Moawiyah assumes the title of caliph, and makes war against Ali, v. 159. 4
His character and reign, 161. Lays siege to Constantinople, 273, 271.
Modar, prince of the Amali, seduced by the emperor Theodosius, turns his
arnie against his own countrymen, iii. 64.

Moguls, of Tatar, or Tartar, descent, iii. 3, 4, note M. Primitive, their
method of treating their conquered enemies, 397.57 Reign and con-
quests of Zingis, vi. 204. Conquests of his successors, 212. See Tam
erlane.

Moguntiacum, the city of, surprised by the Alemanni, ii. 555.
Mohawkas the Egyptian, his treaty with the Saracen Amrou, v. 224.
Monarchy defined, i. 73. Hereditary, ridiculous in theory, but salutary in
fact, 196. The peculiar objects of cruelty and avarice under, ii. 139. anti
Monastic institutions, the seeds of, sown by the primitive Christians. i
550. Origin, progress, and consequences of, iii. 520.

Money, the standard and computation of, under Constantine the Great
and his successors, ii. 145, notes.

Monks have embellished the sufferings of the primitive martyrs by fic
tions, ii. 30. Their descriptions not to be esteemed fictious, 30, note G.
with exception of miraculous interpositions, 30, note M. Character of,
by Eunapius, iii. 155. By Rutilius, 184. Origin and history of, 523
Their industry in making proselytes, 526. Their obedience, 528. Their
dress and habitations, 530. Their diet, 531. Their manual labor, 532
Their riches, 533. Their solitude, 535.Their devotion and visions, 536
Their divisions into the classes of Coenobites and Anachorets, 537&14
Suppression of, at Constantinople, by Constanine V., v. 13.

Monophysites of the East, their doctrine, iv. 515. History of the sect of
549, 555, 559.

Monothelite controversy, account of, iv. 535.
Montanists, sect of the, iv. 529, note.
Montesquieu, his description of the military government of the Roman
empire, i. 222. His opinion, that the degrees of freedom in a state are
measured by taxation, controverted, ii. 140.1o fasuoy milers

Montius, quæstor of the palace, is sent by the emperor Constantius, with
Domitian, to correct the administration of Gallus in the East, ii. 206,
207, note M. Is put to death there, 207.7ks

Moors of Barbary, their miserable poverty, iv. 136.

Their origin, 141, note,
Inscription relative to it, 141, note M. Their invasion of the Roman
province punished by Solomon the eunuch, 143. To quisque s
Morals, the early Christians distinguished by the purity of their, i. 544,
545, note M., 546, notes M. and G.
SIS J Jadoo shsa
Morea is reduced by the Turks, vi. 414. badioLsh aniqro magoli ode to qes
Morosini, Thomas, elected partriarch of Constantinople by the Venetians,
vi. 99.
515 quota 9/13 svoted to adj
Moseilama, an Arabian chief, endeavors to rival Mahomet in his prophet-
ical character, v. 171, vide note M. isto odt emineterro01

Moses, the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, not inculcated in his
law, i. 530, vide note M. His military laws compared with those of
Mahomet, v. 128, 129, note M. Juo to

Moses of Chorene, chronological difficulties in his history misled Gibbon
into perpetual anachronisms, ii. 181, note M.

Mosheim, character of his work De Rebus Christianis ante Constantinum, V
iv. 487, note. gintiff of anoxs@ to laviris on lo tomoses sid, along
Moslemah, the Saracen, besieges Constantinople, v. 279, note M. loads
Mostali, the caliph, v. 589. Jerusalem defended against the crusaders by
his lieutenant Aladin or Iftikhar, 591. I ofaloway

Montassem, the last caliph of the Saracens, his wars with the Greek em-
peror Theophilus, v. 318. Is killed by the Moguls, vi. 216. uzaqat
Mourzoufle usurps the Greek empire, and destroys Isaac Angelus, and his
son Alexius, vi. 84. Is driven from Constantinople by the Latins. 88
His death, 104 nɔte Med mod bebargab bus braunsbroo I 000shb

Mousa, the son of Bajazet, invested with the kingdom of Anatolia, by
Tamerlane, vi. 268. His reign, 280.

Mozarabes, in the history of Spain, explained, v. 269.

Municipal cities, their advantages, i. 41. note M., 42, note M.

Muratori, the Italian historian, the elaborate and valuable works of, enu-
merated and characterized, vi. 515. Biographical notice of, 515.

Mursa, battle of, between the emperor Constantius and the usurper Mag-
nentius, ii. 194.

Musa, the Saracen, his conquest of Spain, v. 256. His disgrace, 259. His
death, 260, 261.

Mustapha, the supposed son of Bajazet, his story, vi. 378, 281, 282.

Muta, battle of, between the forces of the emperor Heraclius and those of
Mahomet., v. 141.

Mygdonius, river, the course of, stopped by Sapor, king of Persia, at the
siege of Nisibis, ii. 185, note M.

N.

Nacolia, battle of, in Phrygia, ii. 535, note M.

Nacoragan, the Persian, defeated by the Romans, his fate, iv. 236, note M
Naissus, battle of, between Claudius and the Goths, i. 337.

Naples is besieged and taken by Belisarius, iv. 155. Extent of the duchy
of, under the exarchs of Ravenna, 408.

Narbonne is besieged by Theodoric, and relieved by Count Litorius, ii
425.

Narses, his embassy from Sapor, king of Persia, to the emperor Constan-
tius, ii. 222.

-, king of Persia, prevails over the pretensions of his brother Hormuz,
and expels Tiridates, king of Armenia, i. 422. Overthrows Galerius, 423.
Is surprised and routed by Galerius, 425. Articles of peace between him
and the Romans, 426.

the Persian general of the emperor Maurice, restores Chosroes II.,
king of Persia, iv. 438. His revolt against Phocas, and cruel death, 458.
the eunuch, his military promotion, and dissension with Belisarius,
iv. 174. His character and expedition to Italy, 267. Battle of Tagina,
270, 271. Takes Rome, 272. Reduces and kills Teias, the last king of
the Goths, 273, 274. Defeats the Franks and Allemanni, 277. Governs
Italy in the capacity of exarch, 279. His disgrace, and death, 391, 395.
Naulobatus, 2 chief of the Heruli, enters into the Roman service, and is
made consul, i. 312.

Navy of the Roman empire described, i. 20.

Nazarene church at Jerusalem, account of, i. 514. The Nazarenes quitted
the city before the siege, 515, note M.

Nazarius, the Pagan orator, his account of miraculous appearances in the
sky in favor of Constantine the Great, ii. 265, note M.

Nebridius, prætorian præfect in Gaul, is maimed and superseded by his
indiscreet opposition to the troops of Julian, ii. 384.

Negra, city in Yemen, massacre of Christians at, iv. 240, 241, note M.
Negroes of Africa, evidences of their intellectual inferiority to the rest of
mankind, ii. 576, note M.

Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Constantinople, iii. 91. cross
Nennius, his account of the arrival of the Saxons in Britain different from
that of Gildas, Bede, and Witikind, iii. 616, 617, note.

Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the West by Leo the Great, iii. 507. szol
Nepotian, account of his revolt in Italy, ii. 197. TO MESTA Jenstvoll eid
Nero persecutes the Christians as the incendiaries of Rome, ii. 17.
Nerva, emperor. his character, and prudent adoption of Trajan, i. 91.
Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his character, iv. 503. His her
esy concerning the incarnation, 504. His dispute with Cyril of Alexan
dria, 506. Is condemned, and degraded from his episcopal dignity, by

the council of Ephesus, 500. Is exiled, 512. His death, 614. His opin-
ions still retained in Persia, 641, 542. Missions of his disciples in the
East Indies, 544, 545, 546.

Nevers, John, count of, disastrous fate of him and his party at the battle
of Nicopolis, vi. 238.

Nice becomes the capital residence of Sultan Soliman, v. 526, Siege of, by
the first crusaders, 576.

Nicephorus I., emperor of Constantinople, iv. 588. His wars with the
Saracens, v. 309. His death, 408.

- II., Phocas, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 606. His military
enterprises, v. 330.

III., Botoniates, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 617. Was
raised to the throne by Sultan Soliman, v. 525.

Nicetas, senator of Constantinople, his flight, on the capture of the city
by the Latins, vi. 91. His brief history, 93, note. His account of the
statues destroyed at Constantinople, 93.

Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, opposes the fourth marriage of the
emperor Leo the philosopher, iv. 602.subdug

V., pope, his character, vi. 253, 504. How interested in the fall

of Constantinople, 381. His peaceful reign, 504, 505.

Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and the city embellished by
him, i. 433. The church of, demolished by Diocletian, ii. 63. The palace
of, fired, 65, note, 66, note M.

Nicopolis, battle of, between Sultan Bajazet and Sigismond, king of Hun-
gary, vi. 238. Number of the French engaged in, 239, note M.
Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, iv 62.903 to ansiosos

Nile, navigable communication from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea,
by a canal and the river, v. 232, note M.

Nineveh, battle on the site of, between the emperor Heraclius and the
Persians, iv. 479.agnus?
dollist to e
Nisibis, the city of, i. 315, note M. Described, and its obstinate defence
against the Persians, ii. 179, 184. Is yielded to Sapor by treaty, 509.0
Nizam, the Persian vizier, his illustrious character, v. 522. His assassina-
tion by Hassan Sabek, 523, note M.

Noah, his ark very convenient for resolving the difficulties of Mosaic anti-
quarians, i. 255.
simo eus to m
Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constantine the Great to distinguish his
nephew Hannibalianus, iî. 164. aldansmotto ed to time nedoro
Nogaret, Guillaume de, seizes Boniface VIII. at Anagni, vi, 4530 ant ko
Noricum described, i. 23.
Normans, their settlement in the province of Normandy in France, v. 446.
Their introduction to Italy, 447, note M. They serve in Sicily, 450,
They are confirmed in the possession of Aversa, 449, note G. They con-
quer Apulia, 451. Their character, 453. Their treaty with the pope, 456.
Notitia Dignitatum Imperii, ii. 107, note G.
316.008
Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great, în a particular edict,
from the general penalties of heresy, ii. 296. Are cruelly persecuted by
Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, 359. ed edt colab aequo
Novels of Justinian, how formed, and their character, iv. 337, note. 8
Noureddin, sultan, his exalted character, vi. 16.40mM Designs ont
Nubia, i. 417. Conversion of, to Christianity, iv. 561, note.bs nainitel
Numerian, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in the empire, in conjunc
tion with his brother Carinus, i. 392.

Numidia, its extent at different æras of the Roman history, i31eto
Nashirvan, reign of, iv. 212. Conquest of Yemen by, 427. His death, 430
See Chosroes I& gulzoqab ni Tuomos 03 do believang valuodib siw 2I
CAS jausmo ede yo boomber lo mobgaid lime sdr,ausod:80
obsis to miska ada is barbono ed os restore anong atasez
Oasis in the deserts of Libya, described, ni. 329, wote. Three places under
this name pointed out, iv. 513, note. Various travellers who have visited
them, 513, note M.

Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the Christian doctrine of, ii. 255.
Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, ii. 218.
Oblations to the church, origin of, i. 563.

Obligations, human, the sources of, iv. 365, note M. Laws of the Romans
respecting, 366, note W.

Octavian family not obscure, as asserted by Gibbon, i. 85, note M.

Olenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to Sapor, king of
Persia, i. 318. Is associated in the empire by Gallienus, 324. Character
and fate of his queen Zenobia, 350, 351.

Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, i. 264, note. His history,
283. Uncertain hypothesis respecting, 284. His migration from Asiatic
Sarmatia into Sweden, 284, vide note. Gibbon's retractation of this
theory, 284, note M.

Odoacer, the first Barbarian king of Italy, iii. 510, note M. His character
and reign, 510, 511. Resigns all the Roman conquests beyond the Alps
to Euric, king of the Visigoths, 567. Is reduced and killed by Theod-
oric the Ostrogoth, iv. 10.

Ogors, or Varchonites, the, subdued by the Turks, iv. 204, note M.
Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu Sophian, prince of Mecca, v
132.

Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, v. 435.

Olive, its introduction into the Western World, i. 66.

Olybrius is raised to the Western empire by Count Ricimer, iii. 504.
Olympic games compared with the tournaments of the Goths, v. 563.
Olympiodorus, his account of the magnificence of the city of Rome, iii.
249. His account of the marriage of Adolphus, king of the Visigoths,
with the princess Placidia, 297, note. Error in the translation of a
passage of, 220.

Olympius, favorite of the emperor Honorius, alarms him with unfavorable
suspicions of the designs of Stilicho, iii. 232. Causes Stilicho to be put
ecto death, 233. His disgrace, and ignominious death, 274.

Omar, caliph of the Saracens, v. 154. His character, 173. His journey to
Jerusalem, 210. His reign, 213, 220, 221, 229, 233.

Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph of the Saracens,
v. 161. Why not the objects of public favor, 291. Destruction of, 294.
White the emblem of the Ommiade dynasty, 295.

Oracles, Heathen, are silenced by Constantine the Great, ii. 365.

Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 227. Marries the daughter
of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 231.

Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, an account of, ii.
282. Their celibacy, when it was imposed, 282, note M.e jou

Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila, king of the Huns, to the emperor
Theodosius the Younger, iii. 406. His history, and promotion under the
Western emperors, 509. His son Augustulus the last emperor of the
West, 509, 513.

prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob in Alexandria,
iv. 501.00
Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs to be very inconsiderable,
ii. 33. The context to be considered, 32, note G. His conference with
the empress Mammæa, 50. His memory persecuted by the emperor
Justinian and his clergy, iv. 531.dunt of to nolensvnou

Orleans besieged by Attila, king of the Huns, and relieved by Etius and
Theodoric, iii. 434, 435.

Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with Constantine the Great,
ii. 268, note. Prevails on Constantine to ratify the Nicene creed, 326.
Is with difficulty prevailed on to concur in deposing Athanasius, 344, 345
Osrhoene, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 242.
Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with the invasion of Caledo
vania by the emperor Severus, i. 153, notes Is said to have disputed with
be a Christian missionary, 582, note

Ostia, the port or, described, iii. 277.

Othman, caliph of the Saracens, v. 155–173.05

the father of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 225.

Otho I., king of Germany, restores and appropriates the Western empire,
v. 55. Claims by treaty the nomination of the pope of Rome, 59. De
feats the Turk 3, 419.

II. deposes Pope John XII., and chastises his party at Rome, v. 5lb.
bishop of Frisengen, his character as an historian, vi. 443, note.
Ottomans, origin and history of the, vi. 225, note M. They obtain an
establishment in Europe, 233.

Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, ii. 168. His description of
the Getæ and Sarmatians, 168. Character of his "Epistles," 168, ost
Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city, iii. 623.

Paccatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, ii. 109.
Pæderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, iv. 377. By

Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, ii. 368, notustinian, 379.

Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among the Christians,
ii. 368. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 415. General review
of the ecclesiastical establishment and jurisdiction of, before it was sub-
verted by Christianity, iii. 132. Renounced by the Roman senate, 187,
138, note M. The Pagan sacrifices prohibited, 139, note M. The tem
emples demolished, 142. Vestiges of, in rural districts, to be traced to a
later period, 155, note M. The ruin of, deplored by the sophists, 155
Pagan ceremonies revived in Christian churches, 161.
Palæologus Constantine, the last Greek emperor, his reign, vi. 365 Is
killed in the storm of Constantinople, by the Turks, 402. DAWES BATEA
John, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 183 Marries the daugh
ter of John Cantacuzene, 190. Takes up arms against Cantacuzene, and
is reduced to flight, 192. His restoration, 193. Discord between him and
his sons, 242. His treaty with Pope Innocent VI., 296. Visits Urban
V. at Rome, 297.men and

, John II., his zeal, vi. 308. His voyage to Italy, 312.0 (80%
Manuel, associated with his father John in the Greek empire,
vi. 242. Tribute exacted from him by Sultan Bajazet, 243. His treaties
with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI., 283. Visits the
courts of Europe, 297. Private motives of his European negotiations
explained, 306. His death, 307.

Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the negotia-
tions of Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 124. His family
and character, 146. His elevation to the throne, 148, 150. His return
to Constantinople, 151. Blinds and banishes his young associate, John
Lascaris, 152. He is excommunicated by the patriarch Arsenius, 153.
Associates his son Andronicus in the empire, 155. His union with the
Latin church, 156. Instigates the revolt of Sicily, 163. o besasin
Palatines, and Borderers, origin and nature of these distinctions in the
Roman troops, ii. 126. ela

Palermo taken by Belisarius by stratagem, iv. 151. for shie stow 50% A
Palestine, character of, i. 27. Fertility of, vindicated, 27, 28, note Miles
Palladium of Rome, described, iii. 132, note.

Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian to Africa, to inquire into the
government of Coi at Romanus, connives with him in oppressing the
province, ii. 570.
barb) to bnsel et osai
Palmyra, description of, and its destruction by the emperor Aurelian, i.
355, 356, 357, 358. roddes to suit 942
Panatius, teacher of the Stoic philosophy at Rome, iv. 322, note 28 k
Pandects of Justinian, how formed, iv. 331.come to vereq od) amiange t
Panhypersebastos, import of that title in the Greek empire, v. 853, més