Pannonia described, i. 25.

Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, i. 55, nule. Is converted into a
Christian church, iii. 142, 143.

Pantomimes, Roman, described, iii. 148, 149.

Paper, where and when the manufacture of, was first found out, v. 185,

note.

Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian præfect by the emperor
Severus, i. 148. His death, 159.

Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he could not be the author of
the Jus Papirianum, iv. 302, note, vide note W.

Papists, proportion their number bore to that of the Protestants in Eng.
land at the beginning of the last century, ii. 258, note.

Para, king of Armenia, his history, ii. 578. Is treacnerously killed by the
Romans, 581. Described as a magician, 581, note M.

Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, iv. 500, note.

Paradise, Mahomet's, described, v. 118, 119.

Paris, description of that city under the government of Julian, ii. 246.
Situation of his palace, 375, note.

Parthia, its people described, i. 227, note M. Subdued by Artaxerxes, king
of Persia, 238. Its constitution of government similar to the feudal
system of Europe, 238. Recapitulation of the war with Rome, 240, 242.
Paschal II., his troublesome pontificate, vi. 427.

Passion, the, observations on the darkness during the crucifixion, i. 589,
590, note, vide note G.

Pastoral manners better adapted to the fierceness of war than to peace,
iii. 4. The nomad tribes of Central Asia, 4, note M.

Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws, iv. 341, note M. Suc
cessive limitations of, 343.

Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavonians and Saracens,
v. 344.

Patricians, the order of, under the Roman republic, and under the empe
rors, compared, ii. 114. Under the Greek empire, their rank explained,
V. 29, 30.

Patrick, tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of his name, iii. 513, note.
Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the instigations of
Olympius, iii. 233. Is taken by Alboin, king of the Lombards, who
fixes his residence there, iv. 336, 397.

19

Paul, St., martyrdom of, i. 561. His Epistle to the Romans, 561, note M.
of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and history, ii. 53, 54,
note G., 54, note M.

archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal contest with his competitor
Macedonius, ii. 357.
Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, iii. 246. Was owner of
the city of Nicopolis, 250. Her monastic zeal, 527.

Paulicians, origin and character of, v. 385, note M. Are persecuted by the
6. Greek emperors, 390. They revolt, 392. They are reduced, and trans-
planted to Thrace, 394. Their present state, 397. Imbued with Gnos.
ticism, 399, note M.

Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity by gentle counsels,
i. 202, note, vide note G.

Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the Younger, his crime, and
execution, iii. 356.

, bishop of Nola, his history, iii. 292. sasa vibraz

, patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the Lombards with his treasure
into the Island of Grado, iv. 396.

Peace, temple of, at Rome, i. 59, note W.

Peers, house of, its increase since the time of Gibbon and policy thereo,
iv. 339, note M.

Pegasi ins, the party of, among the Roman civilians, iv. 326.

Pekin, the city of, taken by Zir gis, the Mogul emperor, vi. 209, 210, notes.

Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy, iii. 224, 225. And in
Britain, 320.

Fella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there, on the destruction of Je-
rusalem, i. 515, 516, note M.

Peloponnesus, state of, under the Greek empire, v. 243. Manufactures,
345, 346.

Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, iv. 573, 574.
Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, iii. 320.

Penitentials of the Greek and Latin churches, history of, v. 547.

Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rome against the Lombards, v.
25, 26, note M. Receives the title of king by papal sanction, 28. Grants
the exarchate to the pope, 31.

John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tribune Rienzi, and restores
aristocracy and church government at Rome, vi. 488,

Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, iii. 272, note.

Perennis, minister of Commodus, his exaltation and downfall, i. 106.
Periplus, or circumnavigation of the Euxine by Arrian, iv. 224, note.

Perisabor, or Fyrouz Schapour, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by
the emperor Julian, ii. 482, vide note M.

Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against the Nepthalites, iv.
99, note M.

Persarmenia, churches of, persecuted by the Magi, iv. 428, note M.
Persecutions, ten, of the primitive Christians, a review of, ii. 45, 47, ncte
M., 50, notes G. and M., 53, note G., 61, 74, note M., 80, note M.
Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that prince, i. 186.
Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, i. 228, note M. The re
ligion of the Magi reformed, 229, note M. Abridgment of the Persian
theology, 231. Simplicity of their worship, 233. Ceremonies and moral
precepts, 234. Every other mode of worship prohibited but that of Zor-
oaster, 238.
Extent and population of the country, 239. Its military
power, 247. Account of the audience given by the emperor Carus to the
ambassadors of Varanes, 391. The throne of, disputed by the brothers
Narses and Hormuz, 422. Galerius defeated by the Persians, 423. Nar-
ses overthrown in his turn by Galerius, 425. Articles of peace agreed on
between the Persians and the Romans, 426. War between Sapor, king
of, and the emperor Constantius, ii. 181, note M. Battle of Singara,
182. Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 225. The Persian territories invaded
by the emperor Julian, 476. Passage of the Tigris, 489. Julian harassed
in his retreat, 497. Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor Jo-
vian, 508, note M. Reduction of Armenia, and death of Sapor, 577.
The silk trade, how carried on from China through Persia, for the sup
ply of the Roman empire, iv. 68. Death of Perozes, in an expedition
against the white Huns, 99. Review of the reigns of Cabades, and his
son Chosroes, iv. 210, 211, note M. Anarchy of, after the death of Chos
roes II., 483. Ecclesiastical history of, 541. Invasion of, by the caliph
Abubeker, v. 176. Battle of Cadesia, 177, 178. Sack of Ctesiphon, 180.
Conquest of, by the Saracens, 183. The Magian religion supplanted by
Mahometism, 264. The power of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty of
the Bowides, 328. Persia subdued by the Turks, 507. Conquest of, by
the Moguls, vi. 215, note M. By Tamerlane, 251, note M.

Pertinax, his character, and exaltation to the Imperial throne, i. 116, 119.
His funeral and apotheosis, 137.

Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes the Imperial dignity on the
death of Pertinax, i. 131.

Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologica, iv. 487, note.

Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, his injurious treatment of
the citizens of Azimuntium, iv. 447.

I., czar of Russia, his conduct towards his son contrasted with that

of Constantine the Great, ii. 161.

of Arragon assumes the kingdom of Sicily, vi. 181.

Peter, St, his and St. Paul's martyrdom, i. 561.
strictly speaking, not founded by, 561, note M.
pierre, corresponding with Terpos, 561, notes.

The church of Rome,
On the words cephas,

Bartholemy, his miraculous discovery of the Holy Lance, v. 586.
His strange death, 588, note M.

of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 114.

the Hermit, his character and scheme to recover the Holy Land
from the infidels, v. 537. Leads the first crusaders, 553. Failure of his
zeal, 585, note M.

Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, iv. 232. Is besieged by the Ro-
mans, 233. Is demolished, 235.

Petrarch, his studies and literary character, vi. 328. And history, 466.
His account of the ruin of the ancient buildings of Rome, 531.
Pfeffel, character of his history of Germany, v. 70, note.
Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Roman legion, i. 15.

Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the French monarchy by him,
of doubtful authority, iii. 313, 314, vide note M.

Pharas commands the Heruli, in the African war under Belisarius, iv. 119.
Pursues Gelimer, 135. His letter to Gelimer, 136, 137.

Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews, i. 531.

Phasis, river, its course described, iv. 225.

Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird, iv. 226.

Philæ, isle of, or Elephantine, i. 417, note M.

Philelphus, Francis, his character of the Greek language of Constanti-
nople, vi. 324. Adventures of, 324, 325, notes.

Philip L., of France, his limited dominion and power, v. 54.

Augustus of France engages in the third crusade, vi. 30, 31.

prætorian præfect under the third Gordian, raised to the empire on

his death, i. 221. Was a favorer of the Christians, ii. 51.

-, prætorian præfect of Constantinople, conveys the bishop Paul into
banishment clandestinely, ii. 358.

Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 581.

Philippopolis taken and sacked by the Goths, i. 290, note G.
Philo, a character of his works, ií. 303, note.

Philopatris, dialogue of the, i. 391, notes M.

Philosophy, Grecian, review of the various sects of, i. 35.

Phineus, the situation of his palace, ii. 88.

Phocæa is settled by Genoese, who trade in alum, vi. 282.

Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected troops of tho
Eastern empire, iv. 450. Murders the emperor Maurice, and his chil-
dren, 452. His character, 454. His fall, and death, 455, 456.
Phoenicia described, i. 27.

Photius, the son of Antonina, distinguishes himself at the siege of Naples,
iv. 184. Is exiled, 185. Betrays his mother's vices to Belisarius, 186.
Turns monk, 188.

patriarch of Constantinople, character of his library, v. 379. His
quarrel with the pope of Rome, vi. 51.

the patrician, kills himself to escape the persecution of Justinian,
iv. 529.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some account af, vi. 306, note. His
embassies, 366. His fate on the taking of Constantinople by the
Turks, 405, MOTAN 1411991 $83

Picardy, derivation of the name of that province, v. 537, note.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favor of Jesus Christ much improved by
the primitive fathers, ii. 46.

Pilpay's Fables, history and character of, iv. 216. Translations of, 216,
note M.891 250mint kina

Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufactured from the threads spun by this
fish, by the Romans, iv. 68, note.

Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused by Gallienus, i. 305.

VOL. VI.

51

Piso, Calphurnrus, one of the competitors against Gallienus, his illustrions
family and character, i. 323.

Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths, i. 307, note G.

Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her history and marriage with
Adolphus, king of the Goths, iii. 296, 297. Is injuriously treated by the
usurper Singeric, after the death of her husband, 310. Her marriage with
Constantius, and retreat to Constantinople, 363, 364. Her administration
in the West, as guardian of her son the emperor Valentinian III., 367.
History of her daughter Honoria, 433. Her death and burial, 455, nove.
Plague, origin and nature of this disease, iv. 293. Great extent and long
duration of that in the reign of Justinian, 296.

Plato, his theological system, ii. 300. Critical disquisition respecting it,
301, 302, 303, notes G. and M. Is received by the Alexandrian Jews, 304.
And expounded by St. John the Evangelist, 305. The theological system
of the emperor Julian, 415.

Platonic philosophy introduced into Italy, vi. 336.

Platonists, new, an account of, i. 449. Unite with the Heathen priests to
oppose the Christians, ii. 59.

Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor Severus, his history. i.
147. Causes of his assassination, 147, 148, notes W. and M.
Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, iii. 260.

Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct towards the Christians, i.
26, note M. Trajan approves his measures, 32, note M. His testimony
of their number, 444, 445, note G.

Poet laureate, a ridiculous appointment, vi. 467, note.

Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of ancient Rome, vi. 516. In the time
of Martin V., not of Eugenius IV., 516, note M.

Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis, king of the Franks, and Alaric, king of
the Goths, iii. 585.

Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho, the Roman general, and Alaric the
Goth, iii. 205.

Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects, i. 34. Its spirit of tolera-
tion considered and denied, 34, note M. How accounted for by the
primitive Christians, 522. Scepticism of the people at the time of the
publication of Christianity, 572. The Christians why more odious to the
Pagans than the Jews, ii. 6. The ruin of, suspended by the divisions
among Christians, 368. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 415.
Review of the Pagan ecclesiastical establishment, iii. 132, 133. Revival
of, by the Christian monks, 160, 161.

Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive Alaric from the walls by
spells which should draw down lightning, iii. 270, vide note M.

Ruricius, general under Maxentius, defeated and killed by
Constantine the Great, i. 477, 478.

Pompey, his discretional exercise of power in the East, i. 77. Increase of
the tributes of Asia by his conquests, 187, vide note M.

Pomptine Marshes drained and cultivated, iv. 26, 27, note M.

Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, iii. 132.

Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by whom that office was exercised, n.
277.

Popes of Rome, the growth of their power, v. 14. Revolt of, from the
Greek emperors, 19. Origin of their temporal dominion, 31. Publica-
tion of the Decretals, and of the fictitious donation of Constantine the
Great, 34. Authority of the German emperors in their election, 58.
Violent distractions in their election, 59. Foundation of their authority
at Rome, vi. 422. Their mode of election settled, 449. Schism in the
papacy, 497, 499. They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome, 510. The
ecclesiastical government, 512.

Population of Rome, a computation of, iii. 265.

Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome, vi. 507.

Posthumus, the Roman general under the emperor Gallienus, defends

Gaur against the incursions of the Franks, i. 301. Is killed by his muti-
nous troops, 348.

Posts and post-houses established by Augustus, i. 63, 64, note M.
Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked, v. 363.

Præfect of the sacred bed-chamber under Constantine the Great, his office.
ii. 132.

Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, under the emperors, nature of their
office, ii. 117. Revived at Rome, vi. 438.

Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under Valentinian, his character, ii. 352.
Prætorian bands in the Roman army, an account of, i. 124. Their camp
on the Viminal hill, 125, note M. They sell the empire of Rome by
public auction, 127. Are disgraced by the emperor Severus, 137. Á
new establishment of them, 146. Authority of the prætorian præfect,
147. Are reduced, their privileges abolished, and their place supplied
by the Jovians and Herculeans, 434. Their desperate courage under
Maxentius, 481. Are totally suppressed by Constantine the Great, 484.
Præfect, revolutions of this office under the emperors, ii. 114.

Their functions when it became a civil office, 115.
Prætors of Rome, the nature and tendency of their edicts, iv. 309, 310,
notes M. and W., 311, note M.

Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the temples of Paganism, ii.
291. Use and abuse of, 292.

Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the Saracens and Turks,
v. 130.

Presbyters, among the primitive Christians, their office explained, i. 555,
note M.

Prester John, origin of the romantic stories concerning, iv. 544.
Priests, no distinct order of men among the Pagans, i. 572, ii. 277.

Priestley, Dr., the ultimate tendency of his opinions, v. 403, note, vide
note M.

Primogeniture, prerogative of, unknown to the Roman law, iv. 359.
Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, iv. 214, note.

Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with his followers, put to death
for heresy, iii. 93.

Priscus, the historian, his conversation with a captive Greek, in the camp
of Attila, iii. 400. Quotations from, 400, 401, note, 403, note.

the Greek general, his successes against the Avars, iv. 448.
Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her flight from the sack of Rome
by Alaric, iii. 288.

Probus assumes the Imperial dignity in opposition to Florianus, i. 374.
His character and history, 375, 386.

-, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, preserves Surmium from the Quadi,
ii. 588. His auspicious government, 589.

Sicorius, his embassy from the emperor Diocletian to Narses, king
of Persia, i, 427.

Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of Sicily from John of Anjou, vi.
163, 164.

Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen mirror, iv. 83.

the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his superstition, iii. 108.
Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their office, ii. 119, 120, notes.
Procopia, empress of Michael I., her martial inclinations, iv. 589.
Procopius, his history, and revolt against Valens, emperor of the East, i
530, 532, note M., 534, note M. Is reduced, and put to death, 535, vido
note M. His account of the testament of the emperor Arcadius, iii. 349,
notes. His account of Britain, 630, note. Character of his histories, iv.
45, 46, note M. Accepts the office of secretary under Belisarius, 117.
His defence of the Roman archers, 119. His account of the desolation
of the African province by war, 179, 180, note.

Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman civil law, iv. 325.

Proculus, his extraordinary character, and his rebellion agains. Probus in
Gaul, i. 385.