green leaves and pink blossoms of this plant are admirably rendered. as far as their form and manner of growth are concerned, in Fig. 166. The garden peas that are grown for the table are varieties of the Pisum sativum, or common cultivated pea. Many of the Leguminosa of the Old World contain an astringent juice, which, being caused to flow from incisions and dried, becomes hardened into substances employed in medicine and the arts.

Several American species are used for dyeing; for example, the so-called Brazil or Pernambuco wood is the produce of a leguminous plant, the Casalpinia echi nata. Sappan wood (Casalpinia Sappan) is another, as in like manner is logwood (Hematoxylon Campechianum, Fig. 165), and red sandal-wood (Pterocarpus santalinus). But assuredly the most important of all the leguminous dye materials is indigo (Fig. 167), the produce of the Indigofera tinctoria, a native of tropical Asia, but now cultivated in many other tropical regions. Blue indigo, however, does not exist ready formed in the indigo plant, but is procured from it by submitting the plants to a sort of fermentation. The chemical nature of indigo is very peculiar, differing from all other dye-stuffs, and does not admit of being explained in few words.

The

method, however, of preparing, indigo blue may be described briefly as follows:-The plant, when sufficiently grown for the purpose, is pulled up and steeped in water, as we steep flax for the preparation of linen yarn, until fermentation takes place. A yellow solution is thus procured, which is drawn off from the decaying vegetable matter, and exposed to the air. In course of time a precipitate of a dark-blue colour is obtained-the indigo of commerce -which is dried and pressed into lumps for exportation. Indigo is obtained principally from Hindostan and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. The plant is also cultivated in Central America.

The so-called aloes wood is a resinous aromatic wood furnished by a leguminous tree which grows in certain mountainous regions of Cochin China. Its botanical name is Aloexylon Agallochum.

168

there except in hot-houses; but we have, at least. the delicate blossomed, odour-diffusing sweet pea.

SECT. XXXIV.-BORAGINACEAE, OR THE BORAGE TRIBE. Although it will be impossible in this work to do more than

167

mention the names of many naturai or ders of plants, a detailed list of which will be given in a tabular form at the end of these lessons, yet we may find space for a description of the order which contains that universal favourite, the myosotis, or forget-me-not. Charac teristics: Calyx free, with five divisions; corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, regular five-lobed; stamens five, inserted on the tube of the corolla alternate with the divisions; carpels four, style one; seeds one in each carpel, dicotyledonous, little or no albumen; radicle superior.

This is the tribe of plants which Linnæus termed Asperifolia, on account of the hair-like projections with which their leaves and stems are studded. Prominent among these vegetables is borage; hence the modern term Boraginaceæ, now applied to the order.

Remark the peculiar fashion in which the flowers of a forget-me-not grow. The stem which bears them is coiled up like the main-spring of a watch, and as the flowers grow the coils unfold. This kind of inflorescence is denominated by the botanist gyrate, from the Latin gyro, to move in a circle, and is as distinctive of the borage tribe and certain allies as the minute characteristics enumerated in our definition.

Copal resin, a valuable constituent of many varnishes, is the produce of a leguminous vegetable, of which the name and even the true locality were long unknown. The tree yielding it is now demonstrated to be the Hymenaa verrucosa, a native of Madagascar, and called by the natives Tanrouk-rouki. Balm of Peru, balsam of tolu, and gum tragacanth, are also the produce of various species of Leguminosa. This is a long list of products of plants used in medicine and dyeing, but we might fill whole pages in this way, so fertile in medicinal products are the Leguminosa. Suffice it to say, that tamarinds, cassia, senna, gum-arabic, and catechu (one sort), are all the produce of vegetables belonging to this natural order. None of these medicinal and highly odorous species are natives of our temperate clime, or admit of being grown

Let us now pay attention to the flower. The calyx consists of five sepals, which remain joined to each other to the extent of half the flower, thus constituting the tube. The border of the corolla is also divided into five lobes. Lastly, we observe five stamens and an ovary, from which springs one style, terminated by a double stigma. In correspondence with four lobes of the ovary, we observe four nut-like bodies which used to be mistaken for seeds, but are really fruits. The peculiarities of the fruit and the inflorescence (gyrate) are the grand distinctive characteristics of the borage natural order, the members of which are all harm. less, and many of them the sources of valuable dyeing materials. We insert a drawing (Fig. 168) of the bugloss or ox. tongue (Anchusa officinalis), 9 plant belonging to this order.

A decoction of the roots of the bugloss was once much used as a demulcent drink. From the roots of another plant of this order, called the alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria), a resinous dye of a red colour is obtained. The borage (Borago officinalis), from which, as we have said, the name of the order is taken, is supposed to possess some cooling property, and its leaves and flowers are often put into "cool tankards," or drinks made of wine, water, sugar, and lemons. The young leaves may be used in salads, or they may be boiled and eaten like spinach. The blossoms of plants belonging to the borage tribe are, for the most part, of a beautiful blue of a deeper tint than the flowers of the forget-me-not.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Durch diese hohle Gasse muß er kommen. (Schiller.) Es giebt keinen schö'neren Tod, als den für's Va'terland.

Through this hollow way must he come.

There is not a nobler death than that for one's country. Ohne die Hülfe Gottes vermö'gen Without the help of God we wir nichts zu thun. are able to do nothing. Gegen unser ei'genes Herz zu käm To combat against our Own pfen ist schwer. heart is difficult.

EXERCISE 106. 1. Durch diesen Wald ist nicht zu kommen. 2. Diese Briefe erhielt ich heute Morgen durch einen guten Bekannten. 3. Den Fluß entlang sah man die schimmernten Rüstungen der Feinde. 4. Für einen Freund muß man Alles aufzuopfern bereit sein. 5. Für dieses Betragen bestrafte der Bater den Knaben. 6. Man richtete die Kanonen gegen die Stadt. 7. Du bist in neuerer Zeit nicht mehr so offen gegen mich, als es früher der Fall war. 8. Die Feinde erschossen die Gefangenen alle ohne Ausnahme. 9. Ohne die Dazwischenkunft des Vaters hätten die Kinder ein großes Unglück anrichten können. 10. Ohne Zweifel wird mein Freund heute hier eintreffen. 11. Um die Besorgnisse der Mutter nicht noch mehr zu erhöhen, sagte er ihr nicht in allen Stücken die Wahrheit. 12. Um den Besit Schlesiens führte Maria Theresia, Kaiserin von Öftreich, sieben Jahre lang Krieg mit Friedrich II., König von Preußen. 13. Gegen diese Krankheit gibt es keine Arzenei. EXERCISE 107.

1. Nothing is done but through the permission of God. 2. The power of God is known throughout the world. 3. The French revolution in the last century shook the whole of Europe. 4. Several days ago I took a walk along the Rhine from Coblenz to Lahnstein. 5. Without doubt, thou wilt ask me for my opinion. 6. This lady is dressed after the French fashion. 7. I have gained nothing by his losses. 8. They all went into the country except two. 9. The ship in which we were had wind and tide against her. 10. I have seen all the villages about Paris. 11. He undertook the work for me. 12. He walked along the shore.

SECTION LVI.—PREPOSITIONS REQUIRING THE
DATIVE OR ACCUSATIVE.

The prepositions auf, hinter, über, etc. (§§ 115, 116) are construed with the dative or accusative; with the dative in answer to the question where? with the accusative in answer to the question where to ? as:-Wir wohnen auf dem Lante, we reside in the country. Der Matrose klettert auf die Spiße des Maftes, the sailor climbs up to the top of the mast. Obgleich er diese Ränke hinter meinem Rücken schmiedete, so kam ich dennoch bald hinter dieselben und vereitelte sie, although he fabricated (forged) these tricks behind my back, I soon got (came) (Sect. XXVIII. 1) behind them (the same) and frustrated them. Ein Gewitter hängt über der Stadt, a thunderstorm is hanging over the town. Ueber diesen Gegenstand möchte ich gern eine Rede halten, upon this subject I would fain make (hold) a speech.

1. An der Duelle saß der Knabe. (Schiller.) 2. An diesen Vorfall knüpfen sich viele Ereignisse. 3. Auf den Bergen ist die Luft reiner, als in den Thälern. 4. Auf die Menschen soll man sich nicht zu viel flügen. 5. Hinter jenen Mauern verschanzte sich ver Feind. 6. Hinter mich stellte sich ein Freund. 7. In diesem Hause sind viele Zimmer. 8. Ein jeder Mensch soll in sein eigenes Herz sehen. 9. Neben rem Hause steht die Scheune. 10. Seine Nichte sezte sich neben mich. 11. Ueber uns erblicken wir den Himmel. 12. Ueber die Vorzüge dieses Mannes kann ich nicht urtheilen. 13. Unter allen Freunden ist mir dieser der liebste. 14. Jesus trat unter seine Jünger und sprach: „Wer Ohren hat zu hören, der höre." 15. Vor meinen Freunden habe ich keine Geheimnisse. 16. Der Kutscher spannt die Pferde vor den Wagen. 17. Der Mond kommt oft zwischen Sonne und Erte, und die Erde zwischen Sonne und Mond zu stehen. Der Arm des Unglücklichen kam zwischen die zermalmenden Räter der Maschine. 19. Von einem Gegenstand kamen sie auf den andern. 26. Sie spannten die Ochsen an den Pflug.

EXERCISE 109.

18.

3. I saw

10. He had done

1. He climbed up a tree. 2. Virtue dwells in thee. him in church. 4. The town lay behind me. 5. My friend was at my side. 6. My sister played on the pianoforte. 7. His speech lasted over two hours. 8. A counsellor is above an advocate. 9. He hides himself behind the tree. it in a passion. 11. Let us go into the house. 12. He wished to be introduced to the family of Mr. N. 13. He got greatly into debt in a short time. 14. They went over the ice. 15. You have spilt the water over the carpet.

KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. EXERCISE 21 (Vol. I., page 135).

1. Carpenters, joiners, tailors, and masons are mechanics. 2. Miners work in the depth of the earth. 3. The English are a quiet people. 4. Industrious mechanics earn much money in America. 5. The rich man has a good coat, and the beggar a bad one. 6. The virtuous man shuns (the) vice. 7. The fortunate (man) pities the unfortunate. 8. The unlearned (woman) envies the learned. 9. The learned is not always the useful. 10. Mr. N. is in the room. 11. Madam N. is at the theatre. 12. I go with you, Sir. 13. I wish you a good morning, Miss. 14. I was yesterday in a company of ladies. 15. Mrs. N. is very lively. 16. I do not see the lady ambassadress. 17. The minister 18. The wife of the councillor of the court is in is likewise there.

mourning. 19. Good evening, Professor. 20. Where are your wife, your son, and your daughter? 21. They are at the concert. 22. From the sublime to the ridiculous is only one step. 23. The rich (man) has two houses, three men-servants, four horses, twelve oxen, and eighty sheep. 24. This huntsman has five dogs, and that (one) has eight.

EXERCISE 22 (Vol. I., page 135).

1. Die Deutschen sind ein fleißiges Volk. 2. Mein Vater kennt einen gelehrten Professor, aber einen unglücklichen. 3. Die Ungelehrte meitet die Gelehrte. 4. Der Sterbende hat ein Buch in seiner Hand. 5. Er verehrt das Schöne und das Erhabene. 6. Das Gold ist ein erles Metall, Silber ist es auch, aber Kurfer und Eisen sind es nicht. 7. Haben Sie den armen Heinrich und die kleine Helene gesehen? 8. 3hr Freund, der Gari tain, war in dem Theater. 9. Ich sehe den Herrn Oberst dort in dem Garten. 10. Guten Morgen, Herr President. 11. Ist Ihre Frau Mutter zu Hause? 12. Guten Abend, mein Herr, wo ist Ihre Fräulein Schwester und Ihr Herr Bruder?

EXERCISE 23 (Vol. I., page 151).

1. I love the neighbour's child. 2. The father has sent this letter to me. 3. I shall warn the friend. 4. I have watched the whole 5. The huntsmen were hunting yesterday night by the sick brother. morning in the forest, and will hunt this afternoon in the vicinity of the village. 6. My friend loved fame and glitter. 7. He has plucked a rose, and presented it to his (lady) friend. 8. A clever mason of this city has built this beautiful house. 9. Napoleon esteemed the brave soldier, but not the esquire or the nobleman. 10. The labours

of my youth have strengthened my body. 11. Conscience warns people from (the) sin.