vii., 248 note.

Persona, Christopher, translates works
of Procopius, iv., 225 note.
Pertinax, Emperor, i., 105 note; reign,

ib. sqq.; employments of, 106 note;
death, 112, 120 note; funeral and
apotheosis of, 126.

Pertinax Helvius, i., 146 and note.
Perusia (Perugia), taken by Belisarius,
iv., 345; besieged by Totila, 436;
a retreat of Popes, vii., 252.
Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, i.,
118, 120; war with Severus, 126
sqq.; death, 131.

Pessinus, ii., 474 note; altar of Cybele at,
503.

Pestcherski, or Crypt Monastery at Kiev,
vi., 173 note.

Pestilence at Rome, under Commodus,
i., 99.

Petancius, Felix, on Varna campaign,
vii., 153 note.

Petavius, on the Trinity, ii., 363 note;
v., 103 note.

Peter, King of Arragon, receives Charles
of Anjou, vi., 498; proclaimed
King of Sicily, 499.

Peter Bartholomy, vision of Holy Lance
seen by, vi., 316 sqq.

Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, iii., 148.
Peter, Bulgarian Tsar, vi., 128 note, 164
note.

Peter of Bulgaria, founds second Bul-

garian kingdom, vi., 391.
Peter of Courtenay, Emperor of Con-
stantinople, vi., 448; captivity and
death, 449 and note.
Peter Gnapheus, Patriarch of Antioch, v.,
139 and note.

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, ii., 222;
iv., 278 note; fleet of, in the Caspian,
v., 45 note.

Peter the Hermit, vi., 269; proclaims
first crusade, 270 sq.; lead the first,
284; flight of, 286; shirks the fast,
315.
Peter, brother of the Emperor Maurice,
V., 62.

Peter the Notary, iii., 296 note.
Peter, the Patrician, i., 401 note; am-
bassador to Italy, iv., 327.
Peter Phocas, defeated by Sclerus, v.,
230 note.

Peter the Reader, murders Hypatia, v.,
117.

Peter Mongus (patriarch of Alexandria),
correspondence of, v., 137 note.
Peter, St., visit to Rome of, ii., 49 and
note; trophies of, at Rome, iii., 219
sq.; apparition to Attila, 500;
Epistles of, rejected by the Pauli-
cians, vi., 118 and note; church of,
at Rome, spared by the Goths, iii.,
340.

Peter of Navarre, gunpowder mines used
by, vii., 187 note.

Peter of Corbara, vii., 251.
Petit de la Croix, his history of Zingis,
vii., 5 note; of Timur Beg, 44 note.
Petra, Arabian town of, iv., 403 sq. and
note; siege of, 405 sq.

Petrarch, on Charles IV., v., 329; epistle

of, to the Doge of Venice, vi., 536;
revived learning in Italy, vii., 124
sq.; Greek studies of, 125; on St.
Bernard, 228 note; on foreigners in
Rome, 258 note; character and
coronation, 265 sqq.; relations to
Rienzi, 270, 278; letter of consola-
tion to the Colonna, A.D. 1347, 285
note; advice to a cardinal on re-
forming Roman government, 287
note; regarded Rienzi as a poet,
288 and note; invites Emperor
Charles IV., 291 and note; exhorts
Popes to return from Avignon, ib.
sq.; influence of, on Porcaro, 305;
on the despoiling of Roman
buildings, 324 and note, 329 and
note; on the population of Rome,
325, 326 note; on the indifference
of the Romans to their monuments,
334 and note.

Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on vision of
Constantine, ii., 323 note.
Petronius, father-in-law of Valens, iii.,
13.

Petronius, Maximus, see Maximus.
Petronius, P., Diaries of, vii., 301 note,
311.

Petrus de Godis, vii., 306 note.
Petrus Pisanus, Lives of the Popes by,
vi., 271 note.

Petrus Tudebodus, history of, vi., 276
note.

Petulants, corps of, ii., 421 and note.
Peucini, i., 263.

Peyssonel, M. de, i., 281 note; vii., 218
note.

Pezaro, Inscription at, i., 321 note.
Pfeffel, Abrégé Chronologique de l'His-
toire d'Allemagne by, v., 327 note.
Phadalas, occupies Cyzicus, vi., 2 note.

Phalanx, Grecian, i., 15; Macedonian,

of Caracalla, 151.

Phallas, horse of Heraclius, v., 96.
Phanagoria (city), Justinian II. at, v., 192.
Phantastic system, invented by the
Docetes, v., 107.

Pharamond, iii., 370 and note.

Pharanaki, identified with Hieria, iv., 266
note.

Pharandzém, wife of Arsaces Tiranus

(Arshak), iii., 56 and note.
Pharas, chief of the Heruli, iv., 295;
letter to Gelimer, 311 sq.
Pharezdak, poet, v., 473.
Pharisees, sect of the, ii., 23.
Pharos, lighthouse at Constantinople, v.,
214 note.

Phasis, river, i., 283, 348; iv., 397;
fortifications on,
402; Grecian
colony of, 407; Heraclius at, v.,
93.

Phasis, town, i., 282 note.

struggle with Boniface VIII. and
Benedict XI., vii., 253.

Philip of Macedon, his revenue from the
gold mines of Thrace, iii., 107 note.
Philip Mouskes, Bishop of Tournay,
vi., 453 note.

Philip of Swabia, Alexius Angelus visits,
vi., 393; Boniface of Montferrat at
court of, 401 note.

Philip of Tarentum, vi., 462 note.
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, joins Hun-
garian crusade, vii., 147; tries to
organise crusade against Turks, 215
and note.

Philip, King of Germany, befriends the
young Alexius, vi., 404.
Philip of Side, ii., 468 note.
Philip of Courtenay, vi., 449.
Philip, son of Baldwin II., vi., 455;

betrothed to daughter of Charles
of Anjou, 496; allies himself with
Charles of Anjou, 497.

note.

Pheretime of Cyrene, v., 10 note.
Phidias, transformed into a magician,

vii., 335.

Philadelphia (in Asia Minor), siege of,

raised by Roger de Flor, vi., 502;
in fourteenth century, 525 note;
capture of, by the Ottomans, vii.,
28 and note; Frederic Barbarossa
at, vi., 341.

Philadelphia (in Syria), fortifications of,
v., 444 and note.

Philagrius, præfect of Egypt, ii., 389.
Philaretus, governor of Antioch, vi.,
261.

Philelphus, Francis, sophist, vii., 120
and note; Latin ode of, 167 note,
204; on siege of Constantinople,
179.

Philemuth, commands the Heruli against
Totila, iv., 441.

Philip, Prætorian præfect under Gor-

dian III., i., 206 sq. and note; reign,
208 sqq.; rebellion against, 257;
death, 258; protected the Christians,
ii., 120.

Philip II., of Spain, vii., 308 note.
Philip, ambassador of Constantius II.,

ii., 253, 407; Prætorian præfect,
407.

Philip I. of France, quarrel with Urban

II., vi., 273 sq.

Philip Augustus (II.) of France, in the

East, vi., 364 sqq.; institutes fund
for Holy Land, 394.

Philip III. of France, vii., 254 note.
Philip IV. (the Fair) of France, his

Poitou, v., 251.

Phillippicus, general under Heraclius, v.,
75 note; made emperor, 183; re-
stores Monothelitism, 184; see Bar-
danes.
Philippopolis, siege of, i., 266 and note;

captured by the Russians, vi., 166
note; destroyed by the Bulgarians,
446; taken by Murad Sultan, vii.,
33 note.

Philippus, iii., 319 note.

Philo, ii., 4 note; philosophy of, 358 and
note.

Philocrene, battle of, A.D. 1330, vii., 27.
Philopatris, dialogue, i., 366 note; ii.,
82 note.
Philosophers, Grecian, i., 33; attitude
to Christianity, ii., 72 sq.; fanati-
cism of the neo-platonic, 463; at
the court of Julian, 475 sq.
Philosophumena, of Hippolytus, discov-

ered at Mount Athos, v., 107 note.
Philosophy, divine, of the monks, iv.,
63; at Athens, 280; studied by

Arabians, vi., 31 sq.; in Middle
Ages at Constantinople, 108 sqq.
Philostorgius, partial to Gallus, ii., 267
note; Arianism of, 364 note; on
election of Valentinian, iii., 7 note;
on Pulcheria, 408 note; heresy of,
iv., 82 note.
Philostratus, biographer of Herodes
Atticus, i., 50 note; Life of Apol-
lonius of Tyana, ii., 126 note.
Philotheus, a Macedonian sectary, iv., 35.
Philoxenos, bishop of Mabbogh, v., 141
note.

Phineus, palace of, ii., 151 and note.
Phirouz, & Syrian renegade, vi., 312.
Phlegon, ii., 74 note.

Phocaea, in fourteenth century, vi., 525
note; Genoese colony at, vii., 78 sq.
Phocas, a centurion, elected emperor,
v., 65 and note; puts Maurice to
death, 67; character, 69 sq.; statue
of, ib. note.

Pilgrims, missionary, in Hungary, vi., 153
note.

Pilgrim, the, and the Paradise, two
galleys of the Latins, vi., 421 and
note.

Pilpay, fables of, iv., 388 and note.
Pilum, description of the, i., 14 sq. and
note.

Pincian Gates, battle of, iv., 340 and note.

Nicephorus, Peter.

Phoenicia, i., 27; temples of, destroyed,

ii., 415.

Phoenician inscriptions, iv., 316 note.
Pholoe, Mount, retreat of Alaric, iii.,
258.

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
iii., 398 note; educates Leo VI., v.,
220; vi., 109 sq.; on conversion of
the Russians, 168; theological dis-
putes of, 383 note; position of, vi.,
109 note.
Photius, son of Antonina, iv., 358;
exile of, 359; arrests the Pope, ib.
note; arrests Theodosius at Ephe-
sus, 361; captivity of, ib.; becomes
a monk, 362.

Photius, patrician, v., 144.
Phrantzes, see Phranza.
Phranza, George, Greek historian, on
captivity of Bajazet, vii., 67;
account of, 102 and note; embassy
from Constantine Palæologus into
Georgia, 162 sqq.; great logothete,
164; on events of the siege of Con-
stantinople, 174 and note; numbers
the citizens of Constantinople, 180
and note; fortunes after capture of
Constantinople, 204; fate of his
children, ib. sq.; his enmity to
Notaras, 208 note.
Phrygia, settlement of Ostrogoths in,

iii., 135; description of, by Claudian,
387 note; rebellion of Tribigild in,

387 sq.
Physicians amongst the Arabs, vi., 33

sq.

Picardy, origin of the name, vi., 269
note.

Picenum, John, the Sanguinary at, iv.,
346 sq.; famine in, 454 and note.
Pictures, worship of, v., 262 sq.
Pierleoni, family of, vii., 226 note; their
fortress, 328 note.

Pierleone, Jordan, vii., 234 note.
Pigmies of Africa, see Pygmies.
Pilate, Pontius, procurator, ii., 91, 116
and note.

Pilgrimages, Christian, ii., 480 and
note.

iv., 245 and note.

Pipa, a German princess, i., 279.
Piræus, i., 286, 472 and note.

Pisa, Pandects at, iv., 498 and note;
merchants of, expelled by the
Genoese from the Crimea, vi., 533;
Council of, vii., 105.

Pisani, Venetian admiral, vi., 536.
Pisidia, prætor of, iv., 272; people of, ib.
note; Manuel Comnenus in, v., 246.
Piso, Calpurnius, i., 296 sq.
Pissumena, mother of Læta, iii., 327
note.

Pistis Sophia, Gnostic work, preserved in
Coptic, ii., 15.

Pityus, siege of, by the Goths, i., 282;
Abundantius at, iii., 383 and note;
desert of, 402; fortifications of, iv.,
402 and note.

Pius II. (Pope), see Eneas Sylvius.
Placentia, battle of, i., 320; Avitus
made bishop of, iv., 15; synod of,
vi., 272.

Placidia, sister of Honorius, adventures
of, iii., 353 sq.; marries Adolphus,
ib.; marries Constantius, 417; flies
to Constantinople, 418; administra-
tion of, 421 sqq.; banishes Honoria,
481; death, 503; sepulchre at Ra-
venna, ib. note.
Placidia, younger daughter of Valen-
tinian III., restored by Genseric, iv.,
30; marries Olybrius, 47.
Plague at Rome, iii., 327; under Jus-
tinian, iv., 465-469; under Con-
stantine V., v., 199 note.
Plane-trees, cultivated by the ancients,
iii., 350 and note.

Planudes, Maximus, vi., 462 note.
Platæa, bulwarks of, restored by Jus-
tinian, iv., 269.

Plato, abbot of Studion, v., 202 note;
banished, 205 note.

Plato, on Immortality, ii., 21; his Re-

public, 50 and note; system of,
before Christ, 355 sq.; dialogues,
translated into Persian, iv., 388 sq.
note; study revived in Italy, vii., 132.
Platonists, new, see Neo-Platonists.
Platonists, theology of, i., 33.

Plautianus, minister of Severus, i., 135.
Plautilla, Fulvia, daughter of Plautianus,
i., 135 and note.

Plebeians, Roman, ii., 174 sq.
Pletho, George Gemistus, vii., 132 note,
136 note; on state of the Morea,
212 note.
Plinthas, ambassador to the Huns, iii.,
442.

Pliny, the elder, i., 394; Natural History
of, ii., 75; on monks, iv., 64 note;
on use of silk, 245; on the Arabs, v.,
344.
Pliny, the younger, i., 88, 178; exam-
ines the Christians of Bithynia, ii.,
35; letters to Trajan, 62 and note;
edict against the Christians, 84 note;
proceedings against the Christians,
98; on the augurate, iii., 200 note.
Plotina, Empress, i., 82.

Plotinus, the philosopher, i., 206 note,

295 and note, 423 and note; ii., 461.
Plumbata, weapons, i., 409 note.
Plutarch, his treatise of Isis and Osiris,

ii., 334 note; his Lives, vi., 34 note;
on the tribunes, vii., 279 note.
Pocock, on dynasty of the Almondars,
429 note; his Description of the
East, 457 note.

V.,

Podestà, office of, vii., 239 and note.
Poet Laureate, vii., 266, 268.
Poetovio (Pettau), ii., 268.
Poggius, his dialogue, De Varietate
Fortunæ, vii., 65 and note; discourse
of, from the Capitoline, 313 and
note, 332, 333 note.
Poimanenos, battle of, vi., 450.
Poitiers, battle of, see Vouillé.
Pol, St., Count of, joins fourth crusade,
vi., 405, 409; Lord of Demotica,
436.

Pola, ii., 268; Belisarius at, iv., 426.
Poland, ravaged by the Mongols, vii.,
16.

Polemo, King of Colchos, iv., 402 and
note.

Polenta, Roman family of, vii., 331.
Politian, Angelo, vii., 134.

Pollentia, battle of, date of, iii., 267 sq.
and note; sack of, by Theodoric, iv.,

14.

Pollistore, vii., 288 note.

Polovtsi, name of the tribe of Uzi, vi.,
248 note.

Polybius, on Rome, iv., 172 and note,
173.

Polycarp, martyr, relics of, iii., 221 note.
Polyeuctes, Patriarch of Constantinople,

dismisses Theophano, v., 228 and
note.

Polyeuctes, Martyr, story of, ii., 112 note.
Polytheism, i., 32 note; weakness of, ii.,

58, 460; revival of, iii., 223 sq.
Pomarium, Rienzi's confusion with
pomarium, vii., 271 note.
Pompeianus, Claudius, i., 95, 104, 108.
Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, super-
stition of, iii., 327 sq. note.
Pompeianus, Ruricius, commandant of
Verona, i., 451; death, 452.
Pompey the Great, i., 69 and note; villa
of, iv., 327 note; at the Caspian
Sea, v., 45.

Pompey, nephew of the Emperor Anas-
tasius, iv., 240; death, 241.
Pomponius Lætus, iii., 298 note; founded
Roman Academy, vii., 136 note.
Pomponius Mela, i., 4 note; on Mauri-
tania, V., 494 note.

Pomptine marshes, drained by Theo-
doric, iv., 206 sq. note, 331.
Ponte Molle, see Milvian Bridge.
Pontifex Maximus, i., 34, 72; title of,
adopted by Christian emperors, ii.,
417 and note.

Pontiffs, ambition of the Roman, ii., 48;

pagan pontiffs established, 143;
jurisdiction of, iii., 199 and note.
Pontirolo (pons Aureoli), i., 305 and note.
Pontius, his Life of Cyprian, ii., 106
note.

Pontus, kingdom of, Alani in, i., 348;
Christianity in, ii., 62; Paulicians
in, vi., 120; kings of, ib. note.
Pope, Alexander, Homer's Iliad, i., 32
note.

Popes of Rome, title given to the Roman
pontiff, iv., 208; their power, v.,
39 sq.; policy and ambition, 273
sqq.; regarded as first magistrates
in Rome, 282; assisted by the Car-
lovingians, 286; donations of Pepin
and Charlemagne to, 290 and note;
donation of Constantine to, 292 sq.;
final separation of, from the Eastern
empire, 298; transfer the empire to
Charlemagne, 300; method of their
election, 316 sq.; poverty and vices
in ninth and tenth centuries, 317;
alleged gift of Constantine to, vii.,
222; authority of, in Rome, 221
sqq.; appeals to, 223; election of,
248 sqq.; absence from Rome, 251
sqq.; final return of Gregory XI.,
293; triple crown or tiara of, 294
and note; rival popes of the great
schism, 297 sqq.; absolute dominion
of Rome, 307 sqq.; their govern-
ment, 309 sq.; care of public
buildings, 336 sq.

Poppaa, Nero's mistress, intercedes for

the Jews, ii., 94.

Population of Europe, i., 46 and note;
of Rome, iii., 323 sqq. See Rome.
Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome,
vii., 305 sq.; death, 306.
Porcelain, Chinese, iii., 314 note.
Porcian laws, i., 68.

Porphyrians, the Arians so called, ii.,
377.

Porphyrio, whale, iv., 266 and note.
Porphyrius, Optatianus, see Optatianus.
Porphyrogenitus, meaning of, v., 221.
Porphyry, neo-Platonist, i., 423 and note;
ii., 461.

Porphyry of Gaza, iii., 403 note.
Portico of the Stoics, iv., 280.

Porta Polyandri (Constantinople), vii.,
186.

Porto, city of, iv., 341; Goths evacuate,

345, 429 note; colony of Corsicans
planted in, by Leo IV., vi., 45;
bishops of, their part in imperial
coronations, vii., 220 note; in twelfth
century, 247.

Portoria, or customs, i., 175.
Portuguese, in Abyssinia, iv., 412 note;
v., 176 sq.; in South Persia, vii., 49
note.

Portus, see Porto.

Porus, i., 226 note; mŵs dei loyoplav
Ypapew, i., 10 note.

Posides, eunuch of Claudius, ii., 260
note.

Possidius, Life of St. Augustin, iii., 430
note.

Posthumian, a Gallic monk, iv., 67 note;

on monastic institutions, 70 note.
Posthumus, general of Gallienus, i., 276
and note; emperor, 296, 299 note;
death, 323.

Posts and post-houses under the empire,
i., 55 sq. and note; post-waggons,
ii., 423 note.

Potamius, quæstor, in the Gothic camp,
iii., 337.

Potestas, in sense of municipal magis-
trate, vii., 239 note.

Potidea, destroyed by the Bulgarians,
iv., 372.

Poullains, or Pullani, children of the
crusaders in Syria, vi., 327 note.
Præfect, Latin title, iv., 135 and note.
Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, ii.,

178; iv., 514 note; of Rome in middle
ages, vii., 226 note, 237 sq.
Projecta, niece of Justinian, iv., 435 and

note.

Præpositus, chamberlain, ii., 193.
Praeses, ii., 181, 187 note.

Præsens, Bruttius, ii., 97 note.
Prætextatus, Archbishop of Rouen, iv.,
150 note.

Prætextatus, Proconsul of Achaia, iii.,
25, 32 and note.
Pretorian Guards, i., 19; of Augustus,
70; discontent under Pertinax, 111;
assassinate Pertinax, ib.; descrip-
tion of, 114; number of, ib. note;
claims of, 115; sell the empire, 116;
disgraced by Severus, 125; re-
modelled by him, 134; pay, 149
note; murder Ulpian, 167; rebel
against Maximus, 202; revolt of,
under Maximus, 203; reduced by
Diocletian, 409; elevate Maxentius,
434; oppose Maximian, 441; in-
creased by Maxentius, 448; rebel
against Constantine, 455; suppressed
by him, 457.

Prætorian præfects, office of, i., 135;
civil and military power, ii., 175;
four præfects, 176 sqq.
Prætor tutelaris, instituted by Marcus
Aurelius, iv., 514 note.

Prætors, Roman, i., 73 note.
Praevalitana, province of, iv., 267 note.
Pragmatic Sanction, of Justinian, iv., 453
note.

Prague, university of, founded by Charles
IV., v., 328 note; Rienzi at, vii.,
288.

Praxagoras, Life of Constantine, i., 429
note.

Praxeas, heresy of, ii., 364 and note;
Fauns of, iv., 337 note.
Praxedis (Eupræcia, Eufrasia, Adelais),
wife of Henry IV., of Germany, vi.,
272 note.

Praxiteles, sculptures of, i., 288; trans-
formed into a magician, vii., 335.
Pray, George, on the Hungarians, vi.,

143 note.

Preaching, freedom of public, ii., 346
sq. and notes.

Preger, Th., on date of foundation of
Constantinople, ii., 167.

Presbyters, ii., 44.
Presidents, see Prases.
Presidius, iv., 348.

Prespa, capital of Samuel the Bulgarian,
vi., 142 note.

Prester John, story of, v., 159 and note;
vii., 3 and note.

Priarius, King of the, Alamanni, iii.,
112.

Prideaux, Dr., i., 214 note; Life of
Mahomet, v., 375 note.
Priesthoods, pagan, hereditary, ii., 338
note; impostures of, iii., 212.