A short table giving the results of the enforcement of Rule 1 is appended.

To January 1, 1903.

Nmber of stores found violating Rule 1.

Number of stores sealed........

Number of stores which complied with rule by other means.
Number of stores refusing seal.....

1,329

510

450

369

Of the latter 343 afterwards complied with the law, by one or the other means. The jurisdiction of this Department does not, of course, extend beyond the City of New York, but, it was thought that a more comprehensive view of the situation might be obtained by investigating the conditions existing at some of the sources of supply, and that the effect of a representative from the Department of Health of this City appearing among the farmers and creameries might be influential in inducing the adoption of improved methods.

Inspector Charles H. Kilbourne was detailed to this work, and I herewith submit his report of the result of his investigation.

"To the Chief Inspector:

"SIR-I have the honor to submit the following report in relation to the milk supply of New York City, the sources from which it is drawn, the methods employed in handling it at the farms and creameries, and in shipping it on the railroads to the city.

"In such a rapidly growing community as New York there is constantly increasing demand for all the food products, and notably is this true in regard to the demand for milk. The amount of milk consumed in New York is somewhat less than a million and one-half quarts daily. There is a large quantity used in the manufacture of ice cream, and also in making condensed milk, which is not included in this amount. In order to supply this great demand it is necessary to bring milk from long distances, and, with this increased demand new sources of supply are being tapped, and many localities at one time devoted to the manufacture of butter and cheese, are now shipping milk in its crude state. The sources from which milk comes may be divided into several classes. First, there is that produced within the limits of the city itself. Aside from the few people who keep a cow or two for their own use, there are in The Bronx, in Brooklyn, and in the Boroughs of Queens and Richmond, a number of farmers who produce milk for the market. and who bring it direct from the farms to the consumer. There are also some few farmers on Long Island, beyond the city limits, who bring milk into the city by wagons, and then there are in New Jersey, on the outskirts of Jersey City, and notably in Secaucus, several men who produce milk and bring it direct to the market.

"The amount of this locally produced milk is constantly decreasing, and, by far the greater quantity is brought in by railroad and boat. Of this some producers sell their own milk in the city by a representative, and there are still a good many farmers who ship their milk direct to dealers in the city. This was, formerly, almost the universal method. The farmer had his own cans, hauled his milk to the train and loaded it onto the cars himself. The farmers of Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess counties do this quite extensively now, but by far the larger quantity is handled through the creamery system.

'Receiving stations are built near the railroads, and the farmer sells the milk at the station; the further handling and loading being done by men at the creamery. Photo K 36 shows a creamery with the cars on the side track waiting to be loaded.

"These creameries, or receiving stations, are some of them co-operative concerns, the stock of which is owned by the farmers. Some of them are owned by men and companies living outside the City and selling the milk to dealers in the city, and a great many of them are owned and operated by dealers who have offices in the city and sell the milk direct to consumers.

"The milk business appears to be getting into fewer and fewer hands. Probably 80 or 90 per cent. of the milk sold in Greater New York is handled by one hundred

and twenty-five dealers, and, of the 25,000 forty-quart cans of milk shipped from creameries daily, 15,000 cans are handled by six firms; one firm shipping over 5,000

cans.

"From data furnished by the dealers and creamery owners, I find that there are nearly four hundred creameries which ship milk to this market. Of these, nine

firms operate ten or more each; four firms have over twenty each, one has over thirty, and one has forty-five.

"The Erie, which also takes the milk from the Lehigh and Hudson railroads.

"The New York Central System, including the Rome, Watertown and Ogdens

burg Division; the Harlem R. R. and the Putnam Railroad.

"The West Shore, hauling from Kingston the milk coming on the Ulster and Delaware, and the Walkill Valley Railroads.

"The New York, Ontario and Western.

66

Delaware and Hudson, Central New England, Newburg and Dutchess and Connecticut, which are tributary to other roads.

The Newburg boat also brings milk to this city.

"These roads take milk from large areas and from widely-scattered sections. New York State contributes more milk than all other States combined, but Northern New Jersey furnishes some, and there are a number of creameries in Northeastern

Pennsylvania whose products come to New York. Western Connecticut ships considerable milk, and the Southern Berkshire section of Massachusetts ships also a small amount.

"In New York State the southern counties are large shippers. Dutchess, Putnam, Orange and Sullivan counties are great dairy sections. A great deal of milk

also comes from the central portion of the State, and the northern section along the line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Division of the New York Central Railroad is becoming a great contributor to the milk supply of the city. On this railroad there are located about fifty creameries, many of them recently built, and from

this section milk is hauled the greatest distance of any coming to this market, some of it coming about four hundred miles, and from near the Canadian border.

"Another long haul of milk is from the Chenango Branch of the West Shore Railroad. This branch extends from Syracuse to Earlville, and some of the milk is hauled three hundred and fifty miles. The short haul milk comes on the line of the Harlem Railroad, and from Orange County. The nearest creamery is less than forty miles distant.

"It is a curious fact that milk coming long distances arrives to the consumer as fresh as that coming short distances. In either case the milk arriving in the City at midnight is that drawn from the cows on the night previous, and on the morning of the day of arrival. Reaching here at midnight it is delivered to the consumer the following morning. It is evident that all milk is twenty-four or thirty-six hours old