TENCH. See CYPRINUS.

TENDER, in law, is an offer to pay a debt, or perform a duty. This is often pleaded in an action as a bar to the plaintiff's recovery; and where the money demanded by the plaintiff has been tendered or offered to him before the commencement of the suit, and he has refused to accept it, the plaintiff is barred of his action and costs. In pleading a tender, the defendant says, the plaintiff ought not to have his action, because, except as to so much, specifying the sum, he owes nothing to the plaintiff; and as to that sum, he has been always ready and willing to pay it, and before the commencement of the suit, tendered and offered it to the plaintiff, and that he refused it; which sum of money he of course brings into court, to be paid to the plaintiff, if he will accept the same; and this bringing money into court on a plea of tender, is done without a special motion. In all other cases the leave of the court must be had, before money can be brought into court. The rule under which this leave is granted is, as in the case of an ejectment by a mortgage, founded upon a particular act of parliament. In other cases it is founded upon the discretionary power vested in the court. By the discretionary rule it is sometimes ordered, that upon bringing money into court all proceedings in an action shall be stayed. At other times it is ordered that the money brought into court shall be struck out of the plaintiff's declaration, and that the plaintiff shall not, at the trial of the issue, be permitted to give any evidence as to this money. This rule, by which the money brought into court is ordered to be struck out of the declaration, is from its being more frequently granted, than that by which it is ordered that the proceeding shall be stayed, called the common rule. Upon a plea of tender, the defendant must not plead the general issue, or a full denial as to the whole demand, but only to that part which is an excess above the sum tendered. And the plaintiff in answer to this must either deny the tender, or reply that there was a demand and refusal, which is a sufficient answer to the plea that states the defendant was always ready to pay. If bank notes have been offered, and no objection made on that account, it has been considered by the

Court of King's Bench as a good tender. But to constitute a tender, there must not merely be an offer by the defendant, that, if the plaintiff will take it, he will give him so much: but there must be an actual offer and readiness, accompanied with apparent ability, to pay immediately, although it is not absolutely necessary to produce the money in tale upon the table.

It is said a bank note is no tender, nor is it, if it is refused. But by a late statute, before any one can be arrested, and held to bail, the plaintiff must swear that his debt has not been tendered to him in bank notes, so that it is next to a legal tender; yet the plaintiff may sue by process, without holding to bail, and obtain judgment against the defendant, with his costs; on which the sheriff will levy, and probably tender the amount in bank notes; so that the plaintiff will be put off in an endless circle, if it is worth while to incur costs; and bank notes are now a legal tender in every thing but the name, which is, in the opinion of the best writers on political economy, a circumstance that must depreciate their real value.

TENDER, a small ship, in the service of men of war, for carrying of men, provisions, or any thing else that is necessary.

TENDONS. Membranes are those parts of the body which include some of the internal parts of animals. Many of them are extremely thin, and they possess different degrees of transparency. They become pulpy by maceration in water, and by boiling are almost entirely converted into gelatine, so that they are chiefly composed of this substance. No phosphate of lime, nor other saline matter, has been detected in the membranous substances hitherto analyzed. Tendons are reduced by boiling to a gelatinous substance, so that they are composed of a similar matter with membranes. The ligaments afford a portion of gelatine by boiling, but are not, like the two former, entirely reduced to jelly, so that some other substance besides gelatine enters into the composition of liga

ments.

TENEBRIO, in natural history, a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera. Antennæ moniliform, the last joint roundish; thorax plano-convex, margined; head projecting; shells rigid. There are about one hundred species, divided into sections. A. Feelers six, filiform; foreshanks formed for digging. B. Feelers four. One of the most remarkable spe

cies is T. mortisagus, which is black, and about an inch long; it is slow in its motions, and distinguished by the remarkably pointed appearance of the wingsheaths, which at their extremities project a little beyond the abdomen. It is found in dark, neglected places, beneath boards in cellars; and if handled, and especially if crushed, it gives out a very unpleasant smell. T. gibbosus, or, according to Dr. Shaw, T. globosus, is seen during the hottest part of summer about walls and path-ways; it is distinguished by the globular appearance of the body. T. molitor, is an insect often found in houses, is coal black, and very small. It proceeds from a larva called the meal worm, from its being commonly found in meal and bread. This is said to be the favourite food of nightingales. It remains two years before it changes into a chrysalis. These three species are inhabitants of Europe; the latter has become naturalized in America.

TENEMENT, in its common acceptation, is applied only to houses and other buildings; but in its original, proper, and legal sense, it signifies every thing that may be holden, provided it be of a permanent nature, whether it be of a substantial or of an unsubstantial and ideal kind. Thus frank tenement, or freehold, is applicable not only to lands and other solid objects, but also to offices, rents, commons, and the like; and as lands and houses are tenements, so is an advowson a tenement; and a franchise or office, a right of common, a peerage, or other property of the like unsubstantial kind, are all of them, legally speaking, tene.

ments.

TENESMUS, in medicine, a name given by medical writers to a complaint, which is a continual desire of going to stool, but without any stool being ready to be voided.

TENNE, TENNY, or TAWNY, in heraldry, a bright colour made of red and yellow mixed; sometimes also called brusk, and expressed, in engraving, by thwart or diagonal strokes or hatches, beginning from the sinister chief, like purpure, and marked with the letter T. In the coats of all below the degree of nobles, it is called tenny; but in those of nobles, it is called hyacinth; and in princes' coats, the dragon's head.

TENNIS, a play at which a ball is driven by a racket, which requires great practice to make a good player, so that nothing can be done without it; all we presume to do is, to give an insight into

the game, by which a person may not seem a total stranger to it when he happens to be in a tennis-court.

The game of tennis is played in most capital cities of Europe, particularly in France, whence we may venture to derive its origin. It is esteemed with many to be one of the most ancient games in Christendom, and long before King Charles I.'s time it was played in England. The game is as intricate as any game whatever; a person who is totally ignorant of it may look on for a month together, without being able to make out how the game is decided.

The size of a tennis-court is generally about 96 or 97 feet by 33 or 34, there being no exact dimension ascribed to its proportion, a foot more or less in length or width being of no consequence. A line or net hangs exactly across the middle, over which the ball must be struck, either with a racket or board, to make the stroke good. Upon the entrance of a tennis-court, there is a long gallery which goes to the dedans, that is, a kind of front gallery, where spectators usually stand; into which, whenever a ball is struck, it tells for a certain stroke. This long gallery is divided into four different compartments or galleries, each of which has its particular name, as follows; from the line towards the dedans are the first gallery, door, second gallery, and the last gallery, which is called the service side. From the dedans to the last gallery are the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, at a yard distance each, by which the chaces are marked, and is one of the most essential parts of the game, as will appear in the following description.

On the other side of the line are also the first gallery, door, second gallery, and last gallery, which is called the hazard-side. Every ball struck into the last gallery on this side reckons for a certain stroke, the same as the dedans. Between the second and this last gallery are the figures 1, 2, to mark the chases on the hazard-side. Over this long gallery, or these compartments, is a covering, called the penthouse, on which they play the ball from the service side, in order to begin a set of tennis, from which it is called a service. When they miss putting the ball (so as to rebound from the penthouse) over a certain line on the service-side, it is deemed a fault, two of which are reckoned for a stroke. If the ball rolls round the penthouse, on the opposite of the court, so as to fall beyond a certain line described for that pur

pose it is called passe, reckons for nothing on either side, and the player must serve again.

On the right-hand side of the court from the dedans is what they call the tambour, a part of the wall which projects, and is so contrived in order to make a variety in the stroke, and render it more difficult to be returned by the adversary; for when a ball strikes the tam bour, it varies its direction, and requires some extraordinary judgment to return it over the line. The last thing on the right-hand side is called the grill, wherein, if the ball is struck, it is also 15, or a certain stroke.

The game of tennis is played by what they call sets; a set of tennis consists of six games, but if they play what is called an advantage-set, two above five games must be won on one side or the other successively, in order to decide; or, if it comes to six games all, two games must still be won on one side to conclude the set; so that an advantage-set may last a considerable time; for which kind of sets the court is paid more than for any other.

We must now describe the use of the chaces, and by what means these chaces decide or interfere so much in the game. When the player gives his service at the beginning of a set, his adversary is supposed to return the ball; and wherever it falls after the first rebound untouched, the chace is called accordingly; for example, if the ball falls at the figure 1, the chace is called at a yard, that is to say, at a yard from the dedans: this chace remains till a second service is given; and if the player on the service-side lets the ball go after his adversary returns it, and if the ball falls on or between any of these figures or chaces, they must change sides, there being two chaces; and he who then will be on the hazard-side must play to win the first chace: which if he wins by striking the ball so as to fall, after its first rebound, nearer to the dedans than the figure 1, without his adversary's being able to return it from its first hop, he wins a stroke, and then proceeds in like manner to win the second chace, wherever it should happen to be. If a ball falls on the line with the first gallery door, second gallery, or last gallery, the chace is likewise called at such or such a place, naming the gallery-door, &c. When it is just put over the line, it is called a chace at the line. If the player on the service-side returns a ball with such force as to strike the wall on the hazard-side, so as to rebound after the

first hop over the line, it is also called a chace at the line.

The chaces on the hazard-side proceed from the ball being returned either too hard or not quite hard enough; so that the ball after its first rebound falls on this side of the blue line, or line which describes the hazard-side chaces; in which case it is a chace at 1, 2, &c. provided there is no chace depending. When they change sides, the player, in order to win this chace, must put the ball over the line any where, so that his adversary does not return it. When there is no chace on the hazard-side, all balls put over the line from the serviceside, without being returned, reckon for a stroke.

As the game depends chiefly upon the marking, it will be necessary to explain it, and to recommend those who play at tennis to have a good and unbiassed marker, for on him the whole set may depend: he can mark in favour of the one and against the other in such a manner, as will render it two to one at starting, though even players. Instead of which the marker should be very attentive to the chaces, and not be any way partial to either of the players.

This game is marked in a very singular manner, which makes it at first somewhat difficult to understand. The first stroke is called 15, the second 30, the third 40, and the fourth game, unless the players get four strokes each; in that case, instead of calling it 40 all, it is called deuce: after which, as soon as any stroke is got, it is called advantage; and in case the strokes become equal again, deuce again, till one or the other gets two strokes following, which win the game; and as the games are won, so they are marked and called; as one game love, two games to one, &c. towards the set, of which so many of these games it consists.

Although but one ball at a time is played with, a number of balls are made use of at this game, to avoid trouble, and are handed to the players in baskets for that purpose; by which means they can play as long as they please, without ever having occasion to stoop for a ball.

TENON, in building, &c. the square end of a piece of wood, or metal, diminished by one third of its thickness, to be received into a hole in another piece, called a mortise, for the jointing or fastening the two together. made in various forms, square, dovetailed for double mortises, and the like.

It is

TENOR, or TENORE, in music, the first mean or middle part, or that which is the ordinary pitch of the voice, when neither raised to a treble, nor lowered to a bass. The tenor is commonly marked in thorough bass with the letter T. This is that part which almost all grown persons can sing; but as some have a greater compass of voice upwards, others downwards, others are confined to a kind of medium, and others can go equally high or low; hence musicians make a variety of tenors, as a low, a high, a mean, a natural tenor, to which may be added, a violin tenor, &c. for instruments.

TENSE, TIME, in grammar, an inflection of verbs, whereby they are made to signify or distinguish the circumstance of time in what they affirm.

TENSION, the state of any thing stretched, as a line, &c. Thus animals sustain and move themselves by the tension of their muscles and nerves: a chord, or musical string, gives an acuter or deeper sound, as it is in a greater or less degree of tension, that is, more or less stretched.

TENT, in surgery, a roll of lint worked into the shape of a nail, with a broad flat head.

TENTER, a machine used in the cloth manufacture, to stretch out the pieces of cloth, stuff, &c. or only to make them even, and set them square. It is usually about four feet and a half high, and for length exceeds that of the longest piece of cloth. It consists of several long pieces of wood, placed like those which form the barriers of a manege; so that the lower cross piece of wood may be raised or lowered, as is found requisite, to be fixed at any height, by means of pins. Along the cross pieces, both the upper and under one, are hooked nails, called tenter hooks, driven in from space to space.

TENTHREDO, in natural history, sawfly, a genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera: mouth with a horned curved mandible, toothed within, the jaw straight and obtuse at the lip, the lip cylindrical bifid; four feelers, unequal filiform; wings tumid, the lower one less; sting composed of two serrate laminæ, and almost secreted. There are about one hundred and fifty species, in divisions, distinguished by the antennæ. A. antennæ clavate; B. antennæ inarticulate, thicker at the tip; C. antennæ pectinate; in D, they are filiform, with from seven to nine articulations; in E, they are filiform, with numerous articulations. The larva of the insects of this genus feed on the

leaves of various plants: the female uses her sting in the manner of a saw, hence the common name. It cuts out spaces in the twigs or buds of trees, for the purpose of depositing her eggs. The larvæ resemble those of the order Lepidoptera, or real caterpillars, from which they may be distinguished by their more numerous feet, which are never fewer than sixteen, though they are sometimes found with as many as twenty-eight. It feeds on the leaves of plants, and when touched, rolls itself up spirally. The pupa is folliculate; the eggs increase in size every day till the larva burst from them. The larvæ of the smaller species are often injurious to different kinds of esculent vegetables.

TENURE, the manner whereby lands or tenements are holden, or the service that the tenant owes to his lord. Under the word tenure is included every holding of an inheritance; but the signification of this word, which is a very extensive one, is usually restrained by coupling other words with it; this is sometimes done by words, which denote the duration of the tenant's estate: as if a man hold to himself and his heirs, it is called tenure in fee-simple. At other times the tenure is coupled with words, pointing out the instrument by which an inheritance is held: thus, if the holding be by copy of court roll. At other times this word is coupled with others, that show the principal service by which an inheritance is held; as where man held by knight's service, it is called tenure by knight's service.

TERAMNUS, in botany, a genus of the Diadelphia Decandria class and order. Natural order of Papilionaceæ, or Leguminosæ. Essential character: keel very small, concealed within the calyx; stamina alternate, five-barren; stigma sessile, headed. There are two species, viz. T. volubulis, and T. uncinatus, both natives of Jamaica.

TEREBELLA, in natural history, a genus of the Vermes Mollusca class and order. Body oblong, creeping, naked, often inclosed in a tube furnished with lateral fascicles or tufts, and branchiæ, mouth placed before, furnished with lips, without teeth, and protruding a clavate proboscis; feelers numerous, ciliate, capillary, seated round the mouth. There are eleven species.

TEREDO, in natural history, ship-worm, a genus of the Vermes Testacea class

and order. Animal a terebella, with two calcareous hemispherical valves before, and two lanceolate ones behind; shell tapering, flexuous, and capable of penetrating wood. There are three species. T. navalis, shell very thin, cylindrical, smooth; found on the sides and bottoms of ships, and the stoutest oak pales, which have remained some time under water, and was imported from India. The destruction which these worms effect under water is almost equal to that of the Termes, or white ant, on land. (See TERMES.) The shell is more or less twisted, rather obtuse at the tip, and from four to six inches long. They will appear, on a very little consideration, to be most important beings in the great chain of creation, and pleasing demonstrations of the infinitely wise and gracious power which formed, and still preserves, the whole in such wonderful order and beauty; for if it was not for the rapacity of these and such animals, tropical rivers, and indeed the ocean itself would be choked with the bodies of trees which are annually carried down by the rapid torrents, as many of them would last for ages, and probably be productive of evils, of which, happily, we cannot in the present harmonious state of things form any idea; whereas now, being consumed by these animals, they are more easily broken in pieces by the waves; and the fragments which are not devoured become specifically lighter, and are consequently more readily and more effectually thrown on shore, where the sun, wind, insects, and various other instruments speedily promote their entire dissolution. These animals are only

found in salt water.

TERM, in geometry and algebra, is the extreme of any magnitude, or that

which bounds and limits its extent. Thus the terms of a line, are points; of a superficies, lines; of a solid, superficies. The terms of an equation, are the several names or members of which it is composed, separated from one another by the signs + or -, Thus the quantity a z+2bc-3 a z1 consists of three terms, a z and 2 b c and 2 a z2. In an equation, the terms are the parts which contain the several powers of the same unknown letter or quantity: for if the same unknown quantity be found in several members in the same degree or power, they pass for one term, which is called compound, in distinction from a simple or single term; thus in the equation x3+ VOL. XII.

a

- 3 b x2 — a c xb, the four terms are x3 and a-3 b. x2 and a cx and 63; of which the second term a-36 x is compound, and the other three are simple terms. The terms of a product, or of a fraction, or of a ratio, or of a proportion, &c. are the several quantities employed in forming or composing them: thus the terms of the product a bare a and b of the fraction they are 7 and 9:- of the ratio 8:9 they are 1 and 9: and of the proportion a:b::x:y, the terms are a, b, x, and y.

TERM, in the arts, or TERM of art, is a word, which, besides the literal and popular meaning which it has, or may have, in common language, bears a further and peculiar meaning in some art or science.

TERM, in logic. A proposition is said to consist of two terms, i. e. two principal and essential words, the subject and the attribute.

TERMS, are those spaces of time in which the courts of justice are open for all that complain of wrongs or injuries, and seek their rights by course of law or action, in order to their redress, and during which the courts in Westminster high court of Parliament, the Chancery, Hall sit and give judgment, &c. But the and inferior courts, do not observe the terms; only the courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, the highest courts at common law. Of these terms, there are four in every year viz. Hilary Term, which begins the 23d of January, and ends the 12th of February, unless on Sundays, and then the day after; Easter Term, which begins the Wednesday fortnight after Easter-day, and ends the Monday next after Ascension-day; Trinity Term, which begins the Friday after Trinity Sunday, and ends the Wednesday fortnight after; and Michaelmas Term, which begins the 6th, and ends the 28th of November.

There are, in each of these terms, stated days, called days in bank, that is, days of appearance in the Court of Common Pleas, called usually bancum, or commune bancum, to distinguish it from bancum regis, or the Court of King's Bench. They are generally at the distance of about a week from each other, and regulated by some festival of the church. On some of these days in bank, all original writs must be made returnable, and therefore they are generally called the returns of that term; the first return in every term is, properly speaking, the first day in that

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