Sanjak, iv., 267 and note; title given to
Scanderbeg, vii., 157.
Sanut, family of, acquire Duchy of Naxos,
vi., 435.
Sanutus Marinus, History of Jerusalem
by, vi., 326 note.
Sapaudia, see Savoy.
Saphadin or Adel, brother of Saladin,
see Adel.
Saphrax, Gothic warrior, iii., 96; see
Alatheus.
Sapor I., son of Artaxerxes, accession of,
i., 228; Roman wars of, 290 sqq.;
death, 331 and note.
Sapor II., son of Hormouz, King of
Persia, birth of, ii., 237; besieges
Nisibis, 239; defeats Chosroes, 240;
defeats Constantius, 241; raises siege
of Nisibis, 244; expedition to Meso-
potamia, 283 sqq.; besieges Amida,
285; Singara and Bezabde, 287;
attempts Virtha, 288; sends a mes-
senger to Hormisdas, 535; his peace
with Jovian, 548 sq.;
invades
Armenia, iii., 55 sqq.; death, 58.
Sapor, lieutenant of Theodosius, iii., 155.
Sappho, odes of, vi., 111 note.
Saracens, Greek and Latin name for the
Arabians, described by Ammianus,
ii., 240 note; in the service of Julian,
517; iii., 98; in the service of
Valens, 120 and note; pillage a town
in Syria, v., 102; wars with The-
ophilus, 209; name applied to the
Arabians, 342; derivation of name,
ib. note; their caliphs, 425 sq.;
military force of the, vi., 100 sqq.;
see Arabs.
Saragossa (Caesar Augusta), city of,
taken by Euric, iv., 41; Emir of,
asks protection from Charlemagne,
v., 307; mosque at, 510.
Sarapana, river, iv., 397 note.
Sarbaraza (Shahrbaraz), Persian general,
v., 74 note, 85 note; conquers Egypt,
76 note; expedition to Carthage, ib.;
defeated by Heraclius, 90 and note,
91; at Chalcedon, 94.
Sarbar, see Sarbaraza.
Sardes, Turks driven from, vi., 335.
Sardica (Sofia), Galerius dies at, i.,
444 note; Constantius and Vetranio
at, ii., 250 and note; Council of,
389 note, sq. and note; ambassa-
dors of Theodosius and Attila meet
at, iii., 458 sq.; Justinian born at,
iv., 219 and note. See Sophia.
Sardinia, Island of, ravaged by the
Vandals, iv., 29; bishops exiled into,
by Thrasimund, 92 and note; sur-
rendered with Corsica to officer of
Justinian, 308; Duke of, 310; Arabs
and Moors at, vi., 44.
Sarmate (Alani), settled in Gaul, iii., 487
and note.
Sarmatian games, i., 470 note.
Sarmatia, province of, i., 253 note.
Sarmatians, i., 253 and note, 263 and
note; subdued by Probus, 353; sub-
dued by Emperor Carus, 365; allies
of the Goths, 469; account of, ii., 227
sqq.; settlements on the Danube, 228;
their Gothic wars, 230 sqq.; alliance
with the Quadi, 232; colony of, in
the Roman provinces, 233; crossed
the Danube, 271; made into &
kingdom by Constantius,
279;
alliance with the Quadi against
Valentinian, iii., 66 sqq.
Sarnus, or Draco, river, iv., 446 and note.
Sarts, tribe of, iii., 461 note.
Sarukhan, Emir of, subdued by Bajazet,
vii., 35.
Sarukhān, Turkish chieftain, vii., 27 and
note.
Sarus, Gothic warrior, joins Stilicho,
iii., 279; pursues Constantine, 288;
at Bologna, 295; ability of, 301;
destroys a body of Goths, 339; sup-
ports Jovinus, 362; death, 363.
Sarus, river, battle at the, Persians de-
feated by Heraclius, v., 90 sq.
Sasima, Bishopric of, held by Gregory
Nazianzen, iii., 152 and note.
Sassan, founder of the Persian dynasty,
i., 213 note; house of, iv., 383.
Sassanides, Persian dynasty of, i., 212
and note.
Sassoferrato, iv., 443 note.
Satala, in Armenia, restored by Jus-
tinian, iv., 273.
Satalia, the ancient Attalia, Louis VII.
at, vi., 344.
Satires, ii., 505 note.
Satrapies, Persian, i., 225 and note.
Saturnalia, at Antioch, ii., 511; of
Lipsius, iii., 272 note.
Saturninus, Cælius, ii., 184 note.
Saturninus, competitor of Gallienus,
tyrant in Pontus, i., 296, 298.
Saturninus, consul, iii., 384; count of
the domestics, assassinated by order
of Eudocia, 411.
Saturninus, Count, daughter of, chosen
to marry Attila's secretary, iii., 458.
Saturninus, general of the cavalry, op-
erations of, against the Goths, iii.,
110.
Saturninus, general of Probus, revolt, i.,
359.
Saturninus, husband of Theodora's fa- Scholæ, of guards, i., 412; military, ii.,
Satyrs, Greek, ii., 505 note; in Africa, Scholarius, see Gennadius.
Saul, general of Stilicho, slain at Pol-
lentia, iii., 267 sq.
Sauromaces, King of the Iberians, ex-
pelled by Sapor, iii., 56.
Scholasticus, ii., 185 note.
Schultens, Life of Saladin by, vi., 354
note.
Schultingius, oration of, iv., 495 note.
Science, cultivated by the Greeks, i., 62.
Sauzes, son of Amurath I., vii., 41 and Scili, Christian martyrs at, ii., 117 note.
Savary, travels in Egypt, v., 479 note,
488 note.
Savelli, Lucas, senator, vii., 248 note, 286.
Savelli, Roman family, vii., 259 and note,
sq. note; member of, murdered at
Rome, 307, 331.
Saverne, ii., 294 and note.
Savoy (Sapaudia), first mention of, iii.,
476 note; Burgundians settle in,
ib.
Saxa Rubra, battle of, i., 454 sq.
Saxons, i., 385 note; account of, iii., 39
sqq.; settlement in Gaul, 41; join
Theodoric against Attila, 487 and
note; converted by Roman mission-
aries in Britain, iv., 84; in Britain,
156 sqq.; Saxon heptarchy, 157 sq.;
tribe of old Saxons, 157; invade
Italy under Alboin, v., 9; vanquished
by Charlemagne, 308.
Saxony, ancient, v., 308 sq.
Scabini, iv., 136 note.
Scævola, Mucius, Roman lawyer, iii., 317
note; iv., 485.
Scævola, Q. Cervidius, master of Pa-
pinian, iv., 483 note.
Scaliger, vii., 135.
Scanderbeg, Prince of Albania, vii., 145;
birth and education of, 156 sq.; re-
volt of, from the Turks, 157 sq.;
Idate of his birth, 158 note; valour
of, 159; Calabrian expedition of,
160 and note; applies to Pope Pius
II., 160; death of, at Alessio, ib.
Scanderoon, Gulf of, Heraclius at v., 84.
Scandinavia, i., 231 and note.
Scanzia or Thule, see Thule.
Scaramangion, tunic of the Byzantine
Emperors, vi., 83 note.
Scarponna, battle of, iii., 35 sq.
Scatinian law, see Law.
Scaurus, family of, ii., 174 note.
Scepticism, of the pagan world, ii., 59.
Sceptre, Greek (dicanice), vi., 485 note.
Schiltberger, John, on battle of Nico-
polis, vii., 37 note, 63 note.
Schmidt, L., on German forces, i., 255
note; on boundaries of the Gepidae,
iv., 366 note.
Scipio, Younger, iv., 519 note; at sack
of Carthage, vii., 208 note.
Sciri, Scirri, see Scyrri.
Scironian rocks, iii., 256 and note.
Sclavonia, crusaders in., vi., 296.
Sclavonians, see Slavonians.
Sclerena, concubine of Constantine X.
(IX.), v., 234.
Sclerus, see Bardas Sclerus.
Scodra, or Scutari, crusaders at, vi., 297
and note.
Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, iii., 42.
Scotland, crusaders from, vi., 305 and
note; historians of, vii., 308 note.
Scots and Picts, invade Britain, ii., 422
and note; iii., 45 sq.; description
of, 43 sq. and note.
Scotta, brother of Onegesius, procures
Maximin an interview with Attila,
iii., 461.
Scourge of God, epithet of Attila, iii.,
452 and note.
Scribonianus, revolt of, i., 80 note.
Scrinia, ii., 194 and note.
Scudilo, Tribune, ii., 267.
Scupi, iv., 267 note.
Scutari, in Bithynia, see Chrysopolis.
Scutari, in Dalmatia, see Scodra.
Scylitzes, continuator of Cedrenus, vi.,
245 note.
Scyllitan martyrs, ii., 66 note.
Scyros, island, taken by the Venetians,
vi., 435 note.
Scyrri, rearguard of Uldin, iii., 405 and
note; iv., 51; defeated by Edecon,
53.
Scythians, see Tatars, name used for
Goths, i., 288 and note.
Scythia or Tartary, trade in furs, i., 59,
470; situation and extent of, iii., 82
sqq.
Scythopolis, iv., 253 note.
Sebaeos, on sack of Jerusalem, v., 75
note.
Sebastian, Count of Egypt, ii., 399, 516,
Sebastian, Count, persecuted by Gen-
seric, iv., 94 and note.
Sebastian, general of Valens, iii., 36;
master general of infantry, 114 and
note; death, 118.
Sebastian, made emperor by Jovinus, iii., Selina, salt pits of, vii., 158.
362.
Sebastian, son-in-law of Boniface, per-
secuted, iii., 472; seizes Barcelona,
ib. note.
Sebastocrator, title invented by Alexius
Comnenus, vi., 84.
Sebasto-hypertatos, title of Leo Sguros of
Nauplia, vi., 436 note.
Sebastopolis, fortifications of, iv., 402
and note.
Sebectagi, father of the Sultan Mahmud,
vi., 234 and note.
Seljuk, vi., 239; founder of the Seljukian
dynasty, 241 and note, sq.
Seljukians, dynasty of, vi., 241 sq.;
probably Christian, 241 note; in-
vade the empire, 245; division of
empire of, 257; revival of, vii., 35.
Seljuks of Kirman, vi., 257 note.
Selsey, near Chichester, given to Wilfrid
of Sussex, iv., 166.
Selymbria, residence of Andronicus and
John Palæologus, vii., 41; besieged,
by the Turks, 179.
Sebzar, village of, birthplace of Timour, Sematsien, History of China, iii., 84 note.
Second, the, office of, vi., 85.
Secular games,
Secundinus, Duke of Osrhone, ii., 519.
Secutor, i., 103.
Seditiosus, meaning of, iv., 496 note.
Seeck, on Diocletian's name. i., 377 note;
on Maximian's character, 379 note;
on panegyrics of Maximian, 381
note; on death of Diocletian, 419
note; on birth of Constantine, 429
note; on elevation of Licinius, 439
note; on death of Maximian, 443
note; on battle of Mardia, 465 note.
Seez, cruelty of Geoffrey of Anjou at, vii.,
225 note.
Sefi, Sheik, fourteenth century saint, v.,
418 note.
Segelmessa, i., 28.
Segestan, prince of, i., 221 note.
Segestans, i., 365; in the army of Sapor,
ii., 285 and note; assist Yezdegerd,
v., 436.
Segjah, Arabian prophetess, v., 424 note.
Segued, Emperor of Abyssinia, v., 178.
Seid, see also Said.
Seid Bechar, vii., 81.
Seids, descendants of Mahomet, vii., 146
note.
Seifeddowlat, caliph, vi., 62.
Sejanus, i., 152 note.
Selden, ii., 5 note.
Seleucia, i., 222 sq.; taken by Carus,
366; Julian at, ii., 530.
Seleucia, in Cilicia, besieged by the
Isaurians, ii., 271.
Seleucia, in Isauria, council of bishops
at, ii., 382.
Seleucus, Mount, battle of, ii., 258 and
Seleucus Nicator, i., 220 note; aera of, ib.
Selge, battle at, Tribigild defeated at,
iii., 388 and note.
Selim I. (Sultan), conquers Egypt, vi., 378
and note; (alleged) treatment of
Greek Church, vii., 211 and note.
Semi-Arians, iii., 26.
Semiramis, ii., 260 note.
Semlin, crusaders at, vi., 286 note.
Semno, chief of the Lygii, i., 355.
Semnones, i., 277.
Sempronian laws, i., 68.
Senaar, ruins of, v., 175.
Senate of Constantinople, ii., 451; office
of President of, v., 229 note; author-
ity of, eradicated by Leo VI., vi.,
94.
Senate of Rome, reformed by Augustus,
i., 66; under the empire, 74; at-
tempt of, after death of Caligula,
79; jurisdiction of, 108 and note
condemns Julianus, 125; oppressed
by Severus, 131; opposes Macrinus,
152; women excluded from, 163;
restored by Alexander Severus, 166;
declares against Maximin, 192;
elects Maximus and Balbinus em-
perors, 194; repulses the Alamanni,
279; not admitted to military
offices, ib.; under Tacitus, 346 sq.;
under Diocletian and Maximian,
409 sqq.; taxed by Constantine, i.,
458 note; majority of Roman senators
remained Pagans, iii., 201 and note;
debate concerning worship of Jove
or Christ, 204 and note; armed ten
legions, 278 note; Stilicho refers
the demands of Alaric to the, 291
sq.; filled with new families from
the colonies, 306 note; condemns
Serena, 326; conduct to Alaric, 328
sq.; refuses to allow Pagan sacri-
fices, 328; convened by Attalus,
336; condemns Avitus to death, iv.,
15; elects Libius Severus, 27; sup-
ports Anthemius, 48; epistle to
Zeno on transfer of seat of empire to
the East, 55 sq.; deputies of, invite
Justinian's lieutenant to enter
Rome, 333; extinction of, 445;
decrees of, 478; revival of, in twelfth
century, vii., 233 sqq.; no senate
between eighth and twelfth centuries,
233 note; election of, 238 sq.
Senator, title of, in middle ages, vii., 233
note; office of, 239 sq.; Charles of
Anjou elected, 241; Rienzi, 289;
Forensis, 303.
Senatorial tax (follis), i., 458 and note.
Senators, Roman, i., 37 note, 103 note;
in Theodosian age, iii., 306 sqq.
Seneca, Quæst. Natur., ii., 74; on the
luxury of Rome, iii., 310 and note;
iv., 57 note; on Corsica, 92 and
note; on comets, 462 and note.
Seniors, or Lords, iv., 141.
Sens, Decentius at, ii., 257; Julian at,
293; monasteries at, iv., 169 note;
Abderame at, vi., 15.
Sentinum, battle of, vi., 443 note.
Septem or Ceuta, taken by Roman
tribune, iv., 309 and note; besieged
by the Visigoths, 319 sq.; attacked
by the Saracens, v., 502 and note,
504.
Septetus, interpretation of the word, v.,
277 note.
Septimania, retained by the Visigoths,
iv., 127; invaded by Gontran, 181
sq.; invaded by Saracens, v., 510.
Septizonium of Severus, see under Rome.
Sepulchres of the Gauls, see Busta
Gallorum.
Sepulveda, vii., 289 note.
Sergius and Bacchus, saints and martyrs,
v., 56 and note.
Sergius, the interpreter, ii., 238 note; iv.,
387 note.
Sergius the Paulician, vi., 117 note;
pilgrimage of, 122 and note.
Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
condemned by Third Council, v.,
151 note.
Sergius I., Pope, v., 195 note.
Sergius, nephew of Solomon the eunuch,
iv., 418 and note, 419.
Serica, iv., 246.
Seriphus, island, i., 90 and note.
Serjabil, friend of Caled, v., 445.
Serjeants, horsemen who were not knights,
vi., 328, 410 and note.
Seronatus, præfect of Gaul, execution
of, iv., 45.
Serranus, friend of Sidonius Apollinaris,
iv., 2 note.
Serres, city of, taken by the Servians,
vi., 523 note.
Servatius, St., of Tongres, iii., 484.
Servetus, martyrdom of, vi., 133 and
note.
Servia, rebellion of, A.D. 1040, v., 233
note; dominant position of, in
fourteenth century, vi., 522 note;
code of laws of Stephen Dushan,
523; expedition of Cantacuzene into,
527.
Sequani, lands of the, taken by the Ger- Servians, overthrown by the Bulgarians,
mans, iv., 138.
Seraglio, ii., 158.
Serai, city and palace of, vii., 18 and
note.
Serapeum, at Alexandria, see Serapis.
Serapion, deacon of Chrysostom, iii.,
398.
Serapion, friend of Julian, v., 446 note.
Serapion, saint of the Nitrian desert, v.,
109; teaches Cyril of Alexandria,
114.
Serapis, i., 145 note, 148; temple of, ii.,
152; description of the temple of,
at Alexandria, iii., 209 sq.; its
destruction, 211 sqq.
Seratculi, provincial troops of the Turks,
vii., 180 note.
Serbi, tribe of, v., 60 note.
Serena, niece of Theodosius, marries
Stilicho, iii., 238 and note; inter-
cession of, concerning Alaric, 292;
paganism of, 297 and note.
Serendib, see Taprobana.
Seres or Sinæ, iv., 246 note.
Sergieevich, vi., 160 note.
Sergiopolis, see Rasaphe.
Sergius IV., Duke of Naples, vi., 183 note.
vi., 140 and note; settlement of, in
Constantinople, vii., 210 note.
Servitudes, term in Roman law, iv., 518
and note.
Servius, civil law of Rome made by, iv.,
472.
Sesostris, long wall of, v., 344 and
note.
Sestus, ii., 154; fortifications of, iv.,
269.
Severa, wife of Valentinian I., iii., 70
and note.
Severianus, i., 460.
Severinus, St., his prophetic speech to
Odoacer, iv., 54; life of, by Eu-
gippius, ib. note; his bones laid in
monastery of Misenum, 57; death,
ib. note.
Severus, Alexander, i., 155 note; made
Cæsar, 161; reign, 162 sqq.; char-
acter, 170; murdered, 185; victory
over Artaxerxes, 225; private wor-
ship of, v., 262 note.
Severus, Bishop of Hermopolis Magna,
Arabic history of, v., 115 note.
Severus, Bishop of Minorca, iii., 225
note.
Severus, blind man, miraculously cured, | Shazbān Khan of the Kirghiz Kazaks,
Severus, general of cavalry under Julian,
ii., 294.
Severus, Jacobite historian, v., 478 note.
Severus, Libius, elected emperor by
Ricimer, iv., 27; death, ib.
Severus, officer of Galerius, made Cæsar,
i., 427 and note; Augustus, 432;
defeat and death, 435 and note.
Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, Mono-
physite, v., 141 note, 163; Life of,
ib. note.
Severus, philosopher, consul under An-
themius, iv., 35.
Severus, Septimius, i., 108 note; com-
mands in Pannonia, 122; declared
emperor, ib.; marches to Rome,
223; rapid march, 124 and note;
disgraces the prætorians, 125; em-
peror, ib.; defeats Niger and Al-
binus, 126; reign, 127 sqq.; expedi-
tion to Britain, 140 sqq.; assumes
the name Pertinax, 140 note; death,
142; promotes Maximin, 183; his
treatment of the Christians, ii.,
117 sq.
Severus, Sulpicius, ii., 26 note; iii., 161
note; Dialogues, and Life of St.
Martin by, iv., 81 note.
Seville, in fourth century, iii., 364; siege,
of, iv., 100; taken by Musa, v., 509;
legion of Emesa at, 504; Chris-
tianity abolished in, 521.
Sfetigrade, siege of, vii., 145 note, 159;
site of, 159 note.
Shaba, the great Khan, invades Persia,
V., 48.
Shafei, sect of, vi., 356.
Shahin, see Sain.
Shebdiz, horse of Chosroes, v., 78.
Sheibani Khan, conquers Siberia, vii.,
18.
Sheikhs, Arabian, v., 342.
Shelun, or Zarun, descendant of Moko
and conqueror of Tartary, iii., 275
and note.
Sherefeddin Ali, his history of Timour,
vii., 44 note, 64 sq. note; his account
of Bajazet, 67.
Sherhzour, city of, Heraclius at, v., 97.
Sherif al-Edrissi, Arabian scholar, vi.,
201 note.
Sherif, used by Zonaras for ambassador,
vi., 242 note.
Sheroe, daughter of Chosroes, v., 56
note.
Shiites, sect of Mahometans, v., 409;
burial ground of, near tomb of Ali,
413.
Shiracouh, Emir of Noureddin, vi., 351
and note; second invasion of Egypt
by, 351; governs Egypt, 353.
Shishman of Bulgaria, vii., 33 note; re-
volts against the Ottomans, 34 note.
Shishman of Trnovo, kingdom of, vi.,
142 note.
Siam, i., 226 note.
Siasset Nameh, or book of government
by Nizam, vi., 256 note.
Siberia, description of, iii., 85; conquered
by Sheibani Khan, vii., 18.
Sibylline books, consulted by Aurelian,
i., 321 sq.; by Constantine, ii., 326;
burnt by Stilicho, iii., 297.
Sibyls, Christian, ii., 74.
Sicamber, name applied by Remigius to
Clovis, iv., 115 note.
Shahmanism, ancient religion of, vii., Sichem [Neapolis], temples at, ii., 482
Shah Mansur, Prince of Fars, vii., 49.
Shah Nameh, or book of Kings, iv., 387
Shahraplakan, Persian general, v., 90 note.
Shahrbaraz, see Sarbaraza.
Shajar-ad-Durr, Queen of Egypt, vi.,
376 note.
Shamer, Arabian chief, v., 416.
Sharokh, son of Timour, vii., 74.
Shah Abbas, i., 204 note; plants colony
Shah Allum, vii., 45 note, 74 note.
Shargapak (Persian general), raises siege
of Tiflis, v., 94 note.
Shaw, Dr., account of the Berbers, v.,
501 note.
Shawer, leader of a faction in Egypt,
vi., 350 and note; death of, 353.
note; position of, v., 145 note; taken
by Saracens, 469; grove of Tasso
near, cut down by crusaders, vi.,
323.
Sicily, i., 300; conquered by the Vandals,
iv., 2, 40; ceded to Theodoric,
192; regained by Belisarius, 324
sqq.; plundered by Totila, 438 sq.;
reduced by Artaban, 439; partly re-
covered by Maniaces, v., 232 note;
conquered by the Arabs, vi., 40 sqq.;
Roger the Norman introduces silk
into, 76; Normans serve in, 184;
princes of, legates of holy see, 201;
Roger II., King of, 217; under
William the Bad, 227; under
William the Good, 228; subdued by
Henry VI., 230; by Charles of An-
jou, 495 sqq.; Sicilian Vespers, 499
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