4. The plural of the masculine of adjectives is generally formed by the addition of an s. Ces écoliers sont attentifs. Those scholars are attentive. 1. Les chevaux de notre ami sont-ils rétifs ? 2. Ses chevaux ne sont pas rétifs, mais ses mules sont très rétives. 3. Les chevaux et les mules de votre frère sont excellents. 4. Vos sœurs sont-elles très vives? 5. Mes frères et mes sœurs sont très vifs. 6. Sont-ils souvent oisifs ? 7. Non, Monsieur, mes sœurs ne sont jamais oisives. 8. Avez-vous peur de votre frère ? 9. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai peur de personne. 10. Ne sommes-nous pas indulgents ? 11. Vous êtes indulgents, et vous avez raison. 12. Ai-je vos livres ? 13. Vous ne les avez pas, vous avez ceux de mon frère aîné. 14. Ne les avez-vous pas ? 15. Je ne les ai pas. 16. Avez-vous une bonne paire de bas de laine? 17. J'ai une belle paire de bas de soie. Avez-vous les bonnes maisons ou les mauvaises? 19. Je n'ai ni les bonnes ni les mauvaises, j'ai celles de ma cousine. 20. Le travail est-il agréable? 21. Le travail est utile et agréable. 22. Avez-vous mes beaux souliers de maroquin? 23. Je n'ai pas vos beaux souliers de maroquin, j'ai vos belles pantoufles de velours. 24. Avez-vous les pantoufles de votre sœur, ou les miennes ? 25. Je n'ai ni les vôtres ni celles de votre sœur, j'ai celles de l'Allemande. EXERCISE 22. 18. 1. Are your brothers and sisters very (bien) quick ? 2. My brothers are quick, but my sisters are not quick. 3. Have you not two restive horses ? 4. No, but I have a restive mule. 5. Have you not two good pairs of silk gloves? 6. I have a good pair of cotton gloves, and two pairs of silk gloves. 7. 5. The terminations s and x are not changed for the plural Are you not afraid of your friends? 8. No, Sir, I am never masculine. Nos fruits sont mauvais, Vos oiseaux sont hideux. Our fruits are bad. 6. To the termination eau, x is added for the plural masculine. Vos champs sont très beaux, Your fields are very fine. 7. The termination al is generally changed into aux for the plural masculine [§ 18 (3)]. Les hommes sont égaux. Men are equal. afraid of my friends. 9. I am afraid of nobody. 10. Are you right or wrong? 11. I am right. 12. Have you my beautiful leather slippers, or my old satin slippers? 13. I have your old leather shoes and your velvet slippers. 14. Are those ladies pleased? 15. Those ladies are pleased, and they are right. 16. Has the German lady your father's shoes or mine? 17. She has neither his nor yours, she has my sister's. 18. Has your elder brother good houses or bad? 19. His houses are better than yours and than mine.* 20. Are his houses old? 21. His houses are old, but they are good. 22. Have you them? 23. No, Sir, I have them not, I have no houses. 24. Have you my brother's or my sister's? 25. Your sister has 8. For more explicit rules and for exceptions, see § 18, hers and my mother's. 26. Are your scholars attentive? 27. Second Part. Elle n'est pas, Nous ne sommes Thou art not. He is not. She is not. We are not. You are not. They are not. Negatively and Interrogatively. Ne suis-je pas ? N'es-tu pas ? N'êtes-vous pas ? Am I not? Are you not? My scholars are very attentive and very studious. 28. Are them not. SECTION XIII.-PLACE OF THE ADJECTIVES; RELATIVE 1. The adjective in French follows the noun much more Ne sont-elles pas ? f. Are they not? frequently than it precedes it [§ 84 (1)]. Nos parents ont des chapeaux Our relations have black hats. noirs. Vous avez des pommes douces. Cette dame espagnole a un enfant boiteux. You have sweet apples. That Spanish lady has a lame child. EXERCISE 24. 1. Has your brother Arabian horses ? 2. Yes, Sir, he has some. 3. Has he handsome ones? 4. Yes, Sir, he has handsome ones. 5. Are the good Americans wrong? 6. No, Miss, they are not wrong, they are right. 7. Have you a French shawl? 8. Yes, Sir, I have one, I have a handsome French 5. 3rd: Almost all adjectives ending in al, able, ible, ique, shawl. 9. Has your innkeeper your silver knife or mine? and if. 6. Some adjectives have a different meaning according to their position before or after the noun [§ 84 (14)]. Un brave homme, a worthy man. Un homme brave, a brave man. 7. En is used for the English words some or any, expressed or understood, but not followed by a noun; en has also the sense of it, of them, thereof, generally understood in English sentences, particularly in answers to questions [§ 40 (17), § 101, § 107 (2)]. 8. An adjective used substantively, and having a partitive signification (in a sentence containing the pronoun en), must be preceded by the preposition de in the same manner as if the noun were expressed [see R. 4, Sect. 6]. Avez-vous de bonnes plumes? MISCELLANEOUS Avez-vous de beaux jardins? Il n'en a pas, mais ma sœur en a. N'a-t-elle pas aussi une robe blanche? Qui, elle en a une. Non, elle n'en a pas. Qui en a une ? Qui n'en a pas ? Le boucher n'a-t-il pas de la viande fraiche ? Il en a; il n'en a pas. Il en a beaucoup. Il n'en a guère. Il en a deux livres. Have you good pens? No, but I have bad ones. EXAMPLES. 10. He has neither yours nor mine, he has his sister's handsome steel knife. 11. Has the Belgian a good guitar? 12. He has an excellent French guitar. 13. He has an excellent one. 14. Has the gentleman amusing books? 15. Yes, Sir, he has two. 16. Has the general French or Arabian horses? 17. He has neither French nor Arabian horses, he has English horses. 18. Who has Arabian horses? 19. The Arabian has some. 20. Has the Englishman any? 21. The Englishman has some. 22. Has your friend's sister a good steel pen? 23. My friend's 24. Are you not sister has one, but my relations have none. 25. Yes, Madam, I am wrong. 26. Are those wrong, Sir? knives English? 27. No, Sir, they are Belgian. 28. Have you relations? 29. I have two, and they are here (ici). 30. Has the English butcher meat? 31. Yes, Sir, he has much. 32. Has he much money? 33. He has but little. 34. Has the Belgian general brave soldiers? 35. Yes, Sir, he has good ones. SECTION XIV.-PLAN OF THE EXERCISES IN COMPOSING Hitherto the student has been occupied exclusively in acquiring facts, forms, and principles, and in translating, by the aid of these, French into English, and again English into French. Following still the plan of the work, let him now undertake the higher business of endeavouring to compose in French. With this intent, let him take some of the words given for this purpose in the following lists, and seek to incorporate them in sentences entirely his own. The words taken from the lists are to be used merely as things suggestive He has none, but my sister has of thought. The form which, in any given case, the sentence Have you fine gardens? Yes, I have fine ones. Has not your brother black shoes? some. Has she not also a white dress? Yes, she has one. No, she has none. Who has one? Who has none? Has not the butcher fresh meat? He has some; he has none. 1. Avez-vous une bonne guitare? 2. Oui, Monsieur, j'ai une guitare excellente. 3. Avez-vous de bons habits? 4. Oui, Madame, j'ai de bons habits noirs et de belles robes blanches. 5. Votre mère n'a-t-elle pas un châle de soie? 6. Oui, Mademoiselle, elle en a un de soie et un de laine. 7. L'aubergiste a-t-il de bons chevaux anglais ? 8. L'aubergiste a des chevaux anglais, français, et arabes. 9. Il en a de superbes. 10. L'ami de votre frère a-t-il des bijoux d'or? 11. Oui, Monsieur, il en a. 12. A-t-il aussi des bijoux d'argent? 13. Il en a aussi. 14. En a-t-il beaucoup ? 15. Non, Monsieur, il n'en a guère. 16. Votre ami a-t-il des parents? 17. Oui, Monsieur, il en a. 18. Ce monsieur a-t-il une bonne plume d'acier ou une belle plume d'or? 19. Il en a une d'acier et nous en avons une d'or. 20. Le général n'a-t-il pas de bons soldats? 21. Il en a de très braves. 22. Les Américains n'ont-ils pas de bonne terre ? 23. Ils en ont d'excellente. 24. Le marchand a-t-il des couteaux anglais ou français ? 25. Les couteaux du marchand ne sont ni anglais ni français, ils sont belges. may assume, should be determined by the models found in the Sections preceding; for, every sentence which the pupil has once mastered in the regular course of the Sections is or should be to him a model on which he may at pleasure build other constructions of his own. Indeed, this constructing sentences according to models, that is, shaping one's thoughts according to the forms and idioms peculiar to a foreign tongue, is the true and only secret of speaking and writing that language well. The pupil, therefore, as he passes along in the ordinary course of the Sections, should frequently be found applying his knowledge in the way of actually composing independent sentences. In this way he will soon acquire a facility and accuracy in the language, which is hardly otherwise attainable at all. LIST OF WORDS FOR EXERCISES IN COMPOSING. The words in the following lists are given as suggestive of thought. In conducting the exercise a particular word is selected, as Relieur (Bookbinder), and the student is required to compose a French sentence containing this term. He is duly notified that he is at liberty to take any thought suggested by the word, and to produce a sentence of any form found in any of the Sections: regard being had all along to all the Rules, Notes, Exceptions, &c., that may bear upon the case. Thus, adopting as a model the sentence, Votre marchand est bien obligeant (Sect. 15, Examples), or, Le Danois a-t-il quelques pommes ? (Sect. 16, R. 6), &c., &c., let him endeavour to produce others of the like kind. A little practice will render the exercise both easy and interesting. It will soon come to be easy to incorporate not only one, but two, three, or more of the words taken from the lists. I. PROFESSIONS ET MÉTIERS (Professions and Trades). Acteur, m. actor Apothicaire, m. apothecary Fripier, m. huckster Maréchal ferrant, m. farrier, shoe ing-smith Moissonneur, m. reaper Orfèvre, m. gold and silversmith HISTORIC SKETCHES.-III. "DOWN WITH THE NORMANS!"-II. IN Wales, too, there were signs of desperate resistance to be Pâtre, m. shepherd, herdsman Fruitière, f. fruit-woman, i.e., green- Prédicateur, m. preacher Graveur, m. engraver grocer Gantier, m. glover Horloger, m. maker Prêtre, m. priest Raffineur de sucre, de sel, m. refiner But Edrik the Forester, a young and energetic Saxon gentleman, was beforehand with him; he skilfully won over several Welsh chieftains, hitherto the deadly enemies of the Saxons, to unite in a common effort against the common foe; and by com clock and watch- Ramoneur de cheminées, m. chim.bining his forces with theirs he defeated Fitz Scrob and his Imprimeur, m. printer noy-sweeper Relieur, m. bookbinder Artère, f. artery Barbe, f. beard Bouche, f. mouth Bras, m. arm Cils, m.p. eyelashes Côte, f, rib Crane, m. skull Cuisse, f. thigh Doigt, m. finger Dos, m. back Epaule, f. shoulder Epine du dos, f. spine Front, m. forehead Genou, m. knee Gorge, f. throat Hanche, f. hip Jambe, f. leg Muscle, m. muscle Nerf, m. nerve Nez, m. nose Palais, m. palate Pouce, m. thumb followers in a series of small encounters, and drove them south of the Bristol Channel. The midland counties caught the infection, and all northern and western England grew into a state of ferment. William, who had returned to Normandy, hurried over on hearing the news, and set out from London with a wellappointed army for the west country. He laid siege to Exeter, which had yet been held for the Saxon king, and the "citizens surrendered the town because their thanes deceived them." The fall of Exeter laid the west open to the conquerors, Somersetshire and Gloucestershire yielded, and the Normans proceeded at once to divide the land and the people among them. Those of the natives who resolved to break rather than bend before their enemies, withdrew to the north, where in the thick forests and difficult country they hoped to hold their own for an indefinite time. Edwin and Morkar, repenting of their submission, and resolving now to cast in their lot with the others, escaped from London, and fled to the north of the Humber. As yet no Normans had crossed that river-the country beyond it was known but by hearsay. Between the patriots and the Welsh a constant communication was kept up; intelligence was had with the malcontent in all parts of the kingdom, and there were signs of a general intention to throw off the Norman yoke. Numbers of men swore not to sleep under a roof until they had worked the deliverance of the nation. A plot was discovered to murder all the Norman garrisons throughout England, on the first day of Lent. Edgar, the rightful king, came to the north, and made an alliance with Malcolm Kenmore, King of Scotland. The hatred for the foreigners was about to burst forth in practical fury, when William anticipated it, and suddenly took the field. He marched to Oxford, and was refused admittance. He sapped the walls and took the place by storm, massacred the inhabitants, and destroyed more than half the houses. Without delay he marched to Warwick, took it, and then destroyed Leicester. Derby and Nottingham also fell into his hands. Lincoln capitulated, and the victorious troops marched towards York. On the banks of the Humber a bloody battle was fought; the English dealt like desperate men, but in vain, musta-against the mail-clad disciplined bands of the invaders. They were defeated with great slaughter, and fled to York for shelter. Thither the Normans pursued them, and entering the city with them, put all they found to the sword, "killing all, from the child in arms to the old man." The remnant that escaped by sea reached Scotland, and were joined by Edwin and Morkar, who had now fully committed themselves to the struggle. Hither," says Matthew of Westminster, "retired Edwin and Morkar, the noble chiefs, and other men of distinction, bishops, priests, men of every rank, sad to find their cause the weakest, but not resigned to slavery." York was fortified as a stronghold for the conquerors, and the poor Saxons were made to work at the buildings which were to be their bridle. But by this time many of the Normans had begun to get weary of a contest which seemed interminable. They longed to revisit their homes and their families, and, to the great disgust of William, some of the most powerful knights returned to Normandy. Their departure was made the occasion for a hostile descent upon the western coast by the two sons of Harold. They had found refuge from the Norman tyranny in Ireland, and now that the time seemed propitious, Edmund, one of the brothers, sailed up the Avon, laid siege to Bristol, and, failing to take it, sailed along the coast till he found means of landing in Somersetshire. All the Saxon population rose at his * approach. Devonshire and Dorsetshire joined him, and successfully engaged the Norman troops under Dreux de Montaign, who was sent to oppose them. Encouraged by success, Edmund sailed again to Ireland for his brother and fresh troops, and coming back, entered the mouth of the Tamar, and at once marched into the country. The enemy had used the interval allowed them; they met the English with unexpected force, gave them battle, and totally defeated them. Edmund and Godwin fled to their ships, and their unfortunate followers who were captured were horribly mutilated by the merciless Normans. William himself set his army in motion, and, by his own hand or that of his lieutenants, entirely subdued the whole south-west of England. The operations of the Saxons were confined to attacks on outposts or detached corps-they led a wandering life, protected only by the fastnesses to which they retired. "Down with the Normans!" no longer resounded through this conquered district, though it was muttered in curses, not loud but deep, for years afterwards. While this was being done in the west, news had come to William that unless succours were quickly sent, William Malet would not answer for the safety of York. The citizens were in league with their countrymen outside, and had dared to make an attempt on the fortresses the Normans were building. William marched against the rebels, overpowered them, and put numbers of them to a cruel death. He then contemplated the subjugation of the country between York and Durham, and sent forward his trusted friend, Robert de Comines, with a small army to do the work. De Comines advanced without resistance to Durham, entered the city, massacred many of the unarmed men, and took up his quarters in the best places. But the Northmen had only bided their time. While the Normans slept in proud security, the Tyne folk lighted signal fires on all the hills. By daybreak a great multitude of Saxons appeared at the gates, forced them, and rushing in, attacked the Normans on every side. In vain was the most heroic resistance; the natives knew the narrow streets, and the Normans did not. They were pursued without mercy from place to place; barricades were overcome, defences thrown down; and when the Normans desperately defended the bishop's palace where they had strengthened themselves, the Saxons set fire to the building, and destroyed Robert de Comines, 1,200 men-at-arms, and a large number of foot-soldiers who had come with them. Never was the national cry so terribly re-echoed. The Norman heart so quailed before it after this disaster, that the force sent to punish the victors positively refused to advance beyond Northallerton, believing that the Saxons were protected by supernatural powers. Flushed with success, the native chiefs ventured, in 1069, to march to the southward. On their earnest solicitations, they were joined by the son of the King of Denmark, and six other Danish princes, who, having failed to surprise Dover and Norwich, sailed up the Humber, and were joined by the English from all the country round. The rightful king Edgar came with the principal of the refugees from Scotland, and the allied Saxons and Danes marched upon York. The Normans shut themselves up in the castles they had built, and offered the most desperate resistance; but the patriots, aided by the inhabitants of the city, assaulted and carried the castles, putting many hundreds of the Frenchmen to death. Waltheof, son of Earl Siward-the same who was sent with 10,000 men to unseat Macbeth from his usurped throne-lay in wait at one of the gates of the castle, and with his own hand slew a score of Norman knights. Edgar was once more acknowledged king, and from Humber to Tweed he reigned without dispute. But William was soon on his way to take vengeance for all this. He had sworn not to lay aside his lance until he had killed all the Northumbrians, and as far as he could he kept his vow. He first bought the Danish admiral to play the traitor, and got him to leave the kingdom with his ships. He then marched northwards by forced marches to York, overcame the valorous resistance of the garrison, and put them all to the sword. Penetrating into Northumbria, the Normans swept like locusts over the land. Towns and villages were utterly destroyed, the crops standing in the fields were burned, the flocks and herds were wantonly slaughtered, and men, women, and children were involved in one common horrible ruin. As many as 100,000 human beings are computed to have been sacrificed to this stroke of barbarous policy, and the curse and blight of the Normans were evident on the land for 200 years afterwards. William scoured the country to the foot of the great Roman wall, and then returned to York to keep Christmas. After this there was no general resistance to the Norman power in the north. The better to secure its submission, William parcelled the country out among his principal followers, and in some cases gave grants of lands and offices to a few Saxon chiefs whose homage was desirable. These last were at once hated of their countrymen, and one of them, Kopsi, who had been formerly opposed to Harold, and had therefore been expelled by the Northumbrians, fell a victim to his treason and the Englishmen's rage. He was surprised one day while at dinner by a large number of them, and slain on the spot. 66 The conquest of the north was soon followed by the submission of the inhabitants of the north-western counties. Edgar, Waltheof, Morkar, Edwin, and Gospatrick once more gave in their allegiance. Edrik the Forester, who had withstood the Normans on the Severn, was captured, and his army dispersed; and the invaders passed over into Wales, and commenced among the mountains the conquest which was finished by Edward I. Frenchmen flocked over in families to enjoy the prey which the conquerors had seized; they laid hands on all that was to be taken, and glutted themselves with the property of the unhappy English. Only about York and the country northward to Dur ham they hesitated to settle, for they had made a howling waste of it, and were afraid to contemplate the mischief they had done, or, as is more likely, they feared to starve amid the desolation their own hands had made. Elsewhere, they were as death and could not be satisfied." The people they drove out, and those who escaped massacre betook themselves to the hills and forests, lived wandering lives, sustained by the hope of doing injuries to the Normans as long as they could, and lifted their hand against every man, as every man's hand was against them. A considerable number of them despairing of working their country any good, and scorning to live under the foreigners' rale, stole away under the command of Siward of Gloucestershire, and offered their services to the Emperor of Constantinople. Their fine stalwart frames and strength, unweakened by refined civilisation, were an important acquisition to the Greeks. They were enrolled in the body-guard of the emperor, and constituted what was subsequently known as the Varangian guard. But a remnant yet remained, of men often defeated but never conquered, who ignored the meaning of despair, and knew not what it was to surrender. They retired to the marshy country in the northern part of Cambridgeshire, and fixed their abode on the Isles of Ely, Thorney, and Croyland. These places they fortified in the strongest possible way, adding human ingenuity to the obstacles which the boggy ground and treacherous morasses of the fens offered to an attacking enemy. They connected their different depôts by a chain of rude forts, and manned them with brave men bent on selling their lives at the highest possible price. The Camp of Refuge-such was the name given to it was the rendezvous for all the noble spirits of the land. Day by day came chiefs and prelates, dispossessed proprietors, and the spoiled people generally, bringing with them the wrecks of their property, their church plate, their money, and their arms, and last, not least, an unquenchable hatred for the Normans. The clergy especially flocked thither, and by precept and example encouraged the laity to do their utmost. William, unable to get at them in their stronghold, denounced the clergy as unworthy, and the others as traitors. He easily procured bulls and authority from Rome, ordering the expulsion of the Saxon prolates from their sees. He gave their benefices to Norman ecclesiastics, conspicuous above the soldiers by their greed and hankering; and hurled threats of direst vengeance against the chiefs who supported them. The Saxon saints and martyrs were vilified and insulted, exceptions being made in the cases of a few, as St. Cuthbert and St. John of Beverley, of whose power the Normans believed they had felt the effect. The bold stand made in the marshes, and the uneasy bearing in some of the other parts of the country, induced William to pause. He resolved to strike and attempt to conciliate at the same time. He published throughout the country that the people should have again the laws of Edward the Confessor, that is, not any special code made by that king, but the laws which were in force during his reign. This was what the English were always ciamouring for, and though the Conqueror had not any intention of really granting them, he put forth his intention of doing so in order to quiet the troubled spirits. But at the same time he continued his exactions from the Saxon clergy, who had hitherto been comparatively free from violence, and showed clearly by his acts that he meant to make no concessions. The Camp of Refuge began to attract his serious attention. Stigand, the deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, a man of daring courage and exalted genius, Edwin, and Morkar, Frithrik, abbot of St. Albans, and many more, had joined it, and a man whose name was long remembered with fear by the Normans, was just about to take the command of it. This was Hereward the Saxon. His father had owned an estato at Bourne, in South Lincolnshire, from which he had been ousted; his mother was made to endure the indignities which all Saxon ladies were subject to; and Hereward's inheritance was given over to a stranger. He had been for some time settled in Belgium, but hearing from English fugitives what had happened at home, he has tened away, and arrived on his estate without being suspected. At once he made himself known to his friends who survived, and putting himself at their head, proceeded to expel the intruders. In this he was completely successful; and anticipating the attacks which were sure to be made on him, he fell with fury on the neighbouring garrisons, drove them out, and soon filled all England with his fame. The chiefs of the adjacent Camp of Refuge, admiring his prowess, offered him the command, and he went with his followers into the camp. There, for many months, despite the most persevering attempts to starve him out, or force him to surrender, Hereward maintained his position. He burst suddenly on the workmen who were making roads over the marshes, cut off detached columns of the enemy's soldiers, and waged a wasting war upon the strength of William. It is impossible to say what more might have been done, had not treason effected what force could not do. The monks of a monastery in the Isle of Ely, unable to endure hunger, or won over by the promises of the enemy, showed a way across the marshes by which the soldiers could come. On a sudden, the king's troops were poured into the camp, and putting 1,000 Englishmen to the sword, made themselves masters of it. The remainder, excepting Hereward and a few more, laid down their arms. Hereward escaped by secret paths through the morasses, and reached the lowlands of Lincolnshire. He surprised the Norman post at the neighbouring station, and possessed himself of their horses and arms. Thence he flitted from cover to cover, with about 100 men, and wherever he encountered Normans, invariably put them to death, to the cry of "Down with the Normans!" M. Thierry says: "The execution of Waltheof completed the prostration of the conquered nation. It would seem that the people had not lost all hope, so long as they saw one of their countrymen invested with great power, even though under foreign authority. After the death of the son of Siward, there was not in England, of all those invested with honours and political functions, one single man born in the country who did not look upon the natives as enemies or brute beasts." And this was a state of things that did not fail to bear bitter fruit. LESSONS IN MUSIC.-II. IT is important that the learner should become thoroughly and practically familiar with the structure of that musical" scale of all nations and of all time" which was partially described in the last lesson. The following account, by General T. Perronet Thompson, who is no less distinguished for his philosophical and learned disquisitions on the science of music than for the other great services which, by pen and speech, he has rendered to his countrymen the following account by him, of the first attempts of philosophy to measure this scale, will interest the student: * * * "The dispute upon this point (the application of science to music), is at least as old as the contest between Aristoxenus and the Pythagoreans, which dates as early as 300 years before the Christian era. ** * The opposition of Aristoxenus was, in reality, nothing but a good ear declaring itself against a faulty division. The musical mathematicians of antiquity took as many as three successive steps into the truth, but their next was a marvellous blunder. "The histories of all nations refer to very early periods the discovery that certain successions or combinations of sounds have the effect upon the ear which is implied by music; and it may be assumed that in all countries a considerable degree of practical acquaintance has been acquired with the sounds before any person has thought of investigating the cause. The story of Pythagoras listening to blacksmiths' hammers, and discovering that the different sounds had some relation to the weights, has been sufficient to secure to that philosopher the renown of being the first who sought for the explanation of musical relations in the properties of matter. The account given by Nicomachus is, that Pythagoras 'heard some iron hammers striking on an anvil, and giving out sounds that made most harmonious combinations with one another, all except one pair,' which led him to inquire what were the peculiarities of the hammers which produced these different effects. Whether this is an exact account or not, some observation of this kind appears to have speedily led to the discovery, that of strings of Being afterwards admitted to the king's peace, he lived for the same thickness and composition, and stretched by the same some time with his wife Alswitha, in peace and quietness; but weight, those gave the same musical sound (or were what is called being one day treacherously surprised while he was asleep, he in unison) which were of equal lengths;-that if of two strings in was set upon by a number of Frenchmen with lances and swords. unison, as above, one was shortened by a half, it produced a Starting up, unmailed as he was, he laid about him with pike sound which, though very far from being in unison with the and sword, sending fifteen men to their account, and breaking sound of the other, might be heard contemporaneously with it, both his weapons upon them, before he succumbed to the strokes with a strong sensation of satisfaction and consciousness of of four lances, thrust into his body at the same time. The agreement, and that the two sounds in fact bore that particular poor wretches who submitted at the Isle of Ely had their hands relation to each other by which two voices, of very different and feet cut off; of some the eyes were put out, others were kinds, like those of a man and a child, can sing the same tune shut up in prison; and with the dispersion of the Camp of or air as really as if they sang in unison, being what musicians Refuge disappeared the last regular stand in the field against have since distinguished by the title of octaves;-that if, instead the Norman power. of a half, the string were shortened by a third part, there was produced a note which, heard either in combination with or succession to the first, created one of those marked effects which all who had attained to any degree of musical execution by the guidance of the ear had treasured up as one of the most efficient weapons in the armoury of sweet sounds, being what modern musicians name the fifth;-and that if, instead of a third part it was shortened by a fourth, there was produced another note very distinct from the last, but which, like it, was immediately recognisable as one of the relations which experimental musicians had agreed in placing among their sources of delight, being the same which in modern times is called the fourth. In 1074 Waltheof, son of Siward and Earl of Northumberland, having joined with Roger, Earl of Hereford, and Raulf, Earl of Norfolk, in a rebellion which they had got up in some disgust at William, Lanfranc, in the absence of William, marched against the carls with whom Waltheof had a secret understanding, drove one out of the kingdom, and captured the other, utterly overthrowing the power of the rebels. Waltheof, though not actually in arms, seems to have been mixed up in the plot. He was accused, on the testimony of his Norman wife, Judith, niece to the Conqueror, of having invited over a Danish fleet, which appeared off the east coast, but too late to render any assistance. After a year's imprisonment in the castle at Winchester, he was condemned to die, and was beheaded, under circumstances of some cruelty, outside the walls of the city. So far, Pythagoras and his followers appear to have run well. Instead, however, of pursuing the clue of which they already had hold, and examining the effects of shortening the original string by a fifth part and by a sixth, they strayed into |