peratea, in Crimea, vi., 439 note.
Peredeus, murdered Alboin, v., 13 sq.
Perozes, Persian physician, iv., 388.
Perozes, King of Persia, iii., 92; death,
iv., 274 sq. and note; Nestorianism
of, v., 157.
Perpera, silver coin, vi., 455 note.
Perpignan, iv., 127 note.
Perron, Cardinal du, on early Christian
faith, iii., 225 note.
Persarmenia, iii., 415; revolt of, v., 43
sqq.
Persecution of the early Christians,
under Nero, ii., 89 sqq.; under
Domitian, 95 sqq.; three methods
of escaping, 113 sq.; ten persecu-
tions, 115; in second century, 117;
by Severus, 118; in third century,
118 sqq.; by Diocletian and his
colleagues, 129 sqq.; in Italy and
Africa, 138 sq.; in the East, 140 sq.;
fresh persecution by Maximin, 142;
end of, 143.
Perseus, treasures of, i., 172.
Persia, foundation of Sassanid monarchy
in, i., 212 sqq.; religion of, 213;
extent and population of, 221;
military power of, 228; civil war in,
397; war between Sapor and Con-
stantius, ii., 240 sqq.; Christians of,
protected by Constantine, 332;
Julian invades, 518; peace with
Theodosius, iii., 413; under Kobad
or Cabades, iv., 383 sq.; accession
of Chosroes, 383; province of, 385;
endless peace with Rome, 390; war
with Rome, v., 42 sqq.; anarchy
after the death of Chosroes, 45 sqq.;
Christianity in, 155 sq.; Shiite
schism in, 409 and note; Sophis of,
418 and note; conquered by the
Saracens, 436 sqq.; Seljuks in, vi.,
257; under Sangiar, 348; under
|