and with a feeling of determination on their part to obtain as great a power of drawing the human figure as is possessed by those who made the copies they are striving to imitate. In : In Figs. 122, 123 we give specimens of the mode in which the anatomical construction of the human figure is to be studied, which we earnestly recommend our pupils to adopt, hoping they will be fully persuaded of the necessity of such a course. our explanations we do not intend to go through the whole body, but only a small portion of it, as an example of the method we recommend, deeming it quite sufficient for our purpose; after which we trust all will be able to continue the study for themselves. We advise them to make the whole of the drawing, including the bones and muscles, first with a leadpencil; then go over the outline of the bones with black ink, and the muscles with red; afterwards number the bones, and underneath write out their names. For instance (Fig. 122):1. The scapula, or shoulder-blade. 2. The humerus, the upper and large bone of the arm. 3. The olecranon, or point of the elbow. 4. The radius. 5. The ulna; the two last-named bones together form the fore-arm. The ulna and radius and the humerus form the hinge-joint at the elbow. The radius is attached by a ligament outside the elbow-joint; at the wrist it becomes the base of support for the hand: thus the arm is capable of performing a rotatory motion, and so enables us to turn the palm of the hand downward, as in Figs. 124, 125. The muscles may be treated in the same way, as follows:-6. The deltoid, the large muscle that covers the shoulder as it descends the arm; it arises from part of the clavicula, or collar-bone, and from along the upper edge of the scapula, the shoulder-blade. It is composed of several lobes or parcels of flesh, which all join in one tendon, and are inserted into the humerus, about half-way below its head. Its use is to raise the arm from the side, the first motion preparatory to striking. 7. The extensor digitorum arises from the outer protuberance of the humerus, and from the hinder part of the radius and ulna. At the wrist it divides into three tendons, which are inserted into the bones of the first three fingers. Its use, as its name signifies, is to extend the fingers-that is, to draw them back in opening the hand. If our pupils will provide themselves with some simple work on the structure of the human form, and do as we have directed them above, they will gain an amount of anatomical knowledge which will create a confidence in drawing the human figure that no other kind of practice could possibly equal. We also advise that the practice for some time should be restricted to outline only, working from good drawings, and from plaster casts especially. We purposely postpone our remarks upon shading for the present. Peintre, m. painter. Sellier, m. saddler. 2. Il ne me convient 1. Cet arrangement vous convient-il ? pas, mais il convient à notre parent. 3. Cela ne déplaît-il pas au peintre? 4. Votre conduite lui déplait beaucoup. 5. Ne craignez-vous pas d'abuser de la patience de votre ami? 6. Je crains d'en abuser. 7. Ne pensez-vous jamais à vos devoirs? 8. J'y pense tous les jours. 9. Avez-vous pensé à votre frère aujourd'hui ? 10. J'ai pensé à lui, et je me suis souvenu de ses bontés. 11. A-t-il eu soin de son père, et lui a-t-il obéi? 12. Il lui obéit constamment. 13. Ne lui a-t-il jamais désobéi? 14. Il lui a désobéi plusieurs fois, mais il gémit de sa faute, 15. Ne les remerciez-vous pas de leur complaisance? 16. Je les en remercie de tout mon cœur. 17. Le sellier vous a-t-il félicité de votre succès ? 18. Il m'en a félicité. 19. N'avezvous pas ri de notre malheur? 20. Nous n'en avons pas ri, nous ne rions jamais des malheurs d'autrui. 21. Ne vous souvenez-vous pas des nouvelles que je vous ai apprises? 22. Je ne m'en souviens plus. 23. Votre père ne vous a-t-il pas défendu de médire de votre prochain? 24. Il me l'a défendu. 25. Nous nous sommes informés de toutes les circonstances de cette affaire. EXERCISE 152. 1. Have you not abused your friend's kindness? 2. I have not abused his kindness, I have abused his patience. 3. Does not your conduct displease your parents? 4. My conduct does not please them. 5. Why have you not obeyed your father? 6. I have obeyed him (lui). 7. Have you not laughed at my mistakes? 8. I have not laughed at your mistakes. 9. Has the young man laughed at the painter's mistakes? 10. He has not laughed at his mistakes. 11. Has your saddler laughed at your cousin's misfortunes ? 12. He has not laughed at his misfortunes. 13. Do you ever laugh at the misfortunes of others ? 14. We never laugh at our neighbour's misfortunes. 15. Do you remember the lesson which you learnt yesterday? 16. I do not remember it (en). 17. Does that young lady resemble her mother? 18. She does not resemble her mother. 19. Have you thanked your friend for his kindness? 20. I have thanked him for it. 21. Has your mother forbidden you to read that book? 22. She has forbidden it (me l'a). 23. Why do you not forgive your enemies? 24. I forgive them with all my heart. 25. Do you not think of your duties? 26. I think of them (y) every day. 27. Have you congratu lated your friend? 28. I have congratulated him on his suc30. I 29. Have you not slandered those gentlemen ? never slander my neighbour. 31. Does that house suit you? 32. It suits me, but it does not suit my father. 33. Does that house suit the painter? 34. It suits him very well, but it is too small for me. cess. SECTION LXXIX.-COMPLEMENT OF ADJECTIVES (§ 85). 1. The complement of an adjective is generally a noun or a verb completing its signification. This complement is usually connected with the adjective by means of a preposition. 2. That preposition is often different in French from that connecting the corresponding English adjective with its comple ment. 3. When an adjective follows the verb être used imper sonally, the preposition de connects that adjective with its com- Il est nécessaire de travailler pour It is necessary to labour in order to 4. The following adjectives are connected with their complement by prepositions different in French and English: Amoureux de, in love Exact à, exact in. with. Bon à, good for. Bon pour, kind towards. Fâché de, sorry jor. about. Insolent avec, insolent towards. Mécontent de, displeased Poli envers, polite to. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. N'êtes-vous pas content de vos progrès ? J'en suis fort content. Are you not pleased with your pro- I am very much pleased with it. Votre domestique est-il exact à Is your servant exact in fulfilling remplir ses devoirs ? his duties? Avez-vous rempli de vin cette Have you filled that bottle with wine? bouteille ? 20. She is beloved by her friends and by her children. 21. Are 34. Henry the KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH. 1. Avez-vous besoin de votre domestique? 2. Oui, Monsieur, j'ai besoin de lui. 3. Votre beau-frère a-t-il besoin de vous? 4. Il a besoin de moi et de mon frère. 5. N'a-t-il pas besoin d'argent? 6. Il n'a pas besoin d'argent, il en a assez. 7. Votre frère est-il fâché de sa conduite? 8. Il est bien fâché de sa conduite, et bien fàché contre vous. 9. A-t-il bien soin de ses livres? 10. Il en a bien soin. 11. Combien de volumes a-t-il ? 12. Il en a plus que vous, il en a plus de vingt. 13. De quoi le jeune homme a-t-il besoin? 14. Il a besoin de ses effets. 15. Avez-vous besoin de vous reposer ? 16. Votre frère n'en est-il pas étonné? 17. Il en 19. J'ai envie de les lire, mais je n'ai pas le temps. 20. Avez-vous It is glorious to die for one's country. le temps de travailler? 21. J'ai le temps de travailler, mais je Il est très facile de blâmer les It is very easy to blame the actions of est étonné. 18. Avez-vous envie de lire les livres de votre frère? actions d'autrui. others. Il est glorieux de mourir pour sa patrie. Il est plus agréable de voyager en été qu'en hiver. n'ai pas le temps de lire. 22. Le jeune frère a-t-il soin de ses effets? It is more agreeable to travel in 23. Il en a bien soin. 24. Ce petit garçon a-t-il peur du chien? 25. Il summer than in winter. Peuple, m. people. Aubergiste, m. inn keeper. Bois à brûler, m. fire- Nettoy-er, 1. to clean. wood. Roi, m. king. 11. n'a pas peur du chien, il a peur du cheval. 26. Avez-vous besoin de pain? 27. Je n'en ai pas besoin. 28. Êtes-vous content de la conduite de votre frère? 29. J'en suis content. 30. Votre frère a-t-il envie de lire mon livre? 31. Il n'a pas envie de lire votre livre, il est fatigué. 32. Ce jeune homme est-il fâché contre vous ou contre ses amis? 33. Il n'est fàché ni contre moi, ni contre ses amis. 34. Avezvous besoin de mon dictionnaire? 35. J'ai besoin de votre dictionnaire et de celui de votre frère. EXERCISE 39 (Vol. I., page 148). 1. Does your mother like reading? 2. Yes, Miss, she likes it much 3. What hat does your nephew wear? 4. He wears a silk hat, and I wear a straw hat. 5. Does that lady love her children? 6. Yes, Sir, she cherishes them. 7. Do you furnish those merchants with goods? 8. I furnish those merchants with goods, and they give me money. 9. Do your companions like fine clothes? 10. Our companions like fine clothes and good books. 11. Are you looking for my brother? 12. Yes, Sir, I am looking for him, but I do not find him. 13. Does your brother lose his time? 14. He loses his time and money. 15. Do we always lose our time? 16. We lose it very often. 17. Do you owe much money? 18. I owe enough, but I do not owe much. 19. Do yon sell your two houses to our physician? 20. I sell only one, I keep the other for my sister-in-law. 21. Do you receive money to-day? 22. We receive but little. 23. Does your joiner finish his work early? 24. He finishes it late. 25. At what hour does he finish it? 26. He finishes it at half-past twelve. 27. We finish ours at twenty minutes to ten. 1. Ce héros n'était-il pas amoureux de la liberté et de la better than her sister. gloire? 2. Il en était amoureux. 3. Ce roi n'était-il pas chéri de son peuple? 4. Il en était chéri. 5. Ces négociants ne sont-ils pas contents de leur achat ? 6. Ils n'en sont pas contents. 7. N'êtes-vous pas chagriné de ne pouvoir nous accompagner? 8. J'en suis désolé. 9. Savez-vous de quoi l'aubergiste a rempli ce tonneau ? 10. Il l'a rempli de vin. De quoi ferez-vous remplir cette bouteille, quand vous l'aurez fait nettoyer? 12. Elle est déjà remplie d'encre. 13. N'êtesvous pas bien fâché d'avoir fait abattre vos pommiers? 14. J'en suis bien content, car ils n'étaient bons à rien. 15. N'est il pas nécessaire de faire arracher ces pruniers? 16. Il n'est pas nécessaire de les faire arracher. 17. Est-il possible de fendre ce morceau de bois? 18. Il est possible de le fendre. 19. Êtes-vous exact à nettoyer vos habits? 20. J'y suis très exact. 21. De quoi avez-vous rempli votre bourse? 22. Je l'ai remplie d'argent. 23. Est-il nécessaire de faire scier votre bois à brûler? 24. Il est nécessaire de le faire scier. 25. N'êtes-vous pas reconnaissant des services qu'on vous rend? 26. J'en suis très reconnaissant. EXERCISE 154. 2. 1. Are you not grieved with having lost your money? necessary to have our wood sawed? 6. It is necessary to have EXERCISE 40 (Vol. I., page 148). 1. Votre compagnon aime-t-il la lecture? 2. Mon compagnon n'aime pas la lecture. 3. Votre père aime-t-il les bons livres? 4. Il aime les bons livres et les bons habits. 5. Devez-vous plus de vingt dollars? 6. Je n'en dois que dix, mais mon frère en doit plus de quinze. 7. Avez-vous tort de finir votre travail de bonne heure? 8. J'ai raison de finir le mien be bonne heure, et vous avez tort de ne pas finir le vôtre. 9. Recevez-vous beaucoup d'argent aujourd'hui ? 10. Je n'en reçois guère. 11. Donnons-nous nos meilleurs livres à ce petit enfant? 12. Nous ne les donnons pas, nous le gardons parce que nous en avons besoin. 13. Vendez-vous vos deux chevaux? 14. Nous ne vendons pas nos deux chevaux, nous en gardons un. 15. Finissezvous votre travail ce matin? 16. Oui, Monsieur, je le finis ce matin 17. Votre beau-frère aime-t-il les beaux habits? Oui, Madame, il aime les beaux habits. 19. Cherchez-vous mon neveu? 21. Perd-il son temps? 20. Oui, Monsieur, nous le cherchons. 22. Il perd non-seulement son temps, mais il perd son argent. 28. Combien d'argent a-t-il perdu aujourd'hui ? 24. Il a perdu plus de dix dollars. 25. Votre menuisier finit-il votre maison? 26. Il finit ma maison et celle de mon frère. 27. Vendez-vous de bons chapeaux ? 28. Nous vendons des chapeaux de soie, et les chapeaux de soie sont 18. It bons. 29. Quel âge votre compagnon a-t-il ? 30. Il a douze ans et sa sœur en a quinze. 31. Votre frère aime-t-il la viande? 32. Il aime la * viande et le pain. 33. Recevez-vous vos marchandises à deux heures? | Ocean; on the south, by the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of 34. Nous les recevons à midi et demi. 35. Nous les recevons à une heure moins dix minutes. EXERCISE 41 (Vol. I., page 174). Marmora, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azof, and the chain of 1. Where are you going, my friend? 2. I am going to your father's; is he at home? 3. He is this morning. 4. Whence do you come? 5. We come from your house and from your sister's. 6. Extent, Length, Breadth, etc.-This continent extends from Who is at our house? 7. My neighbour is there to-day. 8. Where lat. 36° 2' N. to lat. 71° 10′ N., and from long. 9° 32′ W. to do you intend to take these books? 9. I intend to take them to the long. 68° E. Its greatest length, from Cape St. Vincent, in house of the physician's son. 10. Are you wrong to remain at home? Portugal, to the north-eastern extremity of Russia in Europe, 11. I am not wrong to remain at home. 12. Has the watchmaker good is about 3,500 miles; while its greatest breadth in a straight watches at home? 13. He has no watches at his house, he has some line from North Cape, in Norway, to Cape Matapan, the in his warehouse. 14. To whose house do you take your books? 15. I take them to the binder's. 16. Do you go to the Dutch captain's? 17. We do not go to the Dutch captain's, we go to the Russian major's. 18. Is he at your house or at your brother's? 19. He lives at our house. 20. Do we not live at your tailor's? 21. You do. 22. Whence does your painter come? 23. He comes from his partner's house. 24. Where do you take my shoes and my waistcoat? 25. I am taking your shoes to the shoemaker's and your waistcoat to the tailor's. EXERCISE 42 (Vol. I., page 174). 1. Où votre ami va-t-il? 2. Il va chez vous ou chez votre frère. 3. N'a-t-il pas l'intention d'aller chez votre associé? 4. Il a l'intention southern extremity of Greece, is about 2,450 miles. The most northerly point of Europe is usually considered to be the North Cape, in lat. 71° 10' N. and long. 26° 1′ E.; the most southerly point is Tarifa Point, near Gibraltar, in lat. 36° 6′ N. and long. 5° 21′ W.; the most easterly point is the head of Kara Bay, the southernmost extremity of the Kara Sea, which lies to the south of Nova Zembla, very nearly in lat. 68° N., long. 68° E.; and the most westerly point is Cape Roca, near Lisbon, in lat. 38° 47′ N. and long. 9° 31' W. The surface of the land in Europe contains, according to the latest estimate, more than 3 millions of square miles, or more exactly 3,812,200 square miles; and its population is upwards of 280,000,000, or more exactly 283,000,000. This number, however, must be taken only as an approximation, on account of the constant increase, day by day, owing to the excess of the births over the deaths in every 1,000 of the population. Hence, there are in this continent on an average about 73 inhabitants to every square mile; but as Russia in Europe is reckoned to contain above two millions of square miles, or more than half of the continent, and to have a population of about 64 millions, or less than one-fourth of that of the whole continent, it follows that in Russia there are on an average about 30 inhabitants to every square mile, and in the rest of the continent on an average about 122 inhabitants to every square mile. et du fromage à la maison? 29. Nous y avons du pain et du beurre. mated at nearly 1 millions of square miles, or more accuThe surface of the inland seas belonging to Europe is esti30. Nous n'y avons pas de fromage, nous n'aimons pas le fromage. 31. Votre montre est-elle chez l'horloger? 32. Elle y est. 33. Avez-vous rately at 1,370,000 square miles, distributed in the following deux montres d'or? 34. Je n'ai qu'une montre d'or. 35. Qui a proportions :-The White Sea, in the North of Russia, 45,000; l'intention d'aller chez mon père ce matin? 36. Personne n'a l'intention d'y aller. EXERCISE 43 (Vol. I., page 175). 1. Where am I going? 2. You are going to the hatter's. 3. Am I going to the bank? 4. You are going to the bank and to the concert. 5. Do I cut your wood? 6. You cut neither my wood nor my coat, 7. Do I wear a green hat? 8. You do not wear a green hat, you wear a black one. 9. Is your scholar going anywhere? 10. He is going to church, to school, and to market. 11. Is he not going to the hairdresser's? 12. He is going nowhere. 13. Do you not wear red leather boots? 14. I wear black leather ones. 15. Do you not go to the banker's? 16. I do not go to his house, he is absent since yesterday. 17. Is he coming to the bank this morning? 18. He intends to come if he has time. 19. Has he a wish to go to the concert? 20. He has a great wish to go, but he has no ticket. 21. Do you live in this village? 22. Yes, Sir, I do. 23. Do you send this note to the post office? 24. I send it to its address. LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXII. EUROPE. Position on the Earth's Surface.-The continent of Europe forms the north-western part of the Old World, or great triple continent in the eastern hemisphere, and lies wholly within the northern hemisphere, to the north-east, east, and south-east of the British Isles. It is situated almost wholly within the north temperate zone, with the exception of some of the extreme northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia, which lie within the north frigid zone. The small map of the world on the plane of the horizon of London (see page 197) will show how favourably Europe is situated for commercial relations with the rest of the world, as it lies almost in the centre of the hemisphere which contains the greatest part of the land on the earth's surface, and is thus conveniently placed for carrying on an active export and import trade with all other parts of the globe. Boundaries.-Europe is bounded on the north by the Arctic the Baltic, lying between Sweden and Russia, having Germany on the south, and Denmark at its entrance, 135,000; the Mediterranean Sea, lying south of Europe, 870,000; the Black Sea, south of Russia, 180,000; and the Caspian Sea, or Great Inland Lake, 140,000. The part of the Atlantic Ocean which flows between Great Britain and the continent, is called the German Ocean or North Sea; its passage on the south is called the English Channel, and at the narrowest part the Strait of Dover, which is about 20 miles across, and is reckoned 200 feet at its greatest depth. The entrance to the Baltic, or East Sea, is by a channel of which the part between Norway and Denmark is called the Skager-Rack, and the part between Sweden and Denmark the Cattegat. In the latter part there are three straits called the Sound, between Sweden and the Danish island of Zealand, about 2 miles wide; the Great Belt, between Zealand and Fünen, about 8 miles wide; and the Little Belt, between Fünen and the peninsula of Jutland, or Continental Denmark, about three-quarters of a mile wide. In the northern part of the Baltic are the Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga. On the west of France and north of Spain, lies a part of the Atlantic called the Bay of Biscay. South of Spain, between Europe and Africa, lies the entrance to the Mediterranean, called the Strait of Gibraltar, which is about 13 miles broad in the narrowest part, and about 1,000 feet deep. The length of the Mediterranean is estimated to be about 2,300 miles, and its greatest depth upwards of 6,000 feet, or more than a mile and a furlong. Its waters are more salt than those of the Atlantic, from which a strong current runs continually into the former. The tides in the Mediterranean, owing to its narrow entrance, are very small, and in many places the ebb and flow are scarcely perceptible. The Gulf of Venice, or the Adriatic Sea, is an arm of the Mediterranean which lies east of Italy and south of the Austrian dominions; and the Archipelago (anciently the Egean Sea), another arm between Greece and Asia Minor, studded with islands famous in ancient history. The waters of the Archipelago communicate with those of the Sea of Marmora (anciently the Propontis) through |